堆石料真三轴条件下力学特性试验研究进展

该文综述了国内外岩土真三轴仪的发展、堆石料力学特性及机理相关的研究现状。重点介绍了该研究团队开发的大型岩土静动真三轴试验机及在堆石料力学特性试验研究方面取得的初步成果。按加载方式,土的真三轴仪可以分为3类:刚性加载真三轴仪、柔性加载真三轴仪和混合型加载真三轴仪。堆石料真三轴试验具有试样尺寸大、承压高、各方向相互干扰强、试样变形后荷载对中难、加压板与试样间摩擦效应强、试样安装和量测复杂等诸多困难。因而,目前适用于堆石料的真三轴仪和试验成果均较少。考虑堆石料真三轴及复杂应力路径条件下的颗粒破碎、各向异性等,研究其力学特性并开发相应的本构模型是该课题发展的趋势。清华大学大型岩土静动真三轴试验机中联合采用了椭圆形试样帽和异形乳胶膜的封样方式,可很好地解决真三轴试样的高压密封、拆装、量测和耐久性等一系列难题。对堆石料进行了一系列真三轴复杂应力路径试验,结果表明真三轴试验中堆石料表现出更明显的应力诱导各向异性和应力状态依赖性,特别是对小主应力-应变关系、球应力-体应变关系和广义剪应力-剪应变关系的影响更显著。球应力和广义剪应力对体积应变和广义剪应变之间存在着明显的交叉影响。     

考虑颗粒破碎的堆石料湿化变形特性离散元模拟研究

堆石料广泛应用于土石坝和山区机场地基的填筑工程中,其湿化变形可能会影响工程的正常使用甚至威胁其安全性。颗粒破碎是导致湿化变形的重要原因,然而目前对于堆石料湿化过程中颗粒的破碎规律尚不明晰。该文采用离散单元法,分别模拟了侧限条件下单线法和双线法湿化变形试验,比较了单、双线法湿化变形的差异。采用Hardin破碎率表征颗粒破碎量,分析了湿化过程中颗粒破碎量与填筑体应变及颗粒间摩擦耗能等的关系。此外,还讨论了湿化路径、颗粒形状、材料软化系数对湿化变形的影响。研究结果表明:侧限条件下湿化变形随应力水平增加而增加,且单线法测得的湿化变形大于双线法。湿化路径对总变形量有一定影响,先湿化后加载可有效降低总变形量。加载过程中,颗粒破碎以棱角破碎为主,且多棱角颗粒的试样湿化变形大于浑圆颗粒试样。Hardin破碎率与试样摩擦耗能的关系受湿化路径的影响,与应变的关系不受湿化路径的影响,仅与试样初始状态和材料特性有关。     

基于扰动状态概念的堆石料本构模型研究

堆石料是将天然岩石破碎料或河床沉积砂砾石料经人工颗粒级配而成的一类颗粒性材料,在水电工程中多用于筑建高混凝土面板堆石坝和粘土芯墙堆石坝,是坝体承受水压力的主要载体。该文基于Desai CS对砂性土所建议的扰动状态概念,旨在发展一种能反映堆石料复杂力学行为的弹塑性宏观本构模型。主要工作包括:1)采用临界状态模型描述堆石料的相对完整状态,根据堆石料内部微结构演化特征,在扰动函数中考虑了塑性体积应变影响,反映堆石料压硬性的特征;2)依据堆石料的大型三轴试验资料,建议了本构模型中全部参数的确定方法;3)数值算例的结果与国内某工程堆石料的三轴试验成果进行了验证与比较,结果表明:该文所发展的弹塑性宏观本构模型可以较好地模拟堆石料的非线性、压硬性、剪缩剪胀性和破碎等重要力学特性,并可以刻画复杂应力路径对颗粒材料应力变形的影响与演化过程。     

坚硬岩体上堆石料硐室爆破开采技术研究

分析了在堆石料硐室爆破开采中影响破碎效果的因素,从炸药单耗、药包布置、空腔比、最小抵抗线与药包埋深等方面提出了控制石料块度和级配的对策。两次开采实践证明,石料级配符合水工设计要求,超径石得到了有效控制。     

射频等离子体球化SiO2粉体的研究

采用射频等离子体球化颗粒形状不规则的二氧化硅粉体,研究了加料速率、颗粒大小等因素对球化率的影响.用光学显微镜观察球化前后颗粒的形貌;用流动仪测定球化后粉体的松装密度.结果显示,球化后的二氧化硅颗粒球形度高,细颗粒长大,并且随着球化率的增大粉体松装密度增加.初步查明加料速率、原料粒度等参数对球化率的影响.在适当的条件下可以得到球化率高、球形度好的粉体.     

颗粒几何特性对水泥性能的影响

颗粒群的几何特性,即颗粒大小、粒度分布和颗粒形状.本文中论述了水泥颗粒的几何特性对水泥性能的影响.实验研究表明,水泥中3～40μm颗粒含量越多、颗粒球形度越高,水泥强度越大.     

不同应力路径下堆石料的动力变形特性试验研究

采用大型多功能静动三轴试验机,对堆石料分别进行了常规三轴循环加载、等p循环加载和等q循环加载三种不同应力路径下的动力变形试验研究,探讨了不同应力路径下围压﹑固结应力比及动应力比等因素对体应变和偏应变的影响规律及其变形机制。试验结果表明:在循环荷载作用下,不同应力路径对堆石料体应变和偏应变的发展规律影响较大;在等p循环加载作用下引起的往返体应变为负值,即发生剪胀现象,且在轴向剪切时达到最大剪胀值,反向剪切时基本不发生剪胀;在等q循环加载作用下产生较大的残余体应变和残余偏应变,两者均不可忽略不计,主要与堆石料的各向异性和颗粒破碎有关。     

一种考虑尺寸效应的颗粒材料流变模型及其验证

经典连续介质理论的粘塑性本构关系缺乏材料尺度的相关性,难以表征颗粒材料流变的尺寸效应,而Cosserat连续体中的内禀特征长度为刻画材料的尺寸效应提供了一种可能途径。该文旨在Cosserat连续体的理论框架下发展Perzyna粘塑性模型,以探讨颗粒材料流变的尺寸效应与影响机制。首先基于Drucker-Prager屈服准则导出了Cosserat连续体粘塑性模型的一致性算法,获得了过应力本构方程积分算法与一致切向模量的封闭形式,并在ABAQUS二次平台上采用用户自定义单元(UEL)予以程序实现。有限元数值算例模拟了软岩试样的三轴压缩蠕变和两种堆石料试样在常规三轴条件下的蠕变和应力松弛,数值预测结果与相应试验结果具有较好的一致性,表明该流变模型的适应性。同时,将颗粒的球型指数、圆度和平均粒径作为表征颗粒材料内禀特征长度的一种度量,以反映颗粒材料的试样尺寸及其颗粒粒径与形状对流变过程中的轴向应变、偏应变和偏应力的影响关系,表明所发展的流变模型可以捕捉颗粒材料流变行为的压力相关性和尺寸效应。     

基于不同颗粒形态模拟方法的道砟三轴试样变形特性对比分析

道砟不规则形态是影响有砟道床变形特性的重要因素，对道砟形状及棱角分布等不同尺度形态特征的刻画与数值重构仍是道砟仿真研究的热点问题。该文采用形态重构方法，生成了符合真实道砟形态指标概率分布的多面体道砟试样，构建了不同围压下道砟三轴加载计算模型，并将该仿真结果与三维扫描生成、非统计随机生成的道砟试样的仿真结果及室内试验结果对比分析。结果表明：围压提高，颗粒形态对道砟力学响应的影响逐渐显著，该文方法重构数值试样的应力-应变结果与试验结果的符合度高于非统计随机生成试样；道砟试样横向变形与堆积结构调整有关，与三维扫描生成的道砟试样相比，非统计随机生成试样的颗粒调整程度与侧向鼓胀范围均偏大；形态统计特征对道砟接触力演化趋势影响不大，但是不同形态特征的道砟最大接触力水平差异近50%。     

射频等离子体球化Ti粉体的研究

本文采用射频（RF）等离子法对颗粒形状不规则的Ti粉进行球化处理。研究了加料速率、物料分散方式、Ti粉颗粒大小等因素对球化率的影响。利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察相应试样的形貌。结果显示,射频等离子体法是制备具有良好流动性的球形钛粉的有效技术。     

DEM simulation of the shear behaviour of breakable granular materials with various angularities

Particle shape is an important factor that affects particle breakage and the mechanical behaviour of granular materials. This report explored the effect of angularity on the mechanical behaviour of breakable granular materials under triaxial tests. Various angular particles are generated using the quasi-spherical polyhedron method. The angularity α is defined as the mean exterior angle of touching faces in a particle model. A breakable particle is constructed as an aggregate composed of coplanar and glued Voronoi polyhedra. After being prepared under the densest conditions, all assemblies were subjected to triaxial compression until a critical state was reached. The macroscopic characteristics, including the shear strength and dilatancy response, were investigated. Then, particle breakage characteristics, including the extent of particle breakage, breakage pattern and correlation between the particle breakage and energy input, were evaluated. Furthermore, the microscopic characteristics, including the contact force and fabric anisotropy, were examined to probe the microscopic origins of the shear strength. As α increases, the peak shear strength increases first and then remains constant, while the critical shear strength generally increases. Assemblies with larger angularity tend to cause more serious particle breakage. The relative breakage is linearly correlated with α under shear loading. Compared with unbreakable particles, the peak shear strength and the critical volumetric strain decline, and the degree of decline linearly increases with increasing α.     

The effect of size on the strength of coarse rock aggregates and large rockfill samples through experimental data

Testing the mechanical response of coarse granular materials requires very large and expensive laboratory equipments. During the 1960s, pioneering experimental programs were carried out on several rockfill dam materials, and those results are still a reference for engineers and researchers. However, only few experimental works have been reported to this day, and due to the scarcity of empirical data, the role of the size effect caused by grain crushing is not well known. To improve understanding of this rarely studied issue and the influence of individual particle strength, this paper analyzes the size effect on rock aggregate crushing strength and its connection with the shear envelope of rockfills. The suitability of the 4-parameter Weibull equation to describe size effects on the crushing strength reported in the literature is discussed. Furthermore, a Weibull statistical analysis was carried out for a wide number of experimental results on rock aggregates, where it has been observed that strength decreases with particle size. In parallel, the results of large triaxial tests on homothetic scaled rockfill samples of 250 and 1,000 mm in diameter reveal that the coarser the material, the higher the amount of grain breakage and the lower the shear strength. The impact of size effects obtained from the experiments is analyzed and discussed in terms of the factor of safety of rockfill slope stability. Furthermore, the results are compared with the only existing theoretical method that links the rock aggregate with the strength of the granular assembly. Good agreement between the empirical results and this theoretical method has been confirmed.     

考虑细观组分影响的混凝土宏观力学性能理论预测模型

混凝土宏观力学性能与其内部细观结构构造密切相关。该文建立了一类能够考虑细观组分影响的混凝土宏观力学性能理论预测模型。首先,采用细观力学数值试验法对理论模型中的参数进行了标定;进而,基于该模型对混凝土断裂能和单轴抗拉强度在材料层次的尺寸效应行为进行了分析。结果表明:混凝土断裂能和单轴抗拉强度均随骨料级配（即最大骨料粒径）发生变化,且受到界面特性的影响。当界面过渡区力学性能相对薄弱时,混凝土强度较低,断裂能和单轴抗拉强度随骨料级配增大而呈现减小的趋势;当界面过渡区力学性能较强时,混凝土强度较高,断裂能和单轴抗拉强度随骨料级配增大亦呈现增大的趋势。计算结果与试验结果吻合良好,验证了该文建立的理论预测模型的准确性和合理性。     

Discrete element modelling of scaled railway ballast under triaxial conditions

The aim of this study is to demonstrate the use of tetrahedral clumps to model scaled railway ballast using the discrete element method (DEM). In experimental triaxial tests, the peak friction angles for scaled ballast are less sensitive to the confining pressure when compared to full-sized ballast. This is presumed to be due to the size effect on particle strength, whereby smaller particles are statistically stronger and exhibit less abrasion. To investigate this in DEM, the ballast is modelled using clumps with breakable asperities to produce the correct volumetric deformation. The effects of the quantity and properties of these asperities are investigated, and it is shown that the strength affects the macroscopic shear strength at both high and low confining pressures, while the effects of the number of asperities diminishes with increasing confining pressure due to asperity breakage. It is also shown that changing the number of asperities only affects the peak friction angle but not the ultimate friction angle by comparing the angles of repose of samples with different numbers of asperities.     

Influence of the aggregate quality on the physical properties of natural feebly-hydraulic lime mortars

This paper examines the influence of the shape, average size and calcite content of the aggregate on strength, porosity, water absorption, density and capillary suction of natural feebly-hydraulic lime (NHL 2) mortars. Four types of aggregate were analysed in order to determine calcite content, particle shape and average particle size. Four different mortar mixes were then designed and produced using each of the aggregate types and NHL 2 as a binder. The mixing and curing as well as the aggregate:binder proportions were kept constant in order to attribute variation of mortar properties to the quality of the aggregate. The results suggest that an increase in the aggregate’s calcite content lowers the flexural and compressive strength of the mortar. This study also determined that sharp aggregate as well as aggregate with a small average particle size tends to increase the mechanical strength and bulk density of a mortar simultaneously reducing porosity, water absorption and capillary suction. Furthermore, this paper concludes that aggregates containing particles of a wide size range will also increase the mechanical strength and bulk density of the hardened mortar diminishing porosity, water absorption and capillary suction.      

含共面裂隙群砂岩强度与破裂特征的试验研究

节理岩体力学行为是地下工程稳定分析及支护设计的基础。采用岩石力学伺服试验机对含充填共面裂隙群砂岩试样进行单轴加载试验,分析了连通率和充填方式对砂岩强度及变形破裂特征的影响规律。试验结果表明:裂隙砂岩的力学性能较完整砂岩呈现出显著的劣化,且随着裂隙连通率的增大,峰值强度、峰值应变及弹性模量均逐渐减小;试样破裂过程中预制裂隙尖端先后出现Ⅰ类张拉裂纹和Ⅱ类剪切裂纹,但最终的失稳破裂面由II类裂纹扩展形成,Ⅰ类裂纹和Ⅱ类裂纹与预制裂隙的夹角随着裂隙连通率的增大逐渐增大;受充填方式的影响,裂隙砂岩的强度及变形特征均呈现出显著增大的趋势,而弹性模量提升幅度相对较小。     

红砂岩剪切储能与最大剪应变特征试验研究

为了明确干燥和饱水红砂岩剪切强度、剪切储能与剪应变特征,在岩石剪切试验系统进行了不同法向应力作用下干燥和饱水红砂岩剪切试验,详细分析了法向应力和饱水作用对红砂岩剪切强度、剪切应变能密度和剪应变的影响规律。结果表明：剪力-剪切位移曲线,干燥状态线性段明显,饱水状态屈服段明显,法向应力在10 MPa～20 MPa,剪切强度和剪切位移增加显著,法向应力在20 MPa～40 MPa切向位移变化很小;压剪应力状态下的粘聚力和内摩擦角明显低于三轴压缩应力状态下的粘聚力和内摩擦角,饱水使三轴应力路径下的粘聚力和内摩擦角都弱化,而压剪应力路径下只对内摩擦角弱化。法向应力小于20 MPa时,剪切强度劣化率随法向应力的增加线性增大,法向应力在20 MPa～40 MPa时,剪切强度劣化率在一定值上下波动。峰值剪切应变能密度与法向应力之间存在良好线性变化规律,随法向应力增大,饱水对峰值剪切应变能密度的影响增加。干燥和饱水红砂岩峰值剪切应变能密度分别趋于定值1.4579 MJ/m3和1.0033 MJ/m3,饱水使峰值剪切应变能密度的劣化率趋于31.18%。根据峰值剪应变随法向应力的变化规律,构建了干燥和饱水红...     

Effects of various loading stress paths on the stress-strain properties and on crushability of an industrial soft granular material

Mechanical characteristics (i.e., stiffness, internal friction angle, peak strength) and crushability of a soft granular material were evaluated by performing a comprehensive series of laboratory tests using the following devices: standard and non-standard triaxial apparatus, direct and annular shear box, oedometer and hydrostatic devices. The initial tested specimens differ by initial void ratio, grading characteristics and particle hardness. The air-dried specimen of soft particles were then subjected to monotonic loadings for various stress paths (direct and annular shear stress paths, oedometer stress paths until different upper normal pressures, triaxial stress paths including different confining pressures). After each homogeneous test, sieving has been performed in order to characterize the evolution of grading characteristics of the granular packing. Experimental results on mechanical properties show that maximum internal friction angle is rather independent of the particle stiffness even though small differences may exist before peak stress-state. As highlighted by recent studies (Arslan in Granul Matter 11(2): 87–97, 2009), the volumetric response of the specimen indicates that classical critical state is no more a relevant framework when particle crushability is too high compared with the applied stress-state. Crushability related to loading paths has been evaluated through the relative breakage ratio (B_r). The first results pointed out the effects of initial geometrical configuration (i.e., void ratio, grading) and particle stiffness. Analysis of the stress paths effects on the amount of breakage revealed that stress-state is not sufficient to describe properly breakage undergone by the material which is confirmed by an obvious link between volumetric strain and total breakage. Finally, the present study showed that the percentage of fine particles content during breakage may be seen as a function of the “level” of deviatoric loading paths.     

玄武岩纤维对汽车摩擦材料性能的影响

在一种成熟的配方基础上,采用热压法制备玄武岩纤维增强摩擦材料,研究了汽车摩擦材料中玄武岩纤维含量(质量分数,%)对摩擦材料物理性能、力学性能、摩擦磨损性能及制动噪音的影响。结果表明:随着玄武岩纤维含量增加,摩擦材料的气孔率和洛氏硬度增加,密度和压缩变形量降低,内剪切强度先增加后降低;名义摩擦系数与最低摩擦系数随玄武岩纤维含量的增加而提高;添加适量的玄武岩纤维有利于降低磨损和抑制制动噪音的产生,随其含量增加,磨损量和噪音发生概率先降低而后增加;玄武岩纤维含量在12%时,内剪切强度最高,磨损量最小,噪音表现最佳。