介电弹性体驱动单元的动态特性分析

针对不同电压载荷情况下介电弹性体驱动单元的动态特性,考虑材料非线性、介电常数变化和惯性效应等因素的影响,从热力学能量转化的角度得到了基于Ogden应变能函数的介电弹性体驱动单元的二阶常微分运动方程,并分析了系统的动态响应及模型几何尺寸的影响。结果表明:介电弹性体驱动单元动态响应的振幅由电场强度决定。在恒定场强下,随着电场强度幅值的增大,驱动单元的振幅将随之增大、振动频率将随之减小;在简谐场强下,随着电场强度频率的增大,驱动单元将发生共振,且共振频率将随电场强度的增大而减小。     

工频电场测量仪的校准装置

针对目前国内还没有在环境监测中广泛使用的对工频电场探头进行计量的检定规程或者校准规范,设计了一套工频电场探头校准装置,根据理论推导,确定所产生标准电场强度。通过高压源控制器来控制升压实现高压输出。校准所采用的电板满足所有工频电场测量仪校准需求,产生的电场强度范围从10 V/m到100 kV/m。最后,对溯源后的HI-3604分别进行电场强度测试与分析,实验数据表明:该校准装置可以用于工频电场探头校准,并给出了校准不确定度。     

基于里德堡原子的电场传感技术

概述了基于里德堡原子的电场传感技术的基本原理,分析了里德堡原子电场测量具有的高灵敏度、宽频、可溯源至国际单位制（International System of Units, SI）、高空间分辨力等优势。讨论了激光参数、探测器噪声、环境电磁场干扰等因素对里德堡原子场强测量灵敏度与测量频率响应带宽的影响,介绍了频率调制、重泵浦、参数优化等提高场强测量灵敏度的方式,并阐述了单辅助场原子外差法、双辅助五能级外差法等提升测量频率响应带宽的方法。探讨了里德堡原子电场传感技术在计量、通信、雷达、成像等方面的应用情况,指出应通过优化原子气室结构、设计高性能光电探测器、提升光学腔性能等方式进一步提高里德堡原子电场测量灵敏度;应深入研究里德堡原子电场测量的不确定度来源,并对里德堡原子传感器进行全面的测试和表征;应开展里德堡原子电场测量相关装置的小型化、工程化设计研究,从而进一步提升里德堡原子电场测量技术的实际应用性能。     

里德堡原子微波电场测量

里德堡原子是处于高激发态的原子,其主量子数大、寿命高,具有极化率高、电偶极矩大等特点,对外电场十分敏感。基于热蒸气室中里德堡原子的量子干涉原理(电磁感应透明和Autler-Towns分裂效应)的微波电场精密测量不仅具有远高于传统偶极天线的灵敏度,且具有自校准、对外电场干扰少、测量频率范围大等优点,是下一代电场测量标准。本文综述了里德堡原子的微波电场测量研究,详细介绍了其基本原理和当前研究进展,并讨论了未来发展方向。     

A Coplanar Microstrip Antenna as a Dosimetric E-field Probe for GSM Frequencies

The present article discusses the measurement results of a coplanar microstrip antenna used as an electric field (E-field) probe. The E-field measurement is used to calculate the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) of the tissue equivalent liquids exposed to uniform E-field strength in a transverse electromagnetic cell. The antenna used as an E-field probe resonates at the two important frequencies of the Global System for Mobile communication frequency band i.e. 915 MHz and 2.10 GHz. The simulation of the antenna has been carried out on EM simulation software, HFSS. The experimental and simulation results are found to be in good agreement for return loss. The E-field measurement results along with expanded uncertainties are compared with standard dipole results. Finally, the SAR values are computed for the in-house tissue equivalent liquid.     

微型大气电场监测装置的设计与实现

针对户外场磨式地面电场仪存在的输入阻抗高、感应电流信号弱、易受外界电磁波干扰、功耗大且无市电供电等问题,设计一种光伏发电加蓄电池储能供电的低功耗大气电场监测装置。为减小系统功耗,提高测量精度,设计微型低速双定子差分式电场传感器,传感器感应到的两路微弱电流信号经过T型反馈网络实现I/U变换。通过减法器和4 Hz低通滤波器消除共模干扰和工频干扰,提高信号的信噪比。利用光传感器采集同步感应信号,与AD630锁相放大器配合对信号进行处理,得到与场强成正比例关系的直流电压。经实验验证,系统在–50~50 kV/m的模拟电场强度范围内,测量分辨力可达到10 V/m,测量线性度<1%。所设计系统能够在光伏供电的情况下独立运行,实时测量大气电场强度并将测量结果传输到上位机,为雷电监测预警提供必要的数据支持。     

Frequency domain control of quantum state singlet/triplet character and prospects for an all-optical spin switch

In recent years, quantum optics has been expanded from atomic to molecular systems despite much weaker oscillator strengths and complex relaxation pathways that have presented serious challenges in the past. The richness of molecular excitation pathways and the variety of molecular interactions has made it possible to develop novel applications in this field. We have demonstrated how the Autler–Townes effect can be used to control molecular angular momentum alignment and how the Autler–Townes split line shape, combined with accurate control-laser electric field amplitude measurement, can be used to map the absolute magnitude of the molecular internuclear distance dependent electronic transition dipole moment function. In addition, the electric field amplitude in the control laser Rabi frequency can be used as a ‘tuning’ mechanism for the mixing coefficients of energy levels that are weakly perturbed by the spin–orbit interaction, i.e. to control the valence electron spin polarization and the spin multiplicity of molecular quantum. We propose an extension of this control mechanism to an all-optical spin switch.     

电流变液对活塞式结构振动的控制

本文研究了电流变液和弹簧所组成的粘弹性型活塞式结构的振动.实验表明,随外加电场强度增加,结构振动幅值减小,系统谐振峰向高频方向移动.这种效应在振动低频区段更为显著.据此可制作阻尼可控结构.     

New Standard of Electric Field Strength

A new technique is presented for establishing a standard of electric field strength using a highly conducting sphere. An analysis is made to determine the current on the sphere as a function of the electric field strength of an incident plane wave. A method of measuring that current using electronic circuitry and an optical indicator within the sphere is described, and an intercomparison is made with an independent field-strength standard. This technique is a significant improvement over previous ones in that it permits the absolute determination of field strength with a maximum uncertainty of 1 percent or less at 30 MHz and is applicable to a broad range of frequencies and field strengths.     

Quadratic electro-optic properties of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 transparent ceramics under both DC and AC bias

The basic quadratic electro-optic properties of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) transparent ceramics have been studied under both DC and AC electric field bias. The contribution of piezoelectric resonance to electro-optic effect for this quadratic electro-optic ceramics material has been experimentally demonstrated and theoretically analyzed. It is found that, at the piezoelectric resonance frequencies, the piezoelectric induced electro-optic effect dominates and leads to a dramatically high sensitivity for weak electric signal detection. About 20 dB signal-to-noise ratio is attained when detecting AC electric field strength of 1 V/m with optimized DC bias. Besides, the effects of AC frequency and amplitude on halfwave voltage V(π) of PMN-PT are investigated.     

基于里德堡原子的微波全信息测量

介绍了里德堡原子微波电场传感器的工作原理,阐述了基于里德堡原子测量微波电场强度、相位、极化、频率等信息的技术特点,分析了基于里德堡原子的微波全信息测量的研究现状,探讨了当前绝对自校准测量和连续宽带高灵敏测量面临的困难,指出可以通过外场调控实现测量灵敏度提升和宽带连续频率测量;并可通过各种调制及解调手段简化相位、极化的测量和读取。分析了在热原子系统中利用多光子激发消除多普勒展宽以及采用冷原子消除多普勒展宽对于提升微波测量灵敏度的潜在优势,提出未来可利用里德堡原子的高轨道角动量态、强关联等特性进一步提升里德堡原子微波电场传感器性能。     

基于里德堡原子的微波功率精密测量

提出一种基于里德堡原子量子相干效应的功率测量新方法。将装有铷蒸气的低电磁扰动原子气室置于特定的导波系统中,基于里德堡原子量子相干效应将对导波电场测量转化为对原子吸收光谱的探测,利用功率和导波电场的解析量化关系,实现一种全新的可溯源至普朗克常数的微波功率测量。在10.22GHz频率处与传统功率测量进行比较,-40dBm至-20dBm的功率范围内两者平均偏差为0.08dB(1.86%)。这种全新的微波功率量子测量方法具有灵敏度高、动态范围大、测量不确定度小等优势,有望形成新一代可直接溯源至国际单位制(SI)的微波功率基准。     

The Dynamics of Oblate Drop Between Heterogeneous Plates Under Alternating Electric Field

The dynamics of the incompressible fluid drop under the non-uniform electric field are considered. The drop is bounded axially by two parallel solid planes and the case of heterogeneous plates is investigated. The external electric field acts as an external force that causes motion of the contact line. We assume that the electric current is alternative current and the AC filed amplitude is a spatially non-uniform function. In equilibrium, the drop has the form of a circular cylinder. The equilibrium contact angle is 0.5π. In order to describe this contact line motion the modified Hocking boundary condition is applied: the velocity of the contact line is proportional to the deviation of the contact angle and the speed of the fast relaxation processes, which frequency is proportional to twice the frequency of the electric field. The Hocking parameter depends on the polar angle, i.e. the coefficient of the interaction between the plate and the fluid (the contact line) is a function of the plane coordinates. This function is expanded in a series of the Laplace operator eigenfunctions.     

State primary standard for the unit of electric field strength in the frequency range 0.0003–1000 MHz

The metrological investigation of the new measurement standard complex is described. The primary standard is used for reproducing and transmitting the unit of electric field strength to secondary standards and measuring instruments.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika. No. 1, pp. 4–7, January, 1995.     

矢量水听器自动校准系统的研究及实现

研制的矢量水听器自动校准系统在水声计量领域具有重要的应用价值,能够实现低频范围内矢量水听器的自动校准。利用动态信号采集卡采集被测信号和标准水听器的输出信号,对驻波管内的声场分布进行了测量分析,对系统的测量不确定度进行了分析评定,对声压灵敏度进行了比对测试。该系统校准矢量水听器的扩展不确定度为1.6dB。     

Electric Field Effect on State Energies and Transition Frequency of a Strong-Coupling Polaron in an Asymmetric Quantum Dot

We study the ground and the first excited states’ energies and the corresponding transition frequency of a strong-coupling polaron in an asymmetric quantum dot (AQD). The effects of the electric field, the transverse and the longitudinal effective confinement lengths and the electron-phonon coupling strength are taken into account by using a variational method of the Pekar type. It is found that the ground and the first excited states’ energies and the transition frequency are decreasing functions of the electric field. They will increase rapidly with decreasing the transverse and longitudinal effective confinement lengths. The transition frequency is an increasing function of the electron-phonon coupling strength, whereas the energies are decreasing ones of it.     

Effect of inertia on electrified film flow over a wavy wall

The effect of inertia on the steady flow of a liquid layer down a wavy wall in the presence of an electric field is investigated. Both the liquid film and the region above it are assumed to act as perfect dielectrics. A linearised perturbation analysis is performed for flow down a wall with small-amplitude sinusoidal corrugations, and the free-surface amplitude and phase shift are computed numerically for a broad range of flow conditions. It is shown that the electric field can be used to manipulate the phase shift between the free surface and the wall. In particular, when the Reynolds number lies below a threshold value, an electric field of sufficient strength will bring the free surface precisely into phase with the wall. An electric field can also be used to mitigate the resonance effect identified by previous workers, in which the free surface suffers significant amplification in comparison to the height of the wall corrugations at a particular Reynolds number. Working on the basis of the lubrication approximation, a nonlinear equation for the film thickness is derived featuring a non-local term due to the electric field. Numerical solutions for flow over a wavy wall of finite amplitude reveal that the effect of inertia on the free-surface characteristics depends on the electrical properties of the fluid layer and the strength of the imposed electric field.     

Measurement of Structural Changes in Tetragonal PZT Ceramics under Static and Cyclic Electric Fields Using a Laboratory X-ray Diffractometer

In situ structural characterization techniques that are capable of characterizing piezoelectric ceramics under different electrical loading conditions are important to understand the behavior of materials during their use. In this work, we report the use of a laboratory X-ray diffractometer for the measurement of various structural changes in tetragonal La-doped lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics under the application of static and cyclic electric fields. The changes in the volume fractions of the 90° domains parallel to the electric field direction are calculated from the intensities of the {002} diffraction peaks. In addition, the components of lattice strains are monitored from the changes in the (111) crystallographic planes. It is observed that, under the application of static electric fields, both 90° domain switching and the 111 lattice strains showed similarity with the macroscopic strainelectric field hystersis loop. To measure the structural changes under cyclic electric fields, a time-resolved X-ray diffraction technique was used. Under application of a square-wave electric field of amplitude ±650 V/mm and frequency 0.3 Hz, a change of ~5% in the volume fraction of the 90° domains and ~0.07% strain of the 111 lattice planes are observed. Both the amount of 90° domain switching and the 111 lattice strains are observed to increase with an increase in the amplitude of the cyclic electric field. The implications of the measured structural changes for the macroscopic piezoelectric properties of ceramics are discussed.     

The influence of moving domain walls on the appearance of the second harmonic in the magnetoimpedance spectrum of a cobalt-based amorphous microwire

We have studied the influence of moving domain walls (DWs) on the magnetoimpedance of a cobalt-based amorphous microwire. A model describing the DW motion in the electric field of an alternating current in the absence of a skin effect is proposed. When the current amplitude exceeds a certain threshold value, the DW motion leads to the appearance of a second harmonic component in the frequency spectrum of the sample response voltage. The second harmonic amplitude has been studied as a function of the external longitudinal magnetic field, the current frequency, and the angle of deviation of the microwire anisotropy axis from the circular direction. The sensitivity of the second harmonic to the external magnetic field can be significantly higher than that of the first harmonic.