Study the role of non-linear resonant cavities in photonic crystal-based decoder switches

In this paper, we are going to design and propose a novel structure for all optical decoder. The proposed structure is composed of optical power splitters and a four-port optical switch. The four-port optical switch simply is a non-linear optical demulitiplexer. For achieving non-linear behaviour for the demultiplexer, we will employ defect rods made of doped glass which has high Kerr coefficient. The final structure has three input ports and four output ports. Port E acts as enable port, which will be used activating or deactivating the total structure. A and B are the control ports, by which one can control when the structure is active, which port of the structure to be active. The optical intensity of the input ports required appropriate operation of the structure is about 20 W/μm². The maximum switching frequency of the proposed structure is 2 GHz. Reduced input optical intensity is the main characteristics of the present work. Numerical methods such as plane wave expansion and finite difference time domain were used for performing the required calculations.     

Dual wavelength demultiplexer based on metal–insulator–metal plasmonic circular ring resonators

Abstract

In this paper, we investigated a plasmonic demultiplexer structure based on Metal–Insulator–Metal (MIM) waveguides and circular ring resonators. In order to achieve the structure of demultiplexer, two improved ring resonators have been used, which input and outputs MIM waveguides coupled by the ring resonators. To improve the transmission efficiency, a reflector was introduced at the right end of the input and output waveguides. By substituting the ring core with dielectric, the possibility of tuning the resonance wavelength of the proposed structure is illustrated, and the effect of various parameters such as radius and refractive index in transmission efficiency is studied in detail. This is useful for the design of integrated circuits in which it is not possible to extend the dimension of the ring resonator to attain a longer resonance wavelength. Transmission efficiency and quality factor of the single ring are 84% and 110, respectively. The simulation results using finite difference time domain method shows that in the proposed demultiplexer, which is composed of two rings with different core refractive indexes, the average power efficiency, bandwidth for each output channel, and the mean value of crosstalk are estimated 80%, 17 nm, and ?26.95 dB, respectively. It is revealed that the significant features of the device are high transmission efficiency, low crosstalk, high-quality factor, and tunability for desired wavelengths. Therefore, the proposed structure has the potential to be applied in plasmonic integrated circuits.     

Compact 1×4 wavelength demultiplexer based on directional coupling of periodic dielectric waveguides

A compact 1×4 wavelength demultiplexer is proposed based on the directional coupling of periodic dielectric waveguides for optical communication wavelengths. With appropriate optimization, the 1×4 wavelength demultiplexer can route 1130, 1310, 1490, and 1700 nm wavelengths to corresponding out ports with a transmittance of more than 95%. This provides a simple and compact demultiplexer that is expected to be applied to highly dense photonic integrated circuits.     

A hybrid multiplexer/de-multiplexer for wavelength-mode-division based on photonic crystals

A hybrid multiplexer/de-multiplexer (HMUX/HDeMUX) for wavelength-mode-division based on photonic crystals (PCs) is presented. The proposed device consists of a point-defect cavity, a wavelength-selective cavity and asymmetrical parallel waveguides. Coupled-mode theory (CMT) is applied to the analysis, and the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is used for the simulations. The simulation results show that the device can multiplex the fundamental and first-order modes of 1550 and 1310 nm. It exhibits not only a low insertion loss (<0.37 dB) but also low mode crosstalk (相似文献   

Fast response and low power consumption 1×2 thermo-optic switch based on dielectric-loaded surface plasmon polariton waveguides

Abstract

In this paper, we present a 1 × 2 thermo-optic (TO) switch based on the integration of the dielectric-loaded surface plasmon polariton (SPP) waveguides with the silicon nanowires. Liquid-curable fluorinated resin (LFR) made of perfluorinated polymer was adopted as the ridge, which has a TO coefficient twice more than that of polymethyl methacrylate, leading to a significant decrease in the power consumption. It was shown that the response time of the dielectric-loaded SPP waveguide could be improved through optimizing the dimensions of the LFR polymer ridge without loss of relative high figure of merit and large confinement factor. Performance characteristics of such a 1 × 2 TO switch operating at a telecom wavelength of 1550 nm was investigated theoretically from the analysis of both heat and optical fields. The results reveal that a switching power as low as 7 mW and an extremely short switching time (with rise time of 3 μs and fall time of 6.7 μs) could be achieved with the proposed dielectric-loaded SPP-based 1 × 2 TO switch. In addition, the crosstalk could be enhanced to at least 40 dB with the applied power of 7 mW at the wavelength of 1550 nm, and it could be retained to be above 20 dB in the wavelength spectrum of 1500–1600 nm during the on/off state.     

All-optical digital 4 × 2 encoder based on 2D photonic crystal ring resonators

The photonic crystals draw significant attention to build all-optical logic devices and are considered one of the solutions for the opto-electronic bottleneck via speed and size. The paper presents a novel optical 4 × 2 encoder based on 2D square lattice photonic crystals of silicon rods. The main realization of optical encoder is based on the photonic crystal ring resonator NOR gates. The proposed structure has four logic input ports, two output ports, and two bias input port. The photonic crystal structure has a square lattice of silicon rods with a refractive index of 3.39 in air. The structure has lattice constant ‘a’ equal to 630 nm and bandgap range from 0.32 to 044. The total size of the proposed 4 × 2 encoder is equal to 35 μm × 35 μm. The simulation results using the dimensional finite difference time domain and Plane Wave Expansion methods confirm the operation and the feasibility of the proposed optical encoder for ultrafast optical digital circuits.     

Theoretical modelling of one dimensional photonic crystal based optical demultiplexer

An optical demultiplexer through one-dimensional Si–SiO₂ photonic crystal structure in the presence of air cavity with a single crystal PMN-0.38PT material is presented. The transmittance of this structure is obtained using the transfer matrix method. The transmittance of this structure shows a sharp passband in the band gap region. It is observed that by introducing PMN-0.38PT layer in both sides of the air cavity, the existing band gap region of Si–SiO₂ structure is slightly increased. Here, PMN-0.38PT material is working as a tunable element for passband. By applying some external potential on PMN-0.38PT crystal, the thickness of cavity layer can be tuned and the passband can be placed at any desired wavelength in the band gap region. Since the photonic band gap region contains a range of wavelengths which are not allowed to pass through the structure can be considered as a multiplex signal for the proposed demultiplexer. Therefore, any optical signal that lies in the band gap region of the structure can be separated into its components as a pass band. Hence, the proposed structure will work as an optical demultiplexer.     

Photonic crystal-based RGB primary colour optical filter

Abstract

We have presented an RGB optical filter, based on photonic crystal (PhC) waveguides, with the hexagonal arrangement of GaP rods in air. It filters out the three primary colours of the visible range, red (R, λ = 648 nm), green (G, λ = 540 nm) and blue (B, λ = 470 nm). The plane wave expansion method is applied for estimating the dispersion curves and finite element method is utilized in examining the propagation characteristics of the designed PhC-based optical filter. Transmittance, extinction ratio and tolerance analysis have further been calculated to confirm the performance of the proposed optical filter to work in the visible range of optical spectrum and filter out the three primary colours (red, green, blue) along different output ports.     

Filtering and sensing properties based on metal-dielectric-metal waveguide with slot cavities

Abstract

A triple-channel plasmonic system, consisting of several slot cavities coupled with the bus and drop waveguides, has been investigated numerically and theoretically. The impacts of adjusting various parameters on transmissivity are researched in detail. The results demonstrate that one can separate arbitrary wavelength and attain high transmissivity by suitably setting parameters. The sensitivity of the structure is about 950 nm shift per refractive index unit and the figure of merit is as high as 25.5. The plasmonic filter system possesses advantage of easy fabrication and compactness, which can find more applications in highly integrated optical devices, optical communication, and high sensitivity nano sensor.     

Analysis of optical sensing behavior of a novel optical bean-shaped resonator biosensor integrated with MZI configuration

A novel optical bean-shaped resonator (BR) biosensor integrated with Mach–Zehnder Interferometer structure based on a silicon-on-isolator platform has been proposed and investigated theoretically and numerically. By characterizing and optimizing the structure, our bean-shaped device exhibits a high extinction ratio over 50?dB and a high Q factor of about 5.46?×?10⁴ in a wide wavelength span. The quasi-free spectral range (FSR) is about 469?nm. The sensitivity of 688.6?nm/refractive index unit (RIU) is achieved for bulk changes of refractive index and the detection range varies from 10^?6 to 0.689 RIU. More complex bean-shaped structures can also be cascaded by adding more bending waveguides in BR to obtain wider quasi-FSR range.     

Experimental study of bent multimode optical waveguides

Bend losses of bent multimode waveguides have been experimentally studied. The results experimentally verify a simple analytical expression based on ray optics that can be used to determine bend losses in bent multimode waveguides. We have also shown that bend-induced losses in such multimode optical waveguides are wavelength independent.     

Nano sensing based on transparency effect in planar metamaterial

A planar metamaterial, consisting of double-slot cavities in a unit cell, has been investigated in detail. The results indicate that the interaction between two bright modes also leads to the transparency effect. Meanwhile, the transparency window can be adjusted by changing the length of slot cavity and the distance between two slot cavities. Finally, it is demonstrated that the planar metamaterial design may serve as a highly efficient sensor in near-infrared. The sensitivity is as high as 520 nm/RIU, and the FOM is up to 24.83. The planar metamaterial has the advantages of simple and compact structure, easy fabrication, which will greatly benefit the optical switch, nano plasmonic sensor in highly integrated optical circuits.     

Grating-assisted non-linear directional coupler based optical switch with reduced critical power

We present a novel design of an optical switch based on grating-assisted non-linear directional coupler (GANDC) which consists of two non-identical waveguides, with a periodic refractive index perturbation in between the waveguides, along the direction of propagation. The proposed design of the optical switch reduces the critical power by a factor ~25, as compared to the conventional non-linear directional coupler-based switch, with potential applications in photonics.     

Optical fiber magnetic field sensor based on multi-mode fiber and core-offset structure

A magnetic field sensor based on a magnetic fluid (MF)-coated intermodal interferometer is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. It is fabricated by a core-offset structure between two segments of multi-mode fibres (MMF), a spherical structure is formed in the end of the second segment MMF. The core-offset section can be used to excite the core mode to the cladding, then the core and cladding modes will interference at the spherical structure due to the optical path difference caused by the refractive index difference. Two interference valleys of the interferometer integrated with MF under different magnetic field intensities have been experimentally analysed. The experimental results exhibit that the sensor possesses a magnetic field sensitivity of ?0.187 nm/mT by monitoring the wavelength shift at the magnetic field intensity from 0 to 20mT, and the optical power attenuation at specific wavelength with a magnetic field has a maximum sensitivity of 0.228 dB/mT.     

All optical active high decoder using integrated 2D square lattice photonic crystals

The paper introduces a novel all optical active high 2 × 4 decoder based on 2D photonic crystals (PhC) of silicon rods with permittivity of ε = 10.1 × 10^?11 farad/m. The main structure of optical decoder is designed using a combination of five nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonator, set of T-type waveguide, and line defect of Y and T branch splitters. The proposed structure has two logic input ports, four output ports, and one bias input port. The total size of the proposed 2 × 4 decoder is equal to 40 μm × 38 μm. The PhC structure has a square lattice of silicon rod with refractive index of 3.39 in air. The overall design and the results are discussed through the realization and the numerically simulation to confirm its operation and feasibility.     

Plasmonic electro-absorption modulator and polarization selector

Silicon photonics has begun to use index tunable plasmonic materials, such as graphene and indium tin oxide (ITO), because these materials can have their properties tailored by an external voltage. In this article, a compact plasmonic device, which can work as an optical mode controller and electro-absorption (EA) modulator at 1550 nm, is proposed. The performance of the device is theoretically investigated for ITO. Numerical simulations show that, with a suitable applied voltage to thin ITO layers, the proposed structure can select either only one mode (TE/TM) or both modes initially and then modulate the selected mode: a modulation depth of about 30–50 dB/μm is achieved with a proper choice of the dielectric spacer material. In addition, the proposed structure performance is analysed by replacing the waveguide materials with germanium. The proposed nanoscale device, with high modulation bandwidth (f_3 dB = 700–250 GHz) and low-energy consumption (~4.0 fJ/bit), may find applications in the future integrated nanophotonics.     

Completely passive method of speckle reduction utilizing static multimode optical fibre and two-dimensional diffractive optical element

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we present experimental results on speckle noise suppression using a completely passive method. The passivity of the method is achieved owing to the absence of any mechanical, electronic, or other dynamic influences on the optical scheme elements. In the experiment, a multimode semiconductor 520?±?5-nm laser with a spectral bandwidth of 2?nm, static two-dimensional (2D) and 2?×?1D diffractive optical elements (DOEs), as well as multimode single-core optical fibre and multimode optical fibre bundle were used. The dependence of the speckle reduction efficiency as a function of the optical fibre type and optical fibre length was measured for different DOEs. A speckle contrast of 0.148 and speckle reduction coefficient of 2.38 were obtained for a 2.5-m-long multimode optical fibre bundle. The experimental results confirmed that it is possible to construct completely passive optical circuits with reduced speckle noises using static multimode optical fibres and diffraction optical elements.     

All-optical quaternary logic gates

Conventional binary logic based operations restrict the speed of operations as well as information handling capacity. A way to overcome these limitations is the implementation of multivalued logic operations in the optical domain. Multivalued logic operations not only enhance the data handling capacities but also increase the speed of processing. integrating enormous potential bandwidth of optical fiber as information carrying medium and faster optoelectronic/optical switches with no hardware complexity. A new method is proposed for the implementation of all-optical quaternary inversion, MAX, MIN, and equality operations using frequency-encoded data. Cross phase modulation-based frequency conversion, polarization switch (PSW) characteristics of a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA), frequency routing by a wave division multiplexer (MUX), and a demultiplexer (DMUX) have been exploited to implement the desired quaternary logic operations. Simulation results support the feasibility of the proposed scheme.     

Tailoring the time delay of optical pulse/sequence employing cascaded SOA and band-pass filter

Abstract

A tunable time delay for a 100-ps pulse is achieved via a SOA cascaded band-pass filter, which can be tailored by tuning the filter or changing the SOA injection current. For a single pulse, when the pulse propagates through the cascaded system, a delay of 99.6 ps and an advance of 42.6 ps can be achieved by altering the SOA injection current at two different wavelengths located in the red band and blue band of the filter, respectively. The corresponding tunable delay range is 165 ps, and the maximum delay-bandwidth product (DBP) is 1.65. For an optical sequence, to our knowledge, it is the first time that the time delay is tailored over 145.6 ps corresponding to a DBP of 1.46 by tuning the wavelength from 1556.075 to 1556.955 nm, and 45.2 ps (95.6 ps) advance (delay) by tuning the injection current from 100 to 500 mA at 1556.155 nm (1556.955 nm). The dependence of the time delay on the injection current and filtering configuration has been discussed based on plenty of experiments data. Based on SOA’s fast switching, this device can be used for signal synchronization and bit-by-bit signal processing in a communication system.     

Design of cascaded volume holographic gratings to increase the number of channels for an optical demultiplexer

The design and demonstration of a holographic optical demultiplexer based on cascaded volume holographic gratings are presented. By serially adding a second holographic grating, which has a different grating period, slant angle, and center wavelength compared with those of the first grating, the operating wavelength range of the optical demultiplexer could be expanded, and, therefore, the number of channels of the holographic demultiplexer is doubled. As a result of the experiment, a 0.4 nm spaced 130- channel demultiplexer with a channel uniformity of 3.5 dB, a 3 dB bandwidth of 0.12 nm, and channel cross talk of -20 dB is experimentally achieved.