面向产品族的客户需求最佳聚类确定方法

以大规模定制为前提,为实现客户需求指导产品族规划的目的,建立了客户需求广义聚类模型．根据客户需求信息是否存在层次等级关系将其划分为递阶型和等价型,针对目前对递阶型客户需求聚类研究不能充分利用需求信息的问题,提出了基于模糊集的混合型客户需求聚类算法,增强了处理需求信息的能力．为实现产品族的合理规划,综合客户满意度和企业成本理想度建立可行性指标,提出了基于可行性确定客户需求最佳聚类的方法,并以最佳聚类方案指导产品族规划,在满足客户需求的同时保证了企业宽松的资金链．最后结合实例说明了该方法的实用性．     

基于线性流程的企业设计项目管理研究

目的 在设计管理理论的基础上细化研究企业设计管理实践内容和具体方式,基于企业设计项目的线性流程特性,将成熟的设计管理方法引入企业产品设计开发领域。方法 以设计项目开展流程为切入点,分析当前企业设计管理主要环节存在的问题。结论 目前设计管理范围从单个部门的设计任务管理演变为跨职能部门的多专业团队设计管理,以基于流程的设计项目为载体,承载企业设计战略的实现。当前产品市场更新速度快,产品设计趋于系统化工程,设计项目因为周期、成本的限制而始终有限投入,对于如何在设计周期内合理调配软、硬件设计资源,提高设计效率、控制各种成本消耗、采用先进的设计项目管理模式显得十分迫切,对设计项目管理在企业产品开发中的应用提出若干建议。     

Operations planning in a supply chain system with fixed-interval deliveries of finished goods to multiple customers

Raw material ordering policy and the manufacturing batch size for fixed-interval deliveries of finished goods to multiple customers play a significant role in economically managing the supply chain logistics. This paper develops an ordering policy for raw materials and determines an economic batch size for a product at a manufacturing center which supplies finished products to multiple customers, with a fixed-quantity at a fixed time-interval to each of the customers. In this model, an optimal multi-ordering policy for procurement of raw materials for a single manufacturing system is developed to minimize the total cost incurred due to raw materials and finished goods inventories. The carried over inventory of finished goods from the previous cycle is used as initial finished goods inventory, resulting in shifting the production schedule ahead for the next cycle. A closed-form solution to the problem is obtained for the minimal total cost. The algorithm is demonstrated for multiple customer systems.     

Influence of market orientation on performance: the moderating roles of customer participation breadth and depth in new product development

ABSTRACT

With a greater number of B2B firms integrating customers into the new product development (NPD) process, how to utilize customer involvement in NPD is an important decision because it may be a double-edged sword carrying both bright and dark sides. Utilizing a sample of 193 B2B firms across various industries, we validate previous research that suggests market orientation positively influences NPD performance and subsequently examine how this relationship may either be enhanced or diminished contingent upon how customers are utilized in the NPD process. The results show that the market orientation–NPD performance relationship is enhanced by having customers participate in a greater number of activities throughout NPD (customer participation breadth) and diminished when customers are involved at deeper levels (customer participation depth). This research suggests that the exact involvement of customers is a critical decision and has clear implications for the dialogues about customer involvement and management of customer relationships.     

客户关系管理系统下企业收益和社会总福利的均衡

分析了CRM系统下企业的营销策略对企业收益和社会总福利的影响，并在此基础上建立了CRM系统下的企业收益和社会总福利的均衡模型。然后通过对模型进行求解分析，得出了企业收益和社会总福利在不同的机会成本区间，随额外营销投入其性态如何变化。通过对变化性态的认识，可以为企业的营销策略和政府的政策制定提供决策支持。     

Flexibility in manufacturing enterprises

A manufacturing enterprise is a collection of interrelated, flexible, optimized business processes delivering value to the customers through high quality products and services, faster than competition. This view of an enterprise enables one to consider the entire business system including the suppliers, product development, manufacturing, logistics, distribution, and retailing and to smoothen out the interfaces between them. Performance measures and performance measurement are important for monitoring, control and management. We identify and discuss eight performance measures for generic business processes. These include lead time, customer service, dependability, quality, flexibility, cost, capacity, and asset utilization. In this paper, we concentrate on flexibility of business processes with special emphasis on the supply chain and order-to-delivery processes. We attempt to provide clear definitions and measures of various types of flexibilities as well as discuss the relationship between product structure and supply chain flexibility. The relationship between uncertainties, flexibility, technology, and product structure is clearly brought out in this paper.     

名牌产品顾客满意度测评体系研究

本文在研究国内外典型顾客满意度测评模型的基础上,分析了名牌产品满意度测评与行业、企业满意度测评的不同,提出了面向名牌产品的顾客满意度测评模型和体系。数据分析表明,该测评体系能够反映顾客的意愿。本文提出的名牌产品顾客满意度测评体系对企业提高满意度和增强竞争力具有参考价值。     

State Dependent Pricing with a Queue

Existing studies of pricing when customers queue, assume that the firm cannot adjust the price to the state of demand. In most applications this assumption is false. We adapt the classic model of Naor (1969) to allow the firm to adjust the price to the state of demand. When customers are homogeneous the firm's pricing rule maximizes social welfare. When customers are unobservably heterogenous, the firm's pricing rule does not maximize social welfare. We find that the firm may not always attract customers even when it is technically and economically feasible to do so. This is interpreted as an option effect. The effects of changes to the basic parameters, on the queue length are presented.     

建筑施工企业顾客满意度模型实证分析

根据建筑施工项目的特征提出一个简化的建筑施工企业顾客满意度理论模型.在收集建筑施工企业顾客样本数据的基础上,利用结构方程模型软件对理论模型作了检验.研究结果表明:顾客感知质量对顾客满意度、顾客感知价值对顾客忠诚度、顾客满意度对顾客抱怨具有显著性的影响;顾客期望对顾客抱怨、顾客满意度对顾客忠诚度有正面影响;顾客抱怨对顾客忠诚度有负面影响.研究结论具有较高的精度,模型对该建筑施工企业顾客满意度有较好的解释力.     

Product portfolio planning with customer-engineering interaction

A critical decision that faces companies across all industrial sectors is the selection of an optimal mix of product attributes to offer in the marketplace, namely product portfolio planning. The product portfolio planning problem has to date generally been considered from a marketing perspective, with the focus being on customer concerns i.e., how alternative sets of product attributes and attribute-level options interact and compete among the target customer segments. From the engineering perspective, the operational implications of product portfolio decisions have been tackled with a primary concern about the cost and complexity of interactions among multiple products in a manufacturing environment with increasing variety. Consideration of the customer and engineering interaction in product portfolio planning is becoming increasingly important, manifested by the efforts observed in many industries to improve the coordination of marketing, design and manufacturing activities across product and process platforms. This paper examines the benefits of integrating customer concerns over product offerings with more engineering implications. To leverage both the customer and engineering concerns, a maximizing shared-surplus model that considers customer preferences, choice probabilities and platform-based product costing, is proposed to address the product portfolio planning problem. A heuristic genetic algorithm procedure is applied to solve the mixed-integer combinatorial optimization problem involved in product portfolio planning. Initial findings from a case study on notebook computer portfolio planning suggests the importance of the research problem, as well as the feasibility and potential of the proposed framework.     

Assessing the relative importance weights of customer requirements using multiple preference formats and nonlinear programming

Quality function deployment (QFD) is a methodology to ensure that customer requirements (CRs) are deployed through product planning, part development, process planning and production planning. The first step to implement QFD is to identify CRs and assess their relative importance weights. This paper proposes a nonlinear programming (NLP) approach to assessing the relative importance weights of CRs, which allows customers to express their preferences on the relative importance weights of CRs in their preferred or familiar formats. The proposed NLP approach does not require any transformation of preference formats and thus can avoid information loss or information distortion. Its potential applications in assessing the relative importance weights of CRs in QFD are illustrated with a numerical example.     

机电一体化——技术集成的结果 机器设备制造企业面临的机遇和挑战

电子技术在作为现代信息和通信技术的载体的同是，在德国的机器设备制造企业中发挥着重要的作用。要完成经济上和技术眩要求魏高的任务，在企业的很多部门中，例如开发主制造部门，没有电子数据处理系统和（标准）软件广泛的支持还是无法想象的。而另一方面，电子技术在机器设备中也显示出其作用。这里，机 体化一词的含义是机械电气／电子和软件在功能上和空间上的集成，它为根本性的变革提供了许多机遇。当然，利用这些机遇也使机     

An integrated decision-making approach for designing and selecting product concepts based on QFD and cumulative prospect theory

In this paper, both unbalanced linguistic terms and a risk decision-making problem with developers’ bounded rationality are considered; an integrated approach of Quality Function Deployment (QFD) and Cumulative Prospect Theory (CPT) is proposed to help increase customer satisfaction and facilitate product concepts selection. Firstly, QFD is employed to provide a customer-driven tool for developers, which can be used to generate product concept alternatives. Subsequently, enhanced information entropy is utilised to prioritise competing Customer requirements (CRs) based on unbalanced linguistic terms. These terms can be directly processed without being translated into fuzzy numbers, where the risk of information loss in fuzzification can be minimised. Product concept alternatives can be generated based on the outcomes of the subsequent QFD process. Moreover, CPT can be considered as a novel method by incorporating the developers’ psychological characteristics under risk, which can help identify the most relevant product concepts. The cost prospect values of each alternative can be calculated by the function based on the cost reference point. The deficit and profit prospect values can be obtained by aggregating the values and weights of potential results, where functions from the enhanced CPT are used. The order of all alternatives can be ranked based on their overall prospect values. Finally, the proposed approach can be evaluated by a case study concerning the development of a new hydraulic breaker. The deliverables of this study are used to evaluate the relative advantages of the proposed approach over existing multi-attribute utility ones.     

Agent-based simulation of pricing strategy for agri-products considering customer preference

Agri-products typically have short life cycles and are perishable. The price of perishable goods is influenced by many factors. Customers in a market have different preferences with regard to price, the quality of the product and the brand. Though studies on pricing strategies that consider customer preference are rare, this paper addresses the problem of optimal pricing strategy for retailers considering customer preferences. Traditional mathematical methods cannot adequately describe the complexities of customer preference. Due to these complexities, this paper proposes an agent-based simulation model composed of six retailers and hundreds of customers, each with personal preferences. The different retailers set prices according to freshness, inventory, cost and other factors. Due to the perishable nature of the products considered, this paper proposes a new categorising price strategy that sets prices according to different degrees of treatments. By comparing the final profit of all retailers at the end of a simulation, the categorising price strategy is demonstrated to be the optimal strategy if customers with different preferences are randomly distributed. Furthermore, based on the model, the paper studies how optimal strategies are influenced by the proportion of customers with different preferences.     

Variety and volume dynamic management for value creation in changeable manufacturing systems

In today’s uncertain market and continuously evolving technology, managing manufacturing systems are more complex than ever. This paper studies the dynamics of managing variety and volume to enhance value creation in manufacturers implementing system-level advanced and automated manufacturing technology (AAMT). The demand is composed of heterogeneous customers who make purchasing decisions depending on the variety levels and lead times of the firm’s product offerings. The cost structure adopted calculates profit as the difference between customer value creation rate (VCR) and costs associated with the process of creating this value. Reported results contribute to the variety and volume management literature by offering analytical clarity of factors affecting product platforms and capacity scalability management for systems with AAMT. In addition, insightful answers to the trade-offs between profit maximising market coverage and investments, smoothing demand policies and system stability for this type of environment are presented. Furthermore, the value of market information in deciding the industrial technology investment and also the impact of product life cycle on the same investment is captured.     

System modelling for economic raw material selection

A system simulation method for economic raw material selection is presented, based on a realistic example. The total cost considered in raw materials selection is deemed to include the basic raw material cost, the extra manufacturing cost due to the selection of the particular raw material, and the final product quality cost. These costs are systematically simulated for three typical areas of interest: for the purchasing operation, for the manufacturing process and for the final product quality acceptance by the customer.     

Project Management and Coordination of Distributed Cooperative Product Design in a Virtual Enterprise

The architecture of project management of distributed concurrent product design in a virtual enterprise is put forward. The process of project management and its functions are presented. Product design process coordination is also discussed. First, based on the analysis of traditional project management, project management and coordination of distributed cooperative product design in the virtual enterprise is put forward. Then, aiming at the characteristics of a distributed concurrent product design process, the inherent rules and complex interrelations in product development are studied. Accordingly, the architecture of project management of distributed cooperative product design in a virtual enterprise is presented to adapt to distributed concurrent development of complex products. The main advantages of the architecture are also discussed. Finally, the emphasis is placed on the project management process. Its main functions are set forth, such as projectdefinition, task decomposition and distribution, resource cortstraints and dynamic resource scheduling, process fusion, task scheduling and monitoring, project plan, cost and quality evaluation, etc.     

对适宜于顾客的产品开发的集成评价——贴近市场的开发过程

 在产品开发过程链中 ,市场效果的好环取决于开发是否面向顾客。然而大量失败的开发的实例表明 ,主要的薄弱环节仍然是如何适当地考虑企业外部和内部的要求。系统地考虑顾客的要求只能在开发过程中对决定购买的因素加以考虑并作出评价来实现。在适当的信息处理下 ,考虑柔性模块及结构系列 ,就能得到产品设备和产品结构的最后结论。     

Reliability Reallocation for Fuel Cell Vehicles Based on Genetic Algorithm

A fuel cell vehicle (FCV) is a type of alternative energy vehicle that could help resolve the energy crisis, mitigate environmental problems, and contribute to sustainable development. Developing an FCV with high reliability is an important goal for automobile factories and research institutions. Other key factors required by FCVs include mass production and customer approval. An FCV is a complex mechanism composed of many subsystems. During the development of the overall vehicle, steps should be taken to ensure that every subsystem is reliable. However, such development must also consider costs, which must be kept as low as possible. To ensure the reliability of FCV while operating under conditions that demand minimal cost, a genetic algorithm is employed to reallocate the reliability of the overall vehicle system. First, the growth factor of the reliability–feasibility of each subsystem is determined according to the complexity, importance, and technological level of the FCV subsystems. The FCV cost model is then established on the basis of such parameters as subsystem cost, reliability–feasibility growth factor, initial reliability, limit reliability, and so on. A genetic algorithm is then used to compute for the reliability of FCV subsystems. The rationality of reliability reallocation is verified according to the subsystem importance coefficient. This method considers the benefits for both enterprises and customers by applying principles of engineering and conducting a reliability study. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.