The influence of the polarization of the radiation on the accuracy of the transmission of the dimensions of the unit of temperature in radiation thermometry

The results of an investigation of different types of tungsten lamps in order to estimate the components of the error budget of spectrum-pyrometer apparatus are presented. Quantitative relations are considered and the results of experimental research, which enable systematic methods to be developed for eliminating the influence of polarization of the radiation of the lamps in standard radiation thermometry, are analyzed.Translated from Izmeritelnaya Tekhnika, No. 9, pp. 42–45, September, 2004.     

类金刚石膜中应力释放花样形貌分析

用IRaman谱研究了射频-直流等离子体化学气相沉积法制备的类金刚石膜结构，用弯曲法研究了类金刚石膜的应力，用光学显微镜对类金刚石膜中由于压应力的释放所形成的花样形貌进行了观察。类金刚石膜中存在1～4．7GPa的压应力。由于应力释放，在膜-基界面处观察到正弦曲线状、分枝状、直线状和花状花样外，还观察到时钟状和水泡状两种新型应力释放花样，用薄板起皱理论可以很好地解释这两种新花样。     

The Problem of Estimating the Uncertainty of the Fixed Point Temperature Due to the Presence of Impurities

The main problems in estimating the uncertainty due to the presence of impurities in the material: the absence in the documents of a unique definition of the quantity being measured – the fixed point temperature, the lack of agreed methods of realizing the fixed points and the insufficient justification of the equations used for the estimate, are analyzed. The results of a measurement of the melting point of gallium are presented, which differ in the conditions in which they were realized – with one and two liquid-solid interfaces and different solidification conditions, are presented. The reasons for the considerable difference between the values of the temperatures obtained in these experiments are discussed.     

Correction of the length of the intervals between checks of measuring instruments using the results of control checks

Methods of correcting the operating parameters of measuring instruments, which are subjected to control checks of the technical state, are considered. These are carried out in addition to periodic checks and calibrations at the points where they are connected. This enables the efficiency of metrological maintenance of their various features to be increased. Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 2, pp. 63–67, February, 2009.     

Transient modeling of the reversible response of the hydrogel to the change in the ionic strength of solutions

In this paper, a multi-effect-coupling ionic-strength-stimulus (MECis) model, which couples the mechanical, chemical and electrical effects on the swelling/shrinking of the smart hydrogel responsive to the ionic strength of the environmental solution, is presented for the transient analysis of the reversible kinetics of the ionic-strength-sensitive hydrogel. The MECis model is based on the laws of momentum and mass conservation, and considers the poroelasticity of the ionic-strength-sensitive hydrogel. In order to examine the model, the simulation results are compared with the experimental data with reversible swelling-shrinking kinetics, and they are in quite agreement. The reversible characteristics, including the mobile ions concentrations, the fixed charge density, the electric potential and the hydrogel displacement, are studied in order to fully understand the kinetics behavior of the ionic-strength-sensitive hydrogel.     

Investigation of the influence of polymer admixtures on the magnitude of the local drag coefficient

Experimental data are presented on the influence of polyox-admixtures in an aqueous solution on the magnitude of the local drag coefficients. Theoretical and experimental results on determining the pressure drop in a pump during the flow of polymer solutions in a real hydraulic apparatus are compared.     

Increasing the Accuracy of Reproduction of Pressure by Means of the Ukrainian Secondary Standard of the Unit of Pressure

The estimated components of the error in the determination of the effective area of a measuring piston-cylinder assembly of a piston manometer with a non-sealed piston are reported. Such manometers are incorporated into the secondary standard of the unit of pressure.     

Application of the Cosserat continua to numerical studies on the properties of the materials

The finite element models of Cosserat continuum in two- and three-dimensions are presented. The size effects of a cantilever beam and a micro-rod, the well-posedness, the mesh-independent solutions of the boundary value problems with non-associated elastoplastic and strain softening constitutive behavior, and the progressive failure of the two- and three-dimensional vertical excavations are studied. Numerical results illustrate that the proposed Cosserat continuum models are capable of reflecting the size effects of micro-structures, preserving the well-posedness of the boundary value problem characterized by the strain localization, ensuring mesh-independent solutions, and simulating the entire progressive failure process occurring in engineering structures.     

附加物对材料低温比热测量精度的影响

介绍了真空绝热法测量材料低温比热的原理及方法。考虑到测量系统中样品架、加热器及温度计等附加物引入的热容因素，建立了比热测量误差的传递关系式，并给出了分析数据。对具体测量中有关精度的问题进行了探讨。     

UNEP assesment of the Montreal protocol: Refrigeration within the framework of the technology review

In order to provide a scientific and technological basis for adjustments and amendments to the Montreal Protocol (which was conceived and adopted in 1987), a large number of reports were made by international experts in 1989. These reports are used in the assessment procedure which takes place in the period June 1989–June 1990, after which period final decisions will be made by the Contracting Parties in the so-called ‘Second Meeting of the Parties’. In this contribution the assessment process and the time schedule of the whole procedure is described. One of the Panel Reports centres on a Review of the Technology; conclusions from this report are presented. In its turn, information in this report is based on sector reports, one of which is the Options Report ‘Refrigeration, AC and Heat Pumps’. Specific topics dealt with in this sector report are presented here. Some concluding remarks on the findings presented in the reports and on possible future reassessments are given.     

On the accuracy of the polynomial chaos approximation

Polynomial chaos representations for non-Gaussian random variables and stochastic processes are infinite series of Hermite polynomials of standard Gaussian random variables with deterministic coefficients. Finite truncations of these series are referred to as polynomial chaos (PC) approximations. This paper explores features and limitations of PC approximations. Metrics are developed to assess the accuracy of the PC approximation. A collection of simple, but relevant examples is examined in this paper. The number of terms in the PC approximations used in the examples exceeds the number of terms retained in most current applications. For the examples considered, it is demonstrated that (1) the accuracy of the PC approximation improves in some metrics as additional terms are retained, but does not exhibit this behavior in all metrics considered in the paper, (2) PC approximations for strictly stationary, non-Gaussian stochastic processes are initially nonstationary and gradually may approach weak stationarity as the number of terms retained increases, and (3) the development of PC approximations for certain processes may become computationally demanding, or even prohibitive, because of the large number of coefficients that need to be calculated. However, there have been many applications in which PC approximations have been successful.     

对工程图学学科和图学学科的若干认识

从＂形＂和＂图＂两方面对图形进行了深入的讨论。总结了＂形＂与＂图＂的三种类型,并由此指出了工程图学学科和图学学科在研究对象上的差别。在文献调查和分析的基础上,对两个学科的定义给出了新表述。探讨了学科体系的组成,给出了图学学科的7个分支及每个分支中的科目,也给出了工程图学学科的5个分支及每个分支中的科目。     

合金纳米线电子输运性质的理论计算研究

采用分子动力学模拟纳米管中合金纳米线的结构演化以及纳米线电学特性的变化规律。量子效应导致纳米线的电流电压曲线呈现出非线性特点,且在低电压区会出现电导隙,其宽度是由最高分子占据轨道和最低分子未被占据轨道的差值决定。锡原子的掺杂削弱了原本硅锗合金材料内的电子穿透能力,当锡原子数目占整条纳米线原子数的百分之十甚至更多时,由于库仑阻塞效应,在电流电压曲线图的低电压区,电流随电压的变化甚微;当硅锗锡三者原子比例相同时,纳米线的库仑阻塞效应尤为明显。由于隧穿共振效应,电导随电压的增大出现许多共振峰,并且共振峰的数量也随锡原子比例的增加而增加。     

Study of the influence of the structural grain size on the mechanical properties of technical materials

The mechanical properties of technical materials depend on their structure. They are influenced not only by their chemical composition, but particularly by the structural grain size. Significant changes in the mechanical behaviour of materials are related both to surface and volume properties, and not only in the field of mechanical parameters. A wide range of physical and chemical parameters changes as well. Nano‐materials are the materials, the structural grain size of which is in the dimensional area from 10^?9 to 10^?7 m. Nano‐particles and nanostructures are thus so small that their behaviour is affected by atomic forces, properties of chemical bonding, and quantum phenomena. The wave nature of the very small particles begins to manifest itself. The aim of the authors is to contribute by their paper to the solution of the problems in the field of material engineering. This means to investigate the specifics in the behaviour of technical materials depending on the change in the structural grain size towards the nano‐areas, as well as the design and use of new techniques of mathematical and physical modelling including the operative measurement method.     

聚合物基复合材料加速老化方法研究进展

概述了聚合物基复合材料加速老化研究方法的进展,从试验方法、老化机理等方面着重介绍了湿热老化、腐蚀侵蚀和人工气候老化,总结了高置信度、高可靠度评估复合材料工作寿命的方法,并展望了复合材料加速老化研究方法.     

Method of including the anisotropy of the optical properties of the surface and the nonunidimensionality of the system in determining the effective radiation

Based on the method of successive substitutions, an integral equation is derived in which multiple reflections are explicitly identified. This equation is used provide simple methods of estimating the local effective radiation of two-dimensional and three-dimensional systems of surfaces, with due regard for the anisotropy of their optical properties. A cylindrical cavity confined by the surface of a right circular cylinder with a side pyrometric hole is treated as an example. The results obtained by the suggested method are compared with the data of direct solution of an integral equation for the two-dimensional problem.     

On the comparison of the methods used for the solutions of the governing equation for unsteady unidirectional flows of second grade fluids

In order to solve the governing equation for unsteady unidirectional flows of second grade fluids, the use of the Laplace and the Fourier transform methods are discussed. Three characteristic examples which are unsteady flow between two parallel plates, unsteady pipe flow and unsteady flow over a plane wall are considered. It is found that the solution for unsteady flow in bounded regions obtained by the Laplace and the Fourier transform methods are exactly the same as the case of the unsteady flow of a Newtonian fluid. It is shown that the Laplace transform method for small values of time is useful for flows of Newtonian fluids but it is not convenient for flows in unbounded regions of second grade fluids. Furthermore, it is explained that for some unsteady flows of second grade fluids, the solution obtained by using the Laplace transform does not satisfy the initial condition and therefore the Fourier transform method is used.     

有流动条件下双组分系统凝固过程的数值模拟

本文采用SIMPLE方法对有流动条件下双组分系统的凝固过程进行数值模拟。求解混合物参数的控制方程 ,混合物中两相的体积分数和溶质浓度利用平衡相图关系确定。控制方程用有限体积法离散 ,SIMPLE方法求解。对NH4 Cl水溶液的流动凝固过程进行了数据模拟 ,给出数据求解的结果 ,分析了对流和输运现象对宏观相界面形态、相变速率和最终宏观的组分分凝现象的影响     

An estimate of the reliability of the results of measurements in heat supply systems using the equations of the balance of heat carrier consumption

The problems of estimating the reliability of the results of measurements in heat-supply systems are considered. The equations of the balance of the heating-medium consumption, which reflect the law of conservation of mass, for different types of systems are analyzed. Analytical expressions are derived, the use of which enable conclusions to be drawn regarding the reliability of the results of measurements when solving problems of metering thermal energy.     

High-Order Approximation Equations for the Primitive Equations of the Atmosphere

In this article, a family of models approximating the primitive equations of the atmosphere, which are known to be the fundamental equations of the atmosphere, is presented. The primitive equations of the atmosphere are used as a starting point and asymptotic expansions with respect to the Rossby number are considered to derive the nth-order approximate equations of the primitive equations of the atmosphere. Simple global models of the atmosphere are obtained. These higher-order models are linear and of the same form (with different right-hand sides, depending on the lower-order approximations) as the (first-order) global quasi-geostrophic equations derived in an earlier article. From a computational point of view, there are two advantages. Firstly, all the models are linear, so that they are easy to implement. Secondly, all order models are of the same form, so that, with slight modifications, the numerical code for the (first-order) global quasi-geostrophic model can be employed for all higher-order models. From a physical point of view, higher-order models capture more physical phenomena, such as the meridional flows, even though they are small in magnitude. Of course, there are still many subtle issues involved in this project, such as the convergence of the asymptotics; they will be addressed elsewhere. The article is concluded by a presentation of numerical simulations based on these models.