Anomalies of the Boundary Reflection of Ultrasound from the Film of a Dissipative Medium

Theoretical consideration has been given to the reflection of continuous and pulsed longitudinal and transverse acoustic waves from the film of a dissipative medium which is in contact with a solid-state half-space. It has been shown that the reflection coefficient and its phase substantially depend on the coefficient of attenuation of ultrasound in the dissipative-medium film and on its phase thickness. The shape of the reflected acoustic pulsed signal has been calculated using software. The application of the results obtained to investigation of the acoustic properties of viscous fluids is discussed.     

Anomalous Reflection of a Longitudinal Ultrasonic Wave from a Strongly Dissipative Medium

Normal reflection of a longitudinal acoustic wave from the plane interface between a solid acoustic line and a strongly dissipative medium (an epoxide resin compound in the process of solidification) has been experimentally investigated. A 14fold change in the reflection coefficient of pulsed signals and a decrease in their duration have been detected and the point of phase transmission has been reliably determined by the minimum of the reflection coefficient. The coefficient of reflection of continuous acoustic waves with frequencies of 1–10 MHz from the interface between a plexiglas (or aluminum) and an epoxide resin compound in the process of solidification has been measured. The influence of the amplitudefrequency characteristic of an ultrasonic piezoelectric transducer on the measurement data obtained has been analyzed. The change in the viscosity coefficient of an epoxide resin compound in the process of its solidification has been calculated by the spectral transform method with the use of computer programs and experimental data on the reflection coefficient dynamics.     

Anomalies of the boundary reflection of ultrasound from a Maxwellian liquid

Reflection of continuous and pulsed longitudinal and transverse acoustic waves from a dissipative medium represented by a model of Maxwellian liquid in contact with a solid halfspace is considered theoretically. The substantial dependence of the modulus and phase of the reflection coefficient on both the viscosity and time of relaxation of stresses in the Maxwellian liquid is shown. Using computer programs, the acoustic pulsed signals reflected from the interface between the media and transmitted through it have been calculated. The calculations were performed for an asymmetric shape of the signal incident on the interface; this shape corresponds to that of a real signal emitted by an ultrasonic piezoceramic transducer.     

Anomalies of the Propagation of Longitudinal Sound in a Layer of a Dissipative Medium

Normal propagation of continuous and pulse longitudinal acoustic waves through the gap between two solid halfspaces, which is filled with a dissipative medium, has been considered theoretically. A strong dependence of the transmission and reflection coefficients and of their phases on the coefficient of damping of longitudinal sound in the medium of the gap and on its dimensionless phase thickness has been shown. The shapes of the reflected acoustic pulsed signal and of the signal transmitted by the gap have been calculated using software. The results obtained are used in investigation of the acoustic properties of viscous fluids. Application of the transformed spectrum of the signals to development of radiation devices and processing of information is discussed.     

Improvement of anisotropy sensitivity in the scanning acoustic microscope

The response of the conventional scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) to anisotropic materials is theoretically investigated. For this purpose, the reflection coefficient of plane acoustic waves incident on a liquid-solid interface is numerically calculated for a general anisotropic solid oriented in any arbitrary direction. In general, the reflection coefficient depends on polar and azimuthal angles of incidence. For the case of a circularly symmetric acoustic microscope lens, a mean reflectance function can be defined that depends only on the polar angle. With this mean reflectance function, it is very easy to predict the anisotropic material response of the acoustic microscope. It is found that, under certain conditions, the amplitude response of the acoustic microscope can depend heavily on the orientation of the solid material under investigation. The amplitude of the acoustic microscope signal is influenced by the orientation of the material because there is a cancellation of acoustic rays reflected from the object surface at different azimuthal angles. This cancellation is revealed as a minimum in the mean reflectance function. It is shown by numerical simulation that the sensitivity to orientation can be increased by the use of a ring-shaped insonification at the back of the acoustic lens.     

Measurement of acoustic reflection coefficients by an ultrasonicmicrospectrometer

An ultrasonic microspectrometer (UMSM) was developed in order to evaluate the elastic properties of a solid specimen at a small spot on its surface. In this system, spherical-planar-pair (SPP) lenses were used, by which the acoustic reflection coefficient of a liquid/solid interface was measured as a function of the incident angle in the frequency range from 20 to 140 MHz. Using a specimen of fused quartz whose material constants were well known, the measurement accuracy was examined. The phase velocity of a leaky Rayleigh wave was obtained from the phase change of the reflection coefficient with 0.4% accuracy in this frequency range. For a specimen of steel with a large acoustic attenuation, bulk attenuation factors and their frequency dependence were successfully estimated by computer-fitting of the reflection coefficient. As an example of anisotropic materials, the reflection coefficient of X-cut quartz was also measured. Measured phase of the reflection coefficient was in good agreement with numerical calculation     

Theoretical aspects of nonlinear echo image system

In order to develop the nonlinear echo image system to diagnose pathological changes in biological tissue , a simple physical model to analyse the character of nonlinear reflected wave in biological medium is postulated. The propagation of large amplitude plane sound wave in layered biological media is analysed for the one dimensional case by the method of successive approximation and the expression for the second order wave reflected from any interface of layered biological media is obtained. The relations between the second order reflection coefficients and the nonlinear parameters of medium below the interface are studied in three layers interfaces. Finally, the second order reflection coefficients of four layered media are calculated numerically. The results indicate that the nonlinear parameter B/A of each layer of biological media can be determined by the reflection method.     

Acoustic methods for obtaining the pressure reflection coefficient from a buffer rod based measurement cell

The known acoustic methods for obtaining the pressure reflection coefficient from a buffer rod based measurement cell are presented, along with 2 new generic approaches for measuring the pressure reflection coefficient using 2 buffer rods enclosing the liquid to be characterized in a symmetrical arrangement. An acoustic transducer is connected to each of the buffer rods. The generic approaches are divided into a relative amplitude approach and a mixed amplitude approach. For the relative amplitude approach, families of 4, 5, or 6 echo signals can be used to obtain the pressure reflection coefficient. The mixed amplitude approach uses specific information about the transducers and/or the electronics sensitivities in receive mode to obtain the pressure reflection coefficient using families of 3, 4, 5, or 6 echo signals. Some of the new methods from the relative amplitude approach imply a reduced uncertainty relative to the previously known ABC method. The effect of the liquid attenuation, digitizer bit resolution, and the signal-to-noise ratio on the uncertainty characteristics of the pressure reflection coefficient are discussed, along with a discussion of the suitability of the various methods for different buffer materials.     

有限声束在固体板表面的声反射

采用将有限声束分解为一系列平面波的方法，对有限声束在液体－固体板－液体结构中的声反射问题进行了分析和计算。当有限声束以平面波反射系数相位为１８０°时的入射角入射时，在固体板表面反射的声束沿板表面存在显著的移动和展宽现象。本文的有关结果，对进一步研究有限声束在板状结构表面的声反射具有积极意义。     

信道多途对定位系统时延估计的影响及抑制

基于水下声信道的特性,分析了界面反射对信号检测和时延估计的影响,论证了直达声和海面一次反射声时延差的变化规律。根据两信号叠加的特点,对常规的信号处理方法进行了改进。经仿真验证,改进的方法可提高“边沿”信号的检测能力,避免时延估计值的“跳变”现象,有效减小多途影响。     

Transcranial ultrasound focus reconstruction with phase and amplitude correction

Therapeutic and diagnostic ultrasound procedures performed noninvasively through the skull require a reliable method for maintaining acoustic focus integrity after transmission through layered bone structures. This study used a multiple-element, phased-array transducer to reconstruct ultrasound foci through the human skull by amplitude and phase correction. It was previously demonstrated that adaptive phase correction using a multiple-element, focused transducer array yields a significant correction to an acoustic field that has been distorted by the heterogeneities of the skull bone. The introduction of amplitude correction, in a regime in which acoustic pressures from individual transducer array elements are adjusted to be normalized at the focus, has demonstrated a 6% (-0.27 dB) average decrease in acoustic sidelobe acoustic intensity relative to the focal intensity and a 2% (-0.09 dB) average decrease in the full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) of the acoustic intensity profile at the focus. These improvements come at the expense of significant ultrasound intensity loss--as much as 30% lower (-1.55 dB)--at the focus because the amplitude correction method requires that, at constant power, a larger proportion of energy is absorbed or reflected by regions of the skull that transmit less energy. In contrast, a second correction method that distributes pressure amplitudes such that the sections of the skull which transmit more ultrasound energy are exposed with higher ultrasound intensities has demonstrated an average sidelobe intensity decrease of 3% (-0.13 dB) with no change in the FWHM at the focus. On average, there was a 2% (0.09 dB) increase in the acoustic intensity at the focus for this inverse amplitude correction method. These results indicate that amplitude correction according to the transmission properties of various segments of the skull have a clear effect on ultrasound energy throughput into a target site within the brain parenchyma.     

热声系统中的回热器声学特性的理论及实验研究

设计并建造了一台声驱动的热声装置,用于研究回热器的声学特性.从理论上利用相关谱分析方法(包括自相关谱与互相关谱),得到热声系统中回热器的声反射系数,复声阻抗,传播损失和回热器处的入射波与反射波相位差.并通过实验测得的压力信号分析回热器的声学特性.分析比较换热器及不同加热功率的情况下,对回热器声学特性的影响,结论有利于进一步辨识回热器模型中的未知参数.     

Characterization of Bonding Quality in a Multilayer Structure Using Segment Adaptive Filtering

Ultrasonic testing is widely used in detection of disbonds in multilayer structures such as solid fuel rocket motors, which consist of steel, rubber laminate, and solid fuel. However, only a small fraction of ultrasonic waves can transmit through the steel–rubber interface because of their large difference in acoustical impedance. Very little ultrasound is reflected back by the weak bond interface within the rubber laminate or from the interface between the rubber and solid fuel. Consequently, the interface bond degradation can only produce a very slight variation in the received ultrasonic echo sequences, which are too weak to be detected effectively. In this paper, ultrasonic pulse reflection from the interfaces is considered to evaluate the interface bond condition. A multilayer model with spring boundary condition is used to describe the weak bond, and ultrasonic reflection response is obtained for the structure in the immersion mode. After analysis of the ultrasonic echo sequences of the steel–rubber structure, the segment adaptive filtering method is used to separate the simulated echo sequences and to obtain the interface signals. With the separated interface signals, the weak bond of all the interfaces, including the one within the rubber laminate, can be detected. The procedure has been applied to signals measured from the steel–rubber samples, and the amplitude and envelope of various interface signals agree well with those from the corresponding simulated signal. The disbond and weak bond can be detected and evaluated by the amplitude of corresponding signal of interfaces.     

Characterisation of interfacial imperfections of TiAl and 40Cr diffusion bonding by ultrasonic amplitude and phase

Abstract

A characteristics extraction algorithm is proposed to characterise the interfacial imperfections in TiAl and 40Cr diffusion bonding. The algorithm is based on analysing the variation of the ultrasonic amplitude and phase after interacting with the bonding interface. Ultrasonic measurements were performed by an ultrasonic imaging testing system, and broadband transducers with central frequency of the 10 and 20 MHz were employed. Metallographic analyses and shear tests were also performed on the joints. It was found that the amplitude of the reflection coefficient is almost a constant, and the phase of the reflection coefficient is the same for the perfectly bonded interface; for the kissing bond interface, the amplitude increases with the ultrasonic frequency, and the phase is the same at the low frequencies and opposite at the high frequencies; the amplitude does not vary with the frequency, and the phase is opposite for the unbonded interface.     

Ultrasonic density sensor for liquids

This paper presents an ultrasonic density sensor for liquids that unifies high accuracy with high durability and is suitable for on-line measurements in a wide range of tube diameters. The sensor consists of a transducer with a piezoceramic disk mounted between two reference rods of quartz glass. Additionally, a second transducer is used as a sound receiver. The density is obtained from the reflection coefficient of ultrasound at the interface between the quartz glass rod and the liquid and the transit time of sound between this interface and the second transducer. Parameters, such as high long-term stability and accuracy of +/-0.1% of full scale, were obtained by an internal acoustic reference measurement. The reference signal is generated using the sound radiated from the rear side of the piezoceramic disk. Design aspects such as sensor materials and signal-to-noise ratio are discussed, and experimental results are given in this paper. Applications of the sensor include concentration measurement, and ultrasonic mass flow measurement.     

Phase variations of the microwave reflection coefficient for ice near the phase transition temperature

Phase increments of the coefficient of microwave reflection from the air-ice interface have been measured at a frequency of 13.8 GHz at temperatures in the vicinity of the ice-water phase transition. It is established that the phase of the reflection coefficient exhibits variations within several dozen degrees upon the appearance of the first signs of ice melting. This phenomenon has to be taken into account in interpreting the results of phase-sensitive radar probing for glacial objects.     

Cross-polarization of light at a dielectric-biisotropic medium interface

The problem of reflection and refraction of TE- and TM-polarized electromagnetic waves at oblique incidence on a dielectric-biisotropic medium interface has been solved. Conditions for the Brewster angles, at which the reflected wave field contains only the cross-polarized component, are established and the influence of the chirality and nonreciprocity parameters on the reflection coefficients is analyzed. It is shown that the appearance of cross-polarization upon reflection from the biisotropic medium is caused by the presence of nonreciprocity in addition to chirality.     

Microwave nondestructive detection and evaluation of voids in layered dielectric slabs

A microwave nondestructive testing technique is discussed for detection and evaluation of voids in layered dielectric media backed by a conducting plate. This technique utilizes the phase properties of the effective reflection coefficient of the medium as a microwave signal penetrates inside the dielectric layers and is reflected by the conducting plate. Properties of the difference between this phase in the absence and presence of an air gap is investigated as a function of the void thickness, frequency, and dielectric properties of the layers. Utilizing a simple experimental apparatus measurements were also conducted, the results of which were compared with the theoretical predictions.     

声波在多层介质中传播的四端参数模型应用分析研究

声波在两种介质的交界面透射和反射时 ,借鉴机械四端参数法 ,利用声学边界条件 ,引入了四端参数矩阵 ,建立四端参数模型。通过对四端参数矩阵的分析 ,探讨了在简谐平面波垂直入射的条件下 ,声波在多层介质中的传播特性 ,并推导出声透射系数和声反射系数的一般计算公式。     

Reflection of Plane Waves in a Semiconducting Medium under Photothermal Theory

In this paper photothermal theory was used to study the reflection of waves at the surface of a semi-infinite semiconconducting medium. Using the harmonic wave method, the reflection coefficient ratios were obtained analytically under coupled thermoelastic theory and plasma theory for an incident CI wave, which is one coupled thermoelastic plasma wave and an incident rotational wave. The variations of the amplitude of reflection coefficient ratios with the angle of incidence are shown graphically for silicon. Effects of the thermal frequency, the thermoelastic coupling parameter, and the thermoelectric coupling parameter were given by numerical results. Also, the energy ratios for reflected waves were computed to check the numerical results.