新型酞菁有机半导体材料的制备及气敏性研究

针对无机半导体气体传感器材料可修饰性差、工作温度高等缺点,开展了新型金属酞菁类有机半导体气敏材料的研究,并对敏感材料进行了表征,测试结果与化学结构和理论值一致.采用微电子工艺制备平面叉指电极,采用旋涂技术,在叉指电极上形成敏感膜,对制备的旋涂膜进行红外光谱(IR)和原子力扫描电镜(AFM)表征,AFM图像表明薄膜表面均...     

基于双向拉伸制备还原氧化石墨烯-碳纳米管复合薄膜的高性能柔性压阻传感器

随着现代科技的快速发展及人们生活水平的提高,柔性压阻传感器在人体健康监测、智能机器人、可穿戴电子设备和人机交互等方面展现了巨大应用潜力.本文采用Hummer's法制备了还原氧化石墨烯(rGO),其后通过静电组装将碳纳米管(CNT)负载在rGO的表面上,并将其引入热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)基体中制备成导电纳米复合材料.此外,...     

丝网印刷制备碳纳米管场发射阴极的研究

碳纳米管(CNT)是理想的场发射阴极材料.本文分析了CNT的长度、直径以及排列密度与CNT阴极场增强因子的关系,研究了大面积CNT场发射阴极的丝网制备技术,包括CNT浆料配制、阴极电极的制作、阴极烧制方法和表面处理方法.文中实际制备了CNT阴极,利用二极管结构测试了对其表面处理前后的场发射性能.实验结果证明,采用本文所研究的制备技术能够印制高性能的场发射CNT阴极,该研究为制备大面积CNT阴极阵列提供了技术基础.     

多壁碳纳米管湿度传感器频率特性(英文)

为了研究测试频率对传感器性能的影响,改善多壁碳纳米管(multi-walled carbon nanotubes,MWCNTs)湿度传感器检测方法并提高传感器检测精度,对传感器频率特性进行了分析.在玻璃衬底上利用蒸镀和光刻技术制作了叉指电极,在电极表面涂敷了MWCNTs-SiO2敏感薄膜,最后通过烧结完成传感器制作.利用饱和盐溶液法产生相应湿度值,并使用RCL自动测试仪对传感器进行测试,测试频率选择在1 kHz到500 kHz之间.对传感器频率特性进行了实验与理论分析,结果表明,该传感器电容值对环境湿度敏感,并且其敏感特性受传感器检测频率的影响.使用毛细凝聚理论以及电解质物理理论对上述实验现象进行了合理的解释.传感器静态电容以及对湿度的灵敏度均随着测试频率的增加明显降低,测试频率为500 kHz时传感器灵敏度仅为测试频率1 kHz时的0.24倍.     

定向加压过滤法制备碳纳米管/聚苯胺纸基复合电极材料及其电化学性能

采用定向加压过滤技术获得直径约为120 mm、厚度约为10μm的碳纳米管/聚苯胺(CNT/PANI)自支撑纸基柔性电极.在电极中CNT均匀弥散分布,PANI均匀地嵌入CNT网络中.PANI为纳米至亚微米级球形颗粒,其负载量最高为2.7 mg·cm?2.PANI负载量为2.2 mg·cm?2的电极的孔隙率为70.33％,...     

原位生长缺陷碳纳米管化学修饰电极的研制

利用浸渍法将碳纳米管(CNT)催化剂附着在石墨电极表面,用化学气相沉积法制备得到原位生长碳纳米管化学修饰电极(GSCNT-CME).通过控制催化剂及反应气体的配比,在石墨电极表面得到的管壁多缺陷的CNT,研究表明这种 GSCNT-CME具有良好的电化学检测性能.研究还发现这种GSCNT-CME具有高稳定性的原因是CNT是基于石墨电极上碳原子的晶格而生长的.     

电容式柔性压力传感器的性能优化原理及研究进展

作为可穿戴电子器件的重要分支，柔性压力传感器在人机交互、健康监测等方面具有广阔的应用前景。随着新型材料与新的器件制备策略的不断开发，柔性压力传感器的力学与电学性能不断被优化以适应不同的应用需求。相较于其他传感器，电容式柔性压力传感器具有灵敏度高、功耗低、响应快的优势。电容式柔性压力传感器的性能优化主要通过改变器件的结构参数来实现，如电极有效正对面积、电极间距、有效介电常数等。主要方法策略包括新型纳米材料的应用、新型微结构设计和新型复合材料的开发。主要优化原理有四种：（1）通过改变电极表面粗糙度来改变电极有效正对面积；（2）在电极或介电层中引入空气层以降低弹性模量；（3）在介电层中引入空气或高介电常数材料来改变有效介电常数；（4）通过复合材料在介电层中形成微电容以改变总体电容变化。在电容式柔性压力传感器的性能优化研究中存在一个共性问题，即高灵敏度与宽检测范围之间总是存在一种制约关系。在一定压力范围内，尤其是低压范围，灵敏度提升往往会使器件较易达到压缩饱和而使检测范围有限，即线性度较差。近年来，研究者们着眼于高灵敏度与宽检测范围之间的制约问题，对介电层的梯度结构设计及混合响应机制进行探索，...     

电极结构对高分子电阻型湿度传感器性能的影响

本文以聚苯乙烯磺酸钠为湿敏材料,制备了以金叉指电极为基底的高分子电阻型湿度传感器。研究了电极基片材料和叉指电极构型对传感器湿敏响应特性的影响。研究表明,采用多孔结构的基片材料可降低传感器电阻,增强湿敏膜与基片的结合能力从而提高传感器的稳定性;叉指电极构型对传感器的电阻大小有一定影响,增加电极中心线间距离使传感器的稳定性提高。     

碳纳米管纸上β-Co（OH）2纳米花的生长及其电化学电容行为

通过水热法制备了粘附于导电碳纳米管(CNT)纸表面生长的层级花状β-Co(OH)2,并将其作为电化学电容器高性能柔性复合电极材料。用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征了产物的微观结构和形貌。所得材料为三维疏松分层纳米花结构的β-Co(OH)2/CNT纸复合材料,其直径约为3μm。通过循环伏安法、恒电流充放电和交流阻抗等测试手段研究了该柔性材料的电容性能,结果表明:该复合材料在6 mol/LKOH电解液中,电流密度为2A/g时比容量达到2764 F/g;碳纳米管纸赋予了复合材料优良的导电性和柔韧性,同时β-Co(OH)2的层级花状结构利于活性物质与电解液之间的接触,因此,复合材料与纯的β-Co(OH)2相比,倍率容量和循环性能都得到明显改善。     

衬底电极对丝网印刷CNT阴极场发射性能的影响

通过丝网印刷技术,将碳纳米管(carbon nanotube,CNT)浆料直接转移到CrCuCr薄膜衬底电极、掺Sn的In_2O_3(indium tin oxides,ITO)透明导电薄膜衬底电极和Ag浆导电厚膜衬底电极上,高温烧结后得到CNT阴极,并对CNT阴极进行表面形貌和场发射性能的研究.结果表明,不同衬底电极对CNT阴极场发射性能的影响不一样,CrCuCr薄膜衬底电极CNT阴极、ITO透明导电薄膜衬底电极CNT阴极及Ag浆厚膜导电衬底电极CNT阴极场发射的开启电场分别为0.99、2.05和2.46V/μm;当电场为3.0V/μm时,它们的亮度分别为2472、1889、587cd/m~2.CrCuCr薄膜衬底电极CNT阴极的场发射性能最优,ITO透明导电薄膜衬底电极CNT阴极次之,Ag浆厚膜导电衬底电极CNT阴极最差,并根据金属-半导体理论模型分析了原因.     

In-situ sugar-templated porous elastomer sensor with high sensitivity for wearables

Fabrication of elastic pressure sensors with low cost, high sensitivity, and mechanical durability is important for wearables, electronic skins and soft robotics. Here, we develop high-sensitivity porous elastomeric sensors for piezoresistive and capacitive pressure detection. Specifically, a porous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sponge embedded with conductive fillers of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) or reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was fabricated by an in-situ sugar template strategy. The sensor demonstrates sensitive deformation to applied pressure, exhibiting large and fast response in resistance or capacitance for detection of a wide range of pressure (0‒5 kPa). PDMS, as a high-elasticity framework, enables creation of sensors with high sensitivity, excellent stability, and durability for long-term usage. The highest sensitivities of 22.1 and 68.3 kPa⁻¹ can be attained by devices with 5% CNTs and 4% rGO, respectively. The geometrics of the sponge sensor is tailorable using tableting technology for different applications. The sensors demonstrate finger motion detection and heart-rate monitoring in real-time, as well as a capacitive sensor array for identification of pressure and shape of placed objects, exhibiting good potential for wearables and human-machine interactions.     

Multiscale Hierarchical Design of a Flexible Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor with High Sensitivity and Wide Linearity Range

Flexible piezoresistive pressure sensors have been attracting wide attention for applications in health monitoring and human‐machine interfaces because of their simple device structure and easy‐readout signals. For practical applications, flexible pressure sensors with both high sensitivity and wide linearity range are highly desirable. Herein, a simple and low‐cost method for the fabrication of a flexible piezoresistive pressure sensor with a hierarchical structure over large areas is presented. The piezoresistive pressure sensor consists of arrays of microscale papillae with nanoscale roughness produced by replicating the lotus leaf's surface and spray‐coating of graphene ink. Finite element analysis (FEA) shows that the hierarchical structure governs the deformation behavior and pressure distribution at the contact interface, leading to a quick and steady increase in contact area with loads. As a result, the piezoresistive pressure sensor demonstrates a high sensitivity of 1.2 kPa⁻¹ and a wide linearity range from 0 to 25 kPa. The flexible pressure sensor is applied for sensitive monitoring of small vibrations, including wrist pulse and acoustic waves. Moreover, a piezoresistive pressure sensor array is fabricated for mapping the spatial distribution of pressure. These results highlight the potential applications of the flexible piezoresistive pressure sensor for health monitoring and electronic skin.     

Self-powered pressure sensor for ultra-wide range pressure detection

The next generation of sensors should be self-powered,maintenance-free,precise,and have wide-ranging sensing abilities.Despite extensive research and development in the field of pressure sensors,the sensitivity of most pressure sensors declines significantly at higher pressures,such that they are not able to detect a wide range of pressures with a uniformly high sensitivity.In this work,we demonstrate a single-electrode triboelectric pressure sensor,which can detect a wide range of pressures from 0.05 to 600 kPa with a high degree of sensitivity across the entire range by utilizing the synergistic effects of the piezoelectric polarization and triboelectric surface charges of self-polarized polyvinyldifluoride-trifluoroethylene (P(VDF-TrFE)) sponge.Taking into account both this wide pressure range and the sensitivity,this device exhibits the best performance relative to that of previously reported self-powered pressure sensors.This achievement facilitates wide-range pressure detection for a broad spectrum of applications,ranging from simple human touch,sensor networks,smart robotics,and sports applications,thus paving the way forward for the realization of next-generation sensing devices.Moreover,this work addresses the critical issue of saturation pressure in triboelectric nanogenerators and provides insights into the role of the surface charge on a piezoelectric polymer when used in a triboelectric nanogenerator.     

Ultrasensitive Strain Sensor Based on Separation of Overlapped Carbon Nanotubes

Although there have been remarkable improvements in stretchable strain sensors, the development of strain sensors with scalable fabrication techniques and which both high sensitivity and stretchability simultaneously is still challenging. In this work, a stretchable strain sensor based on overlapped carbon nanotube (CNT) bundles coupled with a silicone elastomer is presented. The strain sensor with overlapped CNTs is prepared by synthesizing line‐patterned vertically aligned CNT bundles and rolling and transferring them to the silicone elastomer. With the sliding and disconnection of the overlapped CNTs, the strain sensor performs excellently with a broad sensing range (≥145% strain), ultrahigh sensitivity (gauge factor of 42 300 at a strain of 125–145%), high repeatability, and durability. The performance of the sensor is also tunable by controlling the overlapped area of CNT bundles. Detailed mechanisms of the sensor and its applications in human motion detection are also further investigated. With the novel structure and mechanism, the sensor can detect a wide range of strains with high sensitivity, demonstrating the potential for numerous applications including wearable healthcare devices.     

Ultra-Wide Range,High Sensitivity Piezoresistive Sensor Based on Triple Periodic Minimum Surface Construction

Flexible piezoresistive sensors with biological structures are widely exploited for high sensitivity and detection. However, the conventional bionic structure pressure sensors usually suffer from irreconcilable conflicts between high sensitivity and wide detection response range. Herein, a triple periodic minimum surface (TPMS) structure sensor is proposed based on parametric structural design and 3D printing techniques. Upon tailoring of the dedicated structural parameters, the resulting sensors exhibit superior compression durability, high sensitivity, and ultra–high detection range, that enabling it meets the needs of various scenes. As a model system, TPMS structure sensor with 40.5% porosity exhibits an ultra–high sensitivity (132 kPa⁻¹ in 0–5.7 MPa), wide detection strain range (0–31.2%), high repeatability and durability (1000 cycles in 4.41 MPa, 10000 s in 1.32 MPa), and low detection limit (1% in 80 kPa). The stress/strain distributions have been identified using finite element analysis. Toward practical applications, the TPMS structural sensors can be applied to detect human activity and health monitoring (i.e., voice recognition, finger pressure, sitting, standing, walking, and falling down behaviors). The synergistic effects of MWCNTs and MXene conductive network also ensure the composite further being utilized for electromagnetic interference shielding applications.     

Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor Based on Synergistical Innerconnect Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanowires/Wrinkled Graphene Film

Piezoresistive sensor is a promising pressure sensor due to its attractive advantages including uncomplicated signal collection, simple manufacture, economical and practical characteristics. Here, a flexible and highly sensitive pressure sensor based on wrinkled graphene film (WGF)/innerconnected polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanowires/interdigital electrodes is fabricated. Due to the synergistic effect between WGF and innerconnected PVA nanowires, the as‐prepared pressure sensor realizes a high sensitivity of 28.34 kPa^?1. In addition, the device is able to discern lightweight rice about 22.4 mg (≈2.24 Pa) and shows excellent durability and reliability after 6000 repeated loading and unloading cycles. What is more, the device can detect subtle pulse beat and monitor various human movement behaviors in real‐time.     

A vacuum pressure sensor based on ZnO nanobelt film

A vacuum pressure sensor was fabricated by assembling ZnO nanobelt film on the interdigital electrodes, and the current–voltage characteristics were measured with an Agilent semiconductor parameter tester. Under different pressures of 1.0 × 10(3), 6.7 × 10(?3), 8.2 × 10(?4) and 9.5 × 10(?5) mbar, the currents are 8.71, 28.1, 46.1 and 89.6 nA, and the pressure sensitive resistances are 1150, 356, 217 and 112 MΩ, respectively. In the range of 10(?5)–10(3) mbar the smaller the pressure is, the higher the current is. The pressure sensitive resistance of the vacuum pressure sensor increases linearly with the logarithmic pressure, and the measurement range is at least one order of magnitude wider than that of the previous sensors. Under the final pressure, the vacuum pressure sensor has maximum sensitivity (9.29) and power consumption of 0.9 μW. The sensitivity is larger than that of the previous sensor based on a ZnO single nanowire at that pressure, and the power consumption is much lower than that for the sensor based on a ZnO nanowire array. The pressure sensitive mechanism is reasonably explained by using oxygen chemisorption and energy band theory.     

Wood Derived Composites for High Sensitivity and Wide Linear‐Range Pressure Sensing

Natural wood possesses a unique 3D microstructure containing hierarchical interconnected channels along its growth direction. This study reports a facile processing strategy to utilize such structure to fabricate carbon/silicone composite based flexible pressure sensors. The unique contribution of the multichannel structure on the sensor performance is analyzed by comparing the pressure response of the vertically cut and horizontally cut composite structures. The results show that the horizontally cut composite based sensors exhibit much higher sensitivity (10.74 kPa^?1) and wider linear region (100 kPa, R² = 99%), due to their rough surface and largely deformable microstructure. Besides, the sensors also show little hysteresis and good cycle stability. The overall outstanding sensing properties of the sensors allow for accurate continuous measurement of human pulse and respiration, benefiting the real‐time health signal monitoring and disease diagnoses.     

Piezoelectric Vibration-Type Tactile Sensor Using Elasticity and Viscosity Change of Structure

We propose a new tactile sensor utilizing piezoelectric vibration. This tactile sensor has a high sensitivity, wide measurement range, pressure resistance, flexibility, and self-sensing function. This tactile sensor comprises two piezoelectric materials. One is used for the vibration of the sensor element and the other is used for the measurement of the change in mechanical impedance induced by an external force. We achieved the wide measurement range by implementing two ideas. One was to apply the external force to the sensor element through an elastic body and the other was to use two or more modes of vibration. Moreover, for the elastic body, it is preferable to use a material whose elasticity and viscosity are easily changed by an external force, such as a gel. In this study, first, this tactile sensor was analyzed, and then its characteristics were derived. The analytical results qualitatively corresponded to the experimental results. Next, a prototype tactile sensor was fabricated and evaluated. The evaluation results showed that this tactile sensor can measure a pressure of 2.5 Pa or less and a pressure of 10 kPa or more and its pressure resistance is 1 MPa or more.     

All‐Carbon Pressure Sensors with High Performance and Excellent Chemical Resistance

An all‐carbon pressure sensor is designed and fabricated based on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanomaterials. By sandwiching one layer of superelastic rGO aerogel between two freestanding high‐conductive rGO thin papers, the sensor works based on the contact resistance at the aerogel–paper interfaces, getting rid of the alien materials such as polymers and metals adopted in traditional sensors. Without the limitation of alien materials, the all‐carbon sensors demonstrate an ultrawide detecting range (0.72 Pa–130 kPa), low energy consumption (≈0.58 µW), ultrahigh sensitivity (349–253 kPa^?1) at low‐pressure regime (<1.4 Pa), fast response time (8 ms at 1 kPa), high stability (10 000 unloading–loading cycles between 0 and 1 kPa), light weight (<10 mg), easily scalable fabrication process, and excellent chemical stability. These merits enable them to detect real‐time human physiological signals and monitor the weights of various droplets of not only water but also hazardous chemical reagents including strong acid, strong alkali, and organic solvents. This shows their great potential applications in real‐time health monitoring, sport performance detecting, harsh environment‐related robotics and industry, and so forth.