材料热扩散率的非稳态测量与应用

热扩散率是材料热物性中一个非常重要的参数。在材料热扩散率的测试中,主要是利用非稳态方法进行测量。非稳态测量方法具有测量周期短、测试方便、结果准确等优点。主要对常用的5种利用非稳态测试材料热扩散率的方法进行了阐述,详细介绍了它们的工作原理、方法特点以及近几年来的科研成果。同时,列举了目前热扩散率测试的一些常用产品和相关测试标准。最后,对热扩散率测试的未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

陶瓷热障涂层的热导率和热扩散率测量

提出了应用3ω法进行等离子喷涂热障涂层材料的热导率和热扩散率测量的方法。测试了室温下2种典型的热障涂层材料Y2SiO5和La2Zr2O7的热导率和热扩散率,测试结果与文献中的结果吻合良好。实验中对不同孔隙率的样品的热导率在室温附近的温度区间内进行测试,结果表明,孔隙率的变化对热导率有明显的影响。另外,孔隙率对热扩散率有双向的影响,即存在某一孔隙率值使得涂层样品的热扩散率最大。     

基于热扩散率的微尺度特性表征方法研究进展

材料及其界面的许多微尺度特性的改变常常会导致其热扩散率的变化,反之,则可以通过材料热扩散率参量的实际变化来表征这些特性。如在微尺度条件下,热扩散率会因为材料所受辐照剂量的改变而改变,亦和正电子的泯灭寿命存在着某些关系;在某些金属的相变点,其热扩散率会发生突变;某些材料的元素组分、晶粒尺度、薄膜厚度等参数的变化也会对热扩散率造成影响。总结了近年来国内外基于热扩散率的微尺度特性表征方法及其研究成果,阐述了各种表征方法的原理,并指出了其应用前景,有望为部分材料及其界面的一些微尺度特性的测试提供新的途径和方法。     

AIN热扩散率测试方法的研究

针对传统方法在物理模型上不适合于用来测试ＡＩＮ等透光材料热扩散率的问题,提出了一个新的物理模型和它的解析解,在激光热导仪上测定ＡＩＮ榈的温度变化曲线,采用正交拟合法计算出了ＡＩＮ的热扩散率α,拟合曲线与实验曲线基本吻合,有较高的测试准确率。该方法适合于透光与不透光的各种材料。     

激光脉冲法研究半透明PI/SiO_2薄膜的热扩散率

激光脉冲法在应用于测量对实验探测波段红外线半透明的材料热扩散率时遇到了困难。文中提出了新的解决办法:即通过对理论探测曲线进行分析,并通过在实际探测曲线上的升温幅度和特征点计算得到了热扩散率,成功地解决了这一难题。在-73℃~290℃的范围内获得了对激光和红外线都是半透明的聚酰亚胺(PI)薄膜的热扩散率,并研究了室温下PI/SiO2复合材料的热扩散率随SiO2含量的变化规律。     

交流量热法测量SiO2薄膜的热扩散率

介绍了交流量热法测量薄膜热扩散率的原理和系统组建，用脉宽为纳秒级的超短激光脉冲作为热源，测量了Si衬底上厚度为100nm和500nm的SiO2薄膜水平方向上的热扩散率，实验结果表明该结构的热扩散率比SiO2体材料的要小，并且随着SiO2层厚度的减小，热扩散率也减少。     

隐晶质石墨含量与粒径对复合材料导热性能的影响

以天然隐晶质石墨为导热填料,聚乙烯醇(PVA)为粘结剂,采用热压法制备了隐晶质石墨/PVA导热复合材料,研究了纯化前后隐晶质石墨含量与粒径对复合材料导热性能的影响。结果表明,随着石墨含量增加,复合材料的热扩散率上升。隐晶质石墨含量分别为89%和99%时,原矿隐晶质石墨制备的复合材料热扩散率分别为5.224和7.459 mm2/s,纯化后隐晶质石墨制备的复合材料热扩散率则为7.839和9.458 mm2/s,纯化后复合材料热扩散率较原矿提高;纯化前后隐晶质石墨在未球磨和以300~600 r/min球磨时,随着平均粒径的减小,复合材料的热扩散率下降。原矿球磨后隐晶质石墨/PVA复合材料热扩散率从5.224 mm2/s减小到4.682 mm2/s,纯化后球磨隐晶质石墨/PVA复合材料热扩散率从7.839 mm2/s下降到6.019 mm2/s。研究表明,隐晶质石墨/PVA复合材料导热性能随着石墨含量的提高而增强,随着石墨粒径的减小而减弱。     

石墨材料热扩散率的评价：微结构和热扩散率的关系

石墨材料热扩散率的评价——微结构和热扩散率的关系前言以往，关于固体的热扩散率，计量研究所一般采用瞬时激光法从室温到高温进行高精度的测定。本文介绍另一种关于热扩散率的测定方法，测量精度有所提高。即以组成试料的全部材料作为对象，由点到线和面开展测定。石墨...     

试样厚度对ZrB2-SiC超高温陶瓷热扩散系数测试精确的影响

采用放电等离子烧结方法(SPS)制备了ZrB2-SiC超高温陶瓷,利用激光脉冲法测试了材料的热扩散系数,研究了试样厚度对ZrB2-SiC超高温陶瓷热扩散系数测试精度的影响.结果表明:如果试样太厚,辐射热损失增大,导致测量误差增大;如果试样太薄,则难以满足激光脉冲时间应远远小于试样背面温度达到最大值的时间,也会导致测量误差增大.为了使ZrB2-SiC超高温陶瓷热扩散系数的测试结果更为精确,试样的厚度应在3mm左右.     

薄膜热扩散率及耦合层厚度的光声检测

从一维四层煤质模型出发，在只考虑试样吸收光的假设下，得出传声器检测时空气中的光声信号的相位响应。由此对厚度为２０μｍ的铝膜和４μｍ的镍膜的热扩散率进行了测定，并对薄膜与背衬之间的油耦合层作了估算。实验结果表明光声技术不仅可用来检测分层媒质表面层材料的热物性，而且还有可能估测内层煤质的厚度或热扩散率。     

Photoacoustic thermal characterization of Al2O3–Ag ceramic nanocomposites

Laser-induced nondestructive photoacoustic (PA) technique has been employed to determine the thermal diffusivity of nanometal (Ag) dispersed ceramic alumina matrix sintered at different temperatures. The thermal diffusivity values are evaluated by knowing the transition frequency from the amplitude spectrum of PA signal using the one-dimensional heat flow model of Rosencwaig and Gersho. Analysis of the data shows that heat transport and hence the thermal diffusivity value is greatly affected by the influence of incorporation of foreign atom. It is also seen that sintering temperature affects the thermal diffusivity value in a substantial manner. The results are interpreted in terms of variation in porosity and carrier-assisted heat transport mechanism in nanometal dispersed ceramics.     

热泵干燥条件下刺参有效扩散系数的研究

有效扩散系数D_(eff)是干燥传质研究的重要基础数据之一,现有D_(eff)研究大多侧重于考虑干燥温度t而忽视干基含水率X、收缩变形的影响。本文建立了刺参干燥有限元模型和D_(eff)计算模型,以X数据的模拟值与实验值之差最小为优化目标,计算得到D_(eff),对比分析了收缩变形、t和X对刺参D_(eff)的影响。研究表明:收缩变形、t及X均对D_(eff)影响较大,同时考虑上述3个影响因素得到的D_(eff)比仅考虑t及X影响时小3.9%～14.6%,而考虑收缩变形和t影响得到的D_(eff)比仅考虑t影响时小8.7%～14.5%,且刺参D_(eff)均随t和X的升高而增加。考虑收缩变形、t和X等对D_(eff)的影响后,刺参干燥模型模拟得到的X与实验值吻合最好,相关系数高于0.994。模拟得到的刺参内部D_(eff)按由内向外逐渐降低的规律分布,干燥从1 h进行至15 h,内外D_(eff)差值由6.4×10~(-10) m~2/s降至0.9×10~(-10) m~2/s,中心处D_(eff)则由14.6×10~(-10) m~2/s降至8.9×10~(-10) m~2/s。     

Cu2S相变过程中热扩散系数的精确测量和解析

材料发生相变时, 其结构和物理性能可能会发生剧烈的变化。采用激光闪射法测量热扩散系数时, 激光照射样品可能会伴随有光吸收/发射现象以及温度的显著升高, 导致其测量值偏离真实值。本工作以Cu₂S为研究对象, 发现激光照射样品后, 光吸收/发射的影响很小可以忽略, 但样品温度的升高则会明显影响热扩散系数的测量。通过构建具有不同石墨层厚度的石墨/Cu₂S双层结构, 利用石墨层减弱激光照射时Cu₂S样品的温度增加幅度, 成功使热扩散系数出现显著降低的起始温度接近采用DSC测量材料发生相变的起始温度。本研究进一步建立了石墨/Cu₂S双层结构样品的热流输运模型, 从石墨/Cu₂S双层结构样品的实验测试热扩散系数中解析出了Cu₂S在相变区间的本征热扩散系数。本工作对于理解和精确表征具有相变特征的离子导体热电材料、光敏、热敏材料的热扩散系数具有重要的意义。     

Measurement of Dynamically Changing Thermal Diffusivity by the Forced Rayleigh Scattering Method (Measurement of Gelation Process)

A measuring method of the thermal diffusivity with high temporal and spatial resolutions has been studied. The forced Rayleigh scattering method is an optical technique to measure the thermal diffusivity of solids and liquids. Based on its characteristics, this method has the applicability to become a thermal diffusivity real-time monitoring system. The maximum repetition rate of thermal diffusivity measurement is determined by the attenuation of an excited temperature distribution by laser heating, and a mathematical model of three-dimensional heat conduction is constructed. The temporal resolution of continuous measurements was improved to about 1 s, and the sol-gel transition of a gellan gum aqueous solution was studied to check the validity of the dynamic measurement of thermal diffusivity. Through the gelation process, the dynamical change of the thermal diffusivity was measured, and the gelation point of the solution was identified from a series of thermal diffusivity data. The results indicate the capability of the forced Rayleigh scattering method to be a real-time thermal diffusivity measurement technique for monitoring the rapidly changing process of a material.     

Thermal Diffusivity Mapping of Solids by Scanning Photoacoustic Piezoelectric Technique

Quantitative thermal diffusivity mapping of solid samples was achieved using the scanning photoacoustic piezoelectric (PAPE) technique. Based on the frequency-domain PAPE theoretical model, the methodology of the scanning PAPE thermal diffusivity mapping is introduced. An experimental setup capable of spatial and frequency scanning was established. Thermal diffusivity mapping of homogeneous and inhomogeneous samples was carried out. The obtained thermal diffusivity images are consistent with the optical images in image contrast and consistent with the reference values in thermal diffusivity. Results show that the scanning PAPE technique is able to determine the thermal diffusivity distribution of solids, hence providing an effective method for thermal diffusivity mapping.     

Photoacoustic Thermal Characterization of Porous Rare-Earth Phosphate Ceramics

The laser induced non-destructive photoacoustic technique has been employed to measure the thermal diffusivity of lanthanum phosphate ceramics prepared by the sol–gel route. The thermal diffusivity value was evaluated by knowing the transition frequency between the thermally thin to thermally thick region from the log–log plot of photoacoustic amplitude versus chopping frequency. Analysis of the data was carried out on the basis of the one-dimensional model of Rosencwaig and Gersho. The present investigation reveals that the sintering temperature has great influence on the propagation of heat carriers and hence on the thermal diffusivity value. The results were interpreted in terms of variations in porosity with sintering temperature as well as with changes in grain size.     

Thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of xylene isomers in the temperature range 308–360 K at pressures up to 0.38 GPa

New, absolute measurements of the thermal conductivity of the three xylene isomers within the temperature range 308–360 K for pressures up to 0.38 GPa are reported. In addition, for two of the isomers, m-xylene and p-xylene, it has been possible to measure the thermal diffusivity simultaneously within the same range of conditions. The accuracy of the thermal conductivity data reported is one of ±0.3%, whereas for the thermal diffusivity the estimated accuracy is ±6%. It is found that the density dependence of the thermal conductivity for all of the xylenes can be well represented by one equation based on a rigid-sphere model in the same way that has proved successful for normal alkanes. The thermal diffusivity data have been employed to derive heat capacities for the xylenes over a range of pressures.     

Simulation of time-discontinuous chemically-aided intergranular fracture

In this work, based on experimental observations, a model for the pressure dependent diffusion and accumulation of hydrogen ahead of a propagating intergranular crack front is developed. In the model, the pressure dependency of the diffusion is incorporated into the activation energy of an Arrhenius form of the material's diffusivity tensor along high-diffusivity grain boundaries. Inherent to the model is that large amounts of hydrogen can be absorbed into the crack's process zone, due to the high triaxial stress in that region, which produces a larger effective diffusivity locally. Further ahead, the effective diffusivity quickly decreases. The combined effect forms a barrier to further rapid penetration, which leads to the mentioned accumulation of the hydrogen in the process zone. Theoretical aspects of the model are discussed and numerical simulations of the transient distributions of hydrogen and subsequent crack front propagation are performed to illustrate the main characteristics of the model.     

Measurement and evaluation of the thermal diffusivity of two-layered materials

Transient methods, such as those with pulse- or step-wise heating, have often been used to measure thermal diffusivity of various materials including layered composite materials. The aim of the present study is to investigate effects of various parameters on the measurement of thermal diffusivity when the transient methods are applied. Mainly a two-layered material in the pulsewise heating method is considered because of its simplicity and usefulness in identifying and determining the effects of the parameters. First, it has been shown that there exists a special condition for determining the thermal diffusivity of a component in the two-layered material whose other relevant thermophysical properties are known. Second, it has been shown that the thickness of the laserbeam absorption layer, which inevitably makes sample material into the twolayered material, may cause a relatively large error when the thermal diffusivity of the base material is high. Finally, it has been derived a definite relation between the apparent thermal diffusivity obtained from the temperature response and the mean thermal diffusivity, which has a physical meaning related to the thermal resistance.     

Measurement of the Thermal Diffusivity of Solids with an Improved Accuracy

A photothermal radiometry technique is being developed at the NPL with the goal of improving the accuracy of thermal diffusivity measurements. The principle is to perform a laser-induced thermal experiment while simultaneously making accurate measurements of the experimental boundary conditions. A numerical three-dimensional heat diffusion model based on thermal transfer functions has been developed to account for the measured boundary conditions. The thermal diffusivity is determined from the experimental data by a nonlinear, least-squares fit to the model. Experiments carried out on pure metals at 900 K demonstrate good agreement between the theoretical predictions and experimental data, and uncertainties of about 1.5% for the thermal diffusivities of platinum, titanium, and germanium were obtained.