混合炸药中RDX对其热安全性的影响研究

采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)研究了RDX对混合炸药体系的热分解性能的影响,用Kissinger法和Ozawa法计算并分析了其热分解动力学参数。结果表明,加入RDX后的混合炸药体系的初始反应温度、峰温、表观活化能、指前因子、自加速分解温度、热爆炸临界温度均随着RDX含量的增大而降低,说明了RDX的加入使混合炸药的热安全性变差了。     

QJGB型起爆具的研制

研究了一种特殊装药结构的起爆具,该起爆具以TNT45／RDX55熔铸梯黑炸药为起爆药芯,以纯TNT熔铸炸药为主装药,同传统起爆具相比,高能、敏感组分RDX含量大幅度降低,不仅大幅降低了产品材料成本,也由于RDX的减少而提高了起爆具生产、使用的安全性,产品爆速在7000m／s以上,符合WJ9045--2004I型工业起爆具要求,具有良好的经济、社会效益。     

RDX基复合物静电喷雾法制备及性能研究

采用静电喷雾技术制备了以氟橡胶(F2604)、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)及三硝基甲苯(TNT)为包覆材料的黑索今(RDX)基复合颗粒,对所制备的复合颗粒进行扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)和差示扫描量热仪(DSC)分析,得到超细包覆粒子的包覆效果及其热分解特性。结果表明:F2604/RDX与PVB/RDX复合颗粒为形貌规整、粒径均一的球形颗粒,而TNT/RDX复合颗粒为不规则多面体;F2604/RDX、PVB/RDX与TNT/RDX复合颗粒的红外吸收峰和X射线衍射峰位置与RDX一致;PVB/RDX复合物活化能最低,为137.059 k J/mol。     

不同炸药水下能量输出特性的实验研究

对梯恩梯（TNT）、钝化黑索今（RDx）、含铝炸药（RDX／AI）、一次引爆型燃料空气炸药（SEFAE）等不同类型的炸药在爆炸水池中的能量输出结构进行了实验研究。结果表明：非理想炸药SEFAE、RDX／Al的水下冲击波衰减慢于理想炸药TNT、RDX,而且冲击波能、气泡脉动周期和气泡能高于TNT和RDX。铝粉的加入使非理想炸药的能量输出特性不同于理想炸药,其原因主要是Al的二次反应效应。     

黑索金基含铝炸药的热重分解及几种热分解动力学参数的关联关系

通过热重分析法(TG)测定了12种不同比例Al-黑索金(RDX)含铝炸药的热分解过程,分别获得不同升温速率下的热分解峰温。采用Kissinger方程计算了该系列RDX基含铝炸药的热分解表观活化能和指前因子,研究了RDX组分含量对其混合炸药热分解表观活化能E_d的影响。结果表明:随着该系列炸药中RDX含量的逐渐升高,热分解活化能E_d逐渐增大。同时,将该系列RDX基含铝炸药的TG热分解动力学参数与其5s热爆发、差示量热(DSC)热分解动力学参数相关联,发现这3种热分解的动力学参数符合同一补偿规律,获得的动力学补偿效应方程为:lnA_a、_b、_d=0.26E_a、_b、_d+3.2911,相关系数r=0.9988。     

温压炸药爆炸释热特性研究

为了研究RDX基温压炸药的爆炸热量释放历程,对自由场和半密闭条件下的TNT、852及G-1温压炸药爆炸过程进行了空爆试验,采用热通量传感器记录了3种炸药在两种试验环境下爆炸过程中的热通量时间历程。结果表明,热通量传感器可以获得炸药爆轰、无氧燃烧及有氧燃烧3个阶段的热历程时间曲线;在半密闭空间中爆炸时,G-1温压炸药有3个明显的热量释放历程:爆轰、无氧燃烧和有氧燃烧;TNT和852炸药只有爆轰和有氧燃烧过程。结合852及G-1温压炸药配方组成,对比分析热量释放时间历程曲线认为,铝粉均参与了G-1温压炸药的3个反应阶段。对比自由场和半密闭条件试验结果发现,试验环境对温压炸药反应历程影响较大,半密闭条件有利于提高温压炸药的热量输出。     

爆炸焊接多层金属的试验研究

利用TNT/N粉及RDX/N粉炸药进行了多层金属的爆炸焊接,对焊接后的金属界面进行了力学测试。实验证明焊接质量良好。     

炸药冲击波感度水下小隔板测试法实验研究

按照《炸药试验方法》(GJB772A—97)要求,对炸药进行冲击波感度测试时,炸药用量较大。采用水下隔板测试法对炸药冲击波感度测定,炸药消耗少、安全性较高。介绍了水下小隔板测试法的测试装置、测试系统、测试过程及数据处理等。对包括TNT、RDX、PETN等5种炸药进行冲击波感度测试实验,结果表明:水下隔板测试方法实验简便,测试结果与GJB772A方法对比,有较好的相关性。炸药冲击波感度水下小隔板测试法可在一般科研院所的实验室条件下进行,实用性较强。     

军工炸药边角余料利用的试验研究

军工生产弹类时产生的边角余料和废炸药,过去国内外作销毁处理,造成环境污染和经济损失。文中介绍了军工生产的边角余料TNT/RDX、TNT/Ba(NO_3)_2铸件炸药与NH_4NO_3配制各种民用混合炸药,TNT/RDX的再成型,TNT/Ba(NO_3)_2的分离以及废TNT提纯(分离或提纯后达到民用标准)的试验研究及生产应用。     

一种炸药起爆温度的测试方法

介绍一种TNT炸药起爆温度的测试方法.利用冲击载荷绝热压缩TNT炸药药柱与塑料塞之间的空气隙,空气隙温度将急剧上升.通过热传导,药柱面的温度随之上升.当药柱面的温度上升到TNT炸药的起爆点时,TNT炸药起爆.自制两种频响极高的热电偶.采用特殊工艺将其安装存TNT炸药的感知面.通过记录的感知面温度变化曲线,测量到TNT炸药的起爆温度为200.C.对多次实验结果进行了分析和讨论.     

3，4-二硝基吡唑(DNP)的研究进展

随着武器装备的不断发展,对弹药能量和安全性的要求也越来越高,传统TNT基熔铸炸药存在易损性差、长期储存渗油、爆轰性能不理想等缺点,已不能满足当前不敏感弹药的发展要求;因此,研究炸药的新型载体是当前熔铸炸药发展的一个重要方向。3,4-二硝基吡唑(DNP)是一种新型的熔铸炸药载体。根据国内外的相关报道,阐述了DNP的合成方法、基本性能、机械感度、热安全性、相容性、应用性等研究发展现状。研究结果表明:目前,经N-硝化、热重排、C-硝化三步法合成DNP的工艺更加稳定,得率较高;DNP的熔点为86.5 ℃,理论密度为1.87 g/cm³,实测爆速为7 633 m/s（ρ=1.65 g/cm³）,爆热为4 326 kJ/kg,理论爆压为28.7 GPa;DNP的机械感度与TNT相当,具有较好的机械安全性;DNP热分解分两个阶段,第一阶段分解放热峰为319.8 ℃,第二阶段分解放热峰为407.2 ℃,与TNT和DNTF相比,DNP的热分解峰温高,热安定性好;DNP与RDX、HMX、CL-20、Al、AP、微晶蜡具有较好的相容性,可以与这些组分组成混合炸药,具有广泛的适用性。     

Reductive transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine, and nitroglycerin by pyrite and magnetite

Reductive transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and nitroglycerin (NG) by pyrite (FeS(2)) and magnetite (Fe(3)O(4)) was investigated to determine the role of Fe(II)-bearing minerals on the fate of toxic explosives in Fe/S-rich natural environment. Results from batch experiments showed that 65% of TNT and 45% of RDX were transformed from solution in the presence of pyrite under pH 7.4 buffered conditions within 32 days. Without a buffered solution, transformation of TNT and RDX decreased. NG was continuously and rapidly transformed by pyrite under both conditions. Complete removal of NG was achieved in 32 days under buffered conditions. NH(4)(+) was identified as a reduction product for RDX and NG in the pyrite-water system. Reductive transformation of RDX and NG by magnetite was slower than that by pyrite. The results suggest that abiotic transformation of the explosives by pyrite and magnetite may be considered when determining the fate of explosives in Fe/S-rich subsurface environments.     

不同比例Al-RDX混合炸药的热分解活化能研究

通过差示扫描量热法(DSC)测定了不同比例Al-RDX混合炸药的热分解过程,分别获得不同升温速率下的热分解峰温。根据Kissinger方程计算了不同比例Al-RDX混合炸药热分解的表观活化能和指前因子,研究了不同比例Al-RDX对其混合炸药热分解表观活化能Ea的影响。结果表明:随着Al-RDX比例的逐渐变化,热分解活化能Ea先下降后升高。从理论上导出了符合试验结果描述的热分解活化能Ea与Al-RDX比例的关系式。同时,发现不同比例Al-RDX混合炸药的热分解活化能Ea与指前因子的对数ln A之间存在着动力学补偿效应。     

Effect of food-grade surfactant on bioremediation of explosives-contaminated soil

The use of native soil bacteria to biodegrade explosives-contaminated soil under co-metabolic conditions has been demonstrated. The addition of food-grade surfactants could improve the process by enhancing the rates of explosives desorption from soil, thereby increasing the bioavailability of explosives for microbial degradation. The objective of this study was to decrease residence time in the slurry reactor, thereby increasing output and reducing clean-up costs. In this study, Tween 80 (monooleate), served not only as a surfactant but also as the carbon substrate for the soil microorganisms. Four 2l soil slurry reactors were operated in batch mode with soil containing 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). The results indicated that TNT and RDX were removed in all reactors except the control (no added carbon source). The reactor enriched with surfactant and molasses performed better than reactors with either molasses or surfactant alone. The TNT and its metabolite, 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene were removed faster in the reactor with surfactant plus molasses (35 days) than in the reactor with molasses alone as carbon source (45 days). A radiolabeling study of the mass balance of TNT in the slurry reactors showed substantial mineralization of TNT to CO2.     

Desorption electrospray ionization of explosives on surfaces: sensitivity and selectivity enhancement by reactive desorption electrospray ionization

Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI), an ambient mass spectrometry technique, is used for trace detection of the explosives trinitrohexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), and their plastic compositions (Composition C-4, Semtex-H, Detasheet) directly from a wide variety of surfaces (metal, plastic, paper, polymer) without sample preparation or pretreatment. Analysis of the explosives is performed under ambient conditions from virtually any surface in very short times (<5 s) including confirmatory tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) experiments, while retaining the sensitivity and specificity that mass spectrometry offers. Increased selectivity is obtained both by MS/MS and by performing additional experiments in which additives are included in the spray solvent. These reactive DESI experiments (reactions accompanying desorption) produce such ions as the chloride and trifluoroacetate adducts of RDX and HMX or the Meisenheimer complex of TNT. Desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, a variant of DESI that uses gas-phase ions generated by atmospheric pressure corona discharges of toluene or other organic compounds, provides evidence for a heterogeneous-phase (gaseous ion/absorbed analyte) charge-transfer mechanism of DESI ionization in the case of explosives. Plastic explosives on surfaces were analyzed directly as fingerprints, without sample preparation, to test DESI as a possible method for in situ detection of explosives-contaminated surfaces. DESI also allowed detection of explosives in complex matrixes, including lubricants, household cleaners, vinegar, and diesel fuel. Absolute limits of detection for the neat explosives were subnanogram in all cases and subpicogram in the case of TNT. The DESI response was linear over 3 orders of magnitude for TNT. Quantification of RDX on paper gave a precision (RSD) of 2.3%. Pure water could be used as the spray solution for DESI, and it showed ionization efficiencies for RDX in the negative ion mode similar to that given by methanol/water. DESI represents a simple and rapid way to detect explosives in situ with high sensitivity and specificity and is especially useful when they are present in complex mixtures or in trace amounts on ordinary environmental surfaces.     

传爆药冲击波感度试验方法的简化研究

尝试了一种用压装A-IX-I(RDX与钝感剂质量比为95︰5)药柱替代纯RDX作为施主药柱进行冲击波感度试验( SSGT)的方法,通过零隔板试验,检验了施主药柱的爆炸能量输出性能。所得施主药柱的平均质量为1195.5 mg,相对误差0.495％;鉴定块的平均凹痕深度1.769 mm,相对误差0.96％,说明压装法得到的施主药柱性能较好。利用该方法研究了JH-14传爆药经过高温加速老化前后的冲击波感度,结果显示,老化后的样品冲击波感度具有增加的趋势。