结霜工况下空气源热泵-冷柜双联机性能实验研究

空气源热泵-冷柜双联机将热泵系统部分制冷剂用于对冷柜制冷系统进行机械过冷,可提高系统整体性能。本文将空气源热泵室外机与冷柜冷凝器设计成一体式换热器,在冬季工况下可利用冷柜制冷系统的冷凝热延缓空气源热泵室外机结霜。实验研究了结霜工况下空气源热泵-冷柜双联机性能,将热泵-冷柜联合运行工况下的性能与热泵单独运行工况下的性能进行了对比,并分析了不同冷流比条件下热泵系统、冷柜系统性能及热泵室外换热器表面结霜性能。实验结果表明,在室外换热器严重结霜工况下,相比于空气源热泵单独运行,双联机联合运行使结霜周期延长为原来的2.17倍,热泵系统平均制热量及平均COP分别提高了约5%及4.8%。随着冷流比增大,冷柜系统平均制冷量和平均COP均增大。而空气源热泵在冷流比为0~12%范围内,结霜周期、平均制热量及平均COP均变化较小,当冷流比大于12%时,随着冷流比增大,结霜周期缩短,平均制热量及平均COP呈下降趋势。     

空气源-水环热泵联合系统性能分析

建立空气源-水环热泵联合系统的模型,通过改变空气源-水环热泵联合系统的空气源热泵冷凝温度及蒸发温度,得到联合系统不同工况下的最佳性能系数。研究结果表明:在供水温度分别为45℃和50℃时,系统性能系数均在空气源热泵冷凝温度16℃时达到最大值,分别为2.128和1.954,供水温度为55℃时,系统性能系数在空气源热泵冷凝温度18℃时达到最大值1.805;供水温度分别为45℃,50℃和55℃时,单级系统(仅运行空气源热泵系统)、双级系统(空气源-水环热泵联合系统)相互切换的最佳蒸发温度分别为-2℃,-13℃和-23℃。指出根据不同工况及时调整热泵系统的运行方式能够提高系统能效。     

空气源热泵与水环热泵冬季联合供热运行节能性分析

水环热泵系统作为节能型空调系统的一种形式,近年在中国得到较多应用。对于近年有些工程提出了采用空气源热泵作为热源与水环热泵联合供暖的方式,本文依据生产厂家提供的技术参数,拟合出空气源热泵和水环热泵的COP性能曲线,对两种热泵联合运行供热时的系统性能系数COP进行了理论分析并用Maple软件进行模拟计算,得出联合运行系统与单独采用空气源热泵系统相比并不节能的结论。     

基于变容积比三缸双级压缩补气增焓技术的家用空气源热泵制热性能分析

在低环境温度工况下，传统空气源热泵存在制热量不足、制热性能系数(COP)低等问题，这导致其热舒适性差和运行经济性差，阻碍了空气源热泵技术在北方寒冷地区的应用。本文将变容积比三缸双级压缩补气增焓技术应用于家用空气源热泵，研究结果表明：该热泵的低温运行工况可低至-35℃;-15℃制热工况的COP可达到1.92;-30℃制热工况下，热泵出风口温度可达47℃。     

地源热泵间歇运行方式对地温恢复和机组能效的影响研究

优化地源热泵的运行管理策略,降低土壤热不平衡对地源热泵机组性能的影响,是保证地源热泵机组长期稳定高效运行的重要措施.以天津市某办公楼的地源热泵系统为研究对象,对其多年运行之后的土壤温度变化和系统能效变化进行了模拟分析,分析比较了不同间歇运行方案下得到的土壤温度和热泵机组能效的变化.结果表明,地源热泵机组连续运行30年时,土壤温度受热不平衡的影响,呈逐年波动式上升,前15年上升幅度较大,后15年增幅较缓.地源热泵系统间歇运行将有利于地温的恢复,机组的启停比对地源热泵系统土壤温升的累计影响显著大于运行起止时间对土壤温升的影响.研究结果可为地源热泵系统的运营管理提供重要参考与借鉴.     

多源复合热泵热水系统的性能研究

开发一种结合利用太阳能、余热和空气源的多源复合热泵热水系统,阐述其在不同环境下的运行方式,设计一种新型的利用太阳能或余热除霜的双通道翅片管式蒸发器。在无光照条件下,对有无余热辅助下空气源热泵系统的运行性能进行试验研究。结果表明:在名义工况下,空气源热泵系统单独加热额定容量(500 L)的水时,COP高达4.39;在最小运行工况下,与无余热时相比,余热辅助空气源热泵加热200 L水时,节电率为17.2%,COP从1.98升至2.39。     

补气增焓热泵机组运行性能模拟研究

基于空气源热泵机组在低温工况下的运行特性,对单级空气源热泵机组及补气增焓热泵机组进行仿真模拟计算,提出一种带补气的热泵机组运行性能的计算方法,得出不同蒸发温度下最佳补气压力值,对改善低温环境下空气源热泵机组的运行性能具有重要意义。     

太阳能-空气复合热源热泵系统仿真分析

为保证复合热源热泵系统在复杂工况下的稳定运行和进一步优化系统各组件之间合理、高效的能量匹配,本文设计并搭建了基于微热管阵列的太阳能-空气复合热源热泵系统,采用集中参数法建立系统数学模型,分别从系统的发电效率、集热效率、制热功率和性能系数(COP)4个方面基于实验数据进行模型验证与分析,利用控制变量法研究了太阳辐照度和环境温度等参数对热泵系统在光伏/光热-水&空气源热泵运行模式下系统性能的影响,并对其运行特性进行综合评价。结果表明：所建数学模型具有较好的准确性,模拟值与实验值的相对误差均在±15%之间。光伏/光热-水&空气源热泵系统运行模式下发电效率和集热效率均值分别为13.91%和41.14%,COP均值为2.29。此外,当辐照度和环境温度分别以500 W/m²和15℃为单一变量时,系统COP分别提升21.0%和29.8%。     

准二级压缩空气源热泵热水机的技术分析

文章对常规和过冷器准二级压缩的空气源热泵热水系统进行简要性能分析,通过实际测试不同工况下各性能参数随进水温度的变化规律,寻找过冷器准二级压缩空气源热泵热水机各工况点的最佳补气压力。结果表明,相对于常规空气源热泵热水系统,过冷器准二级压缩的空气源热泵热水系统可显著提高制热量及性能系数、降低排气温度、拓宽运行范围,可为过冷器准二级压缩热泵系统用于空气源热泵热水机的设计和应用提供参考。     

双级热泵的应用与技术难点

在分布式能源项目中,用能用户常要求热水供应温度达到60℃。常规的离心式热泵由于蒸发器输入温度过低,无法满足如此高的出水温度要求。采用离心式热泵+空气源热泵的双级热泵设计,空气源热泵可以将离心式热泵蒸发器侧输入温度提高至30~40℃,从而使离心式热泵热水满足供热要求。同时,空气源热泵和离心式热泵单独运行时还需满足制冷工况下的负荷需求。因此,为确保双级热泵系统安全高效运行,空气源热泵与离心式热泵工作特性的匹配是设计中的难点问题,特别是热量、流量的匹配和中间温度的确定等。     

基于平均性能最优的空气源热泵除霜控制方法的研究

本文选择空气源热泵机组的性能恶化点作为除霜的开始时刻,提出了一种基于平均性能最优的空气源热泵除霜控制方法。为验证该方法的可行性与适用性,采用四种不同的除霜方案对一台空气源热泵机组的除霜特性进行实验研究。针对不同的结霜工况条件,测量了翅片表面霜层厚度及机组输入功率、制热量等参数随时间的变化,并以此为基础分析了空气源热泵在整个结霜/除霜循环中的总耗功、总制热量以及平均COP的变化。实验结果表明:当空气源热泵机组选择以性能恶化点作为除霜开始时刻时,系统在整个结霜/除霜循环中的平均COP达到最大,即验证该除霜控制方法的可行性,能够用于空气源热泵机组的最佳除霜开始时刻控制。     

Field test investigation of a double-stage coupled heat pumps heating system for cold regions

This paper reports a double-stage coupled heat pumps (DSCHP) heating system, which couples air source heat pump (ASHP) and water source heat pump (WSHP) together. The system is presented for the first time in open literature with the objective to improve the working condition and heating performance of the ASHP under cold environment. A practical project in Beijing firstly installed this system and field test has been performed for one month. The test results indicate that the DSCHP system can be smoothly and efficiently used for heating in cold regions. Compared with the traditional ASHP heating system, the operating characteristics of the DSCHP heating system are greatly improved, demonstrating that the system can offer considerable application potential in cold regions.     

Numerical research on R32/R1234ze(E) air source heat pump under variable mass concentration

R32/R1234ze(E) mixtures are potentially low-GWP alternative refrigerants for air conditioning and heat pumps while the rare pure refrigerants can totally meet the requirements of new international protocols on environmental conservation, thermodynamic performance, and safety. The system performance under different concentrations is important for selection of working concentration for the new R32/R1234ze(E) refrigeration or heat pump. In this paper, the thermodynamic model of an ASHP with R32/R1234ze(E) mixtures is built and used to investigate the influence of the refrigerant composition on the performance of the system. The results show that when the mass fraction of R1234ze(E) changes from 0% to 100%, the heating capacity of the ASHP decreases by 67.2%, while the COP continuously increases by 70.3%, which means the changing tendency of system COP is quite different from previous research under fixed evaporating and condensing temperature. Adjusting the refrigerant concentration will be a good system modulation method for ASHPs with R32/R1234ze(E) to meet both the heating capacity and energy efficiency requirements. Furthermore, temperature matching degree is an important factor that affects the energy efficiency of ASHPs with non-azeotropes, which can guide the circuitry optimization of evaporator and condenser in ASHPs with non-azeotropes.     

空气源热泵蒸发器并联轮换除霜理论研究

针对大中型空气源热泵系统除霜,提出一种空气源热泵蒸发器并联轮换除霜系统,该系统能够实现除霜时不停止制热。为分析系统的结霜/除霜特性,建立空气源热泵蒸发器并联轮换除霜系统理论模型。通过模拟研究蒸发器并联轮换除霜系统结霜/除霜过程中霜层和系统制热性能随运行时间的变化情况。结果表明,在环境温度-5℃,相对湿度80%时,系统运行60 min时,室外机霜层厚度已影响机组正常运行;在运行40 min时开始运行除霜,除霜周期为15.76 min,获得的最大制热量为7.94 kW,最大制热COP为2.77。     

Frost retardation of an air-source heat pump by the hot gas bypass method

This study is concerned with a hot gas (refrigerant) bypass method to retard the formation and propagation of frost in an air-source heat pump. The feasibility of the hot gas bypass method was investigated experimentally and the method's performance is compared with that of a normal, 1.12 kW capacity air-source heat pump system with no defrost equipment such as an electric resistance heater. Results indicate that the hot gas bypass method is useful for retarding the formation and growth of frost at the outdoor coil. The best performance is shown under a bypass refrigerant flow rate of 0.2 kg/min (20% of the whole system refrigerant flow rate). During 210 min of heat pump operation, the hot gas bypass method improved COP and heating capacity at an average of 8.5% and 5.7%, respectively, relative to the normal system.     

Using an air cycle heat pump system with a turbocharger to supply heating for full electric vehicles

Air cycle heat pump has large potentials in heating applications. However, a key challenge faced nowadays is the matching problem between its expander and compressor. This paper presents the performance evaluation of an air cycle heat pump system integrated with a turbocharger, a blower and a regenerated heat exchanger. A thermodynamic model for this system is first developed and the relationships between the system performance and the operating parameters are investigated. Then, the performance of three different air cycle heat pumps with a blower installed before the compressor, and a blower installed before the turbine, and with an expander, are numerically simulated. The results indicated that the blower installed before the compressor can achieve a higher heating capacity and thus a higher COP. Finally, the heating power consumption of air cycle heat pump was compared with the PTC and the vapor compression heat pump of the full electric vehicle.     

Regenerated air cycle potentials in heat pump applications

Air (reversed Brayton) cycle has been utilized in the area of refrigeration and cryogenics for several decades, but its potentials in heat pump applications were longtime underestimated. In this paper, a thermodynamic model for the regenerated air heat pump cycle with practical compressor, expander and regenerated heat exchanger was developed. Based on the model, the relations between the system performance and the operating parameters were analyzed. The optimal heating COP (coefficient of performance) and the corresponding pressure ratio were derived. Then, air heat pump cycles (regenerated cycle and basic cycle) and vapor-compression heat pump cycles (CO₂ trans-critical cycle and R410A subcritical cycle) were numerically compared. The results indicated that the regenerated air heat pump cycle not only gets the heating capacity in line with the heating load under different operating conditions but also achieves higher COP over trans-critical CO₂ heat pump cycle in applications of large temperature difference.     

新型电动汽车热泵系统除湿再热性能实验研究

本文设计了一种具备两种除湿再热模式的电动汽车热泵系统,在不同实验工况下研究了两种除湿再热模式的除湿性能与再热性能。结果表明:热泵系统的功耗低于2.0 kW,COP大于2.0;除湿再热模式A的除湿率为0.41～0.83 kg/h,制热量为1.7～3.0 kW;除湿再热模式B的除湿率为0.25～0.55 kg/h,制热量为2.0～3.4 kW。因此除湿再热模式A具备良好的除湿性能,除湿模式B具备良好的再热性能;根据两种除湿再热模式的特点,提出了一种既能满足乘员舱除湿供暖要求,又相对节能的运行策略。     

Simulation and validation of a hybrid-power gas engine heat pump

Hybrid-power gas engine heat pump (HPGHP) combines hybrid power technology with gas engine heat pump, which can keep the gas engine working in the economical zone. In this paper, a steady-state model of the HPGHP in heating condition has been established, the optimal torque curve control strategy is proposed to distribute power between the gas engine and battery pack. The main operating parameters of the HPGHP system are simulated on Matlab/Simulink and validated by experimental data, such as operating temperature, coefficient of performance (COP), fuel-consumed rate, etc. Heating capacity and COP of the heating pump system are validated under different ambient temperatures and water flow rates. The simulation and experiment results shows acceptable agreement, the maximum difference is respectively 8.9%, 5.9%, 9.5% and 8.2% for engine torque, motor torque, reclaimed heat and fuel-consumed rate. Based on the simulation results, HPGHP has the lowest fuel-consumed rate of 283 g (kWh)⁻¹ at engine speed of 3000 rpm; the PER of HPGHP system is about 15.9% and 11.4% higher than the GHP under the same load in Mode C and D.     

R32在家用空调器中的应用研究

对比R32与R410A的基本物性和热力循环性能,并在同一台家用定频热泵空调器上进行性能测试。相对于R410A,在给定工况下,R32的理论循环制冷量最大可提高15％,能效比最大提高6％,容积制冷量和容积制热量增加7％～8．9％。性能测试结果表明,R32系统的制冷剂充注量比R410A系统的减少24％,额定制冷能力和能效比比R410A系统分别提高8％和3．3％,额定制热能力和性能系数也高于R410A系统。理论热力循环分析及性能测试结果均表明,R32制冷性能相对R410A有较大幅度的提高,制热性能比R410A略高或相当,但R32系统的排气温度较高,比R410A系统高出11．5～25．7℃,恶劣工况下排气温度甚至能达到114．9℃。