设计方法学

设计方法学作者：黄纯颖设计方法学是研究产品设计规律、设计程序及设计中思维和工作方法的一门综合性学科。设计方法学以系统工程的观点分析设计的战略进程和设计方法、手段的战术问题。在总结设计规律、启发创造性的基础上促进研究现代设计理论、科学方法、先进手段和工...     

中国现代设计法研究会第七届学术年会暨第四届青年学术年会征文通知

为了发展现代设计法理论,促进现代设计法应用,加强青年科技工作者在现代设计法研究中的交流与合作,中国现代设计法研究会青年分会(以下简称青年分会)拟定于1991年10月在北京召开学术大会。 现代广义设计科学方法学(简称现代设计法)研究自然科学、技术科学、社会科学、管理科学及其他科学领域中具有普适性的科学方法学与方法论,是一个跨学科、跨专业的纵横     

金属材料系统科学框架

在思维方式上从局部分析式思维向整体系统式思维转变，在方法学上由分解－－分析向分析－－综合式转变，把材料的微观与宏观整体地联系起来，即实现原子结构（或电子结构）、相结构、组织结构和性质的理论大综合，建立材料信息科学和材料计算机设计科学，发展先进制备和应用科学，将是21世纪材料科学的最大任务。     

设计方法学在工程机械中的应用

设计方法学是一门多元性的横向交叉科学,利用设计方法学设计可实现整个系统设计的最优化。本文简要地阐明设计方法学的主要设计思想,叙述了设计方法学产生和在我国的发展情况,对设计方法学在工程机械中的应用,也分几方面作了介绍。     

机械设计制造及其自动化发展方向

机械设计制造及其自动化是结合多种技术开展起来的一门新兴学科，主要任务是运用先进设计制造技术的理论与方法，解决现代工程领域中的复杂技术问题，以实现产品智能化的设计与制造。通过设计制造、科技开发、应用研究、以机械设计与制造为基础，融入计算机科学、信息技术、自动控制技术的综合技术应用，本文结合当前机械设计与自动化发展现状进行了分析探讨，具有一定的理论参考价值和实践应用价值。     

基于态势感知要素的心智模型构建方法研究

复杂信息系统具有执行任务难度高、态势环境多变、信息结构复杂等特点，从设计的视角出发，使用户具备持续且高效的态势感知能力是人机交互设计的关键目标之一。针对复杂信息界面探索基于态势感知要素的用户心智模型构建方法，以指导人机交互设计。以心智模型理论为基础，引入态势感知理论，以远程操控无人车路径规划任务为例，提取出完成任务所需的态势感知要素，在此基础上探讨用户心智模型的构建方法。基于态势感知要素的用户心智模型构建方法，可提升界面信息呈现、交互方式与用户心智模型的匹配程度，从而提升用户的持续性态势感知能力，为复杂信息系统界面交互设计提供新思路和理论支持。     

爆炸冲击荷载作用下SRC柱等效单自由度模型

爆炸冲击荷载作用下结构构件的反应分析方法常用的是等效单自由度模型，在现有的有关资料中，等效单自由度模型主要用于钢筋混凝土构件和钢构件。等效单自由度模型的关键是确定等效弹性位移、破坏位移和屈服强度。以通用有限元分析软件LS—DYNA为基础，研究了钢骨混凝土（SRC）柱在爆炸冲击荷载作用下的反应特征，确定出了等效单自由度模型的等效弹性位移和破坏位移；以常规SRC柱设计理论为基础，提出了等效单自由度模型的等效屈服强度计算公式。最后用所建立的等效单自由度模型和LS—DYNA软件分别对8根SRC柱共48种爆炸冲击荷载工况进行对比分析，验证了所提出的等效单自由度模型。     

储氢合金工艺仿真系统中模型库的建立

储氢合金作为镍氢电池的负极材料，具有权重要的实用价值，为实现其工艺视景仿真系统中模型的快速开发和重用，利用3DMAX中的基本三维物体造型设计及开放式三维图形软件OpenGL的光照、材质和纹理映射，结合面向对象的方法学，提出了储氢合金工艺传真系统中模型库的设计思想和设计步骤。在应用系统开发的实践中表明该方法能简洁快速地建立模型，实现了模型对象的可复用性和面向对象的特征。     

认知人因工程关照下的版式设计与评估模型建构——以药品说明书为例

探究版式设计在说明书设计与评估模型建构中的影响和重要性。我国目前出台的药品说明书规范细则很好的规定了内容，但制造商大多是只满足硬性要求，提供规定的内容信息，并不注重阅读体验。设计出尽可能易于理解，具有年龄、文化层次包容性的药品说明书成为主流实践方向。以认知人因工程理论为指导，以信息识别SMIP模型为基础，结合前人在认知领域的实验，尝试构建评估模型。基于对问题的分析和探讨，建构药品说明书评估模型，从认知专家和认知新手两个角度，进一步阐述和研究药品说明书的设计准则。以药品说明书评估模型为切入角度，药品说明书按照阅读顺序分为六大部分，并给出每部分版式上的设计优化，从设计角度促进医学专业知识更好地融入生活，最终达成设计促进美好生活的完美使命。     

运用TRIZ理论解决新产品开发中的冲突

 TRIZ是俄语“发明问题解决理论”的缩写，是研究人类进行发明创造、解决技术难题过程中所遵循的科学原理和法则，并运用这些原理指导人们发明创造的方法学．在新产品的开发中，基本矛盾是最难解决的一类问题之一，TRIZ提供了解决此类冲突的合理的基于知识的技术．运用TRIZ理论可以解决基本矛盾和冲突．通过运用TRIZ技术可以发现消除冲突的突破性概念，快速突破性地解决工程的基本问题．     

考虑维护影响的动态控制图经济设计

针对现实中维护策略和控制图设计使用的是同一数据源的问题,论文基于数据共享的观点考虑了二者的联合设计问题。区别于以往研究中只考虑单扰动和静态控制图,论文以实际中更普遍的非对称双扰动情形为背景,以成本最优为目标,从经济设计的视角构建了维护策略和动态控制图的联合设计模型。仿真结果表明,相比于静态联合设计模型,动态联合设计模型的平均成本节省率达到6%以上,更具成本优势,因此具有更大的实用价值。     

Analytical and numerical analysis of 3D grid-reinforced orthotropic composite structures

A comprehensive micromechanical investigation of 3D periodic composite structures reinforced with a grid of orthotropic reinforcements is undertaken. Two different modeling techniques are presented; one is based on the asymptotic homogenization method and the other is a numerical model based on the finite element technique. The asymptotic homogenization model transforms the original boundary value problem into a simpler one characterized by effective coefficients which are shown to depend only on the geometric and material parameters of a periodicity cell. The model is applied to various 3D grid-reinforced structures with generally orthotropic constituent materials. Analytical formula for the effective elastic coefficients are derived, and it is shown that they converge to earlier published results in much simpler case of 2D grid reinforced structures with isotropic constituent materials. A finite element model is subsequently developed and used to examine the aforementioned periodic grid-reinforced orthotropic structures. The deformations from the finite element simulations are used to extract the elastic and shear moduli of the structures. The results of the asymptotic homogenization analysis are compared to those pertaining to their finite element counterparts and a very good agreement is shown between these two approaches. A comparison of the two modeling techniques readily reveals that the asymptotic homogenization model is appreciably faster in its implementation (without a significant loss of accuracy) and thus is readily amenable to preliminary design of a given 3D grid-reinforced composite structure. The finite element model however, is more accurate and predicts all of the effective elastic coefficients. Thus, the engineer facing a particular design application, could perform a preliminary design (selection of type, number and spatial orientation of the reinforcements) and then fine tune the final structure by using the finite element model.     

Exact solution of shear problem for inclined cracked bending reinforced concrete elements

In spite of a wide experimental and theoretical data on shear that forms a basis for modern design approaches, exact solution of shear problem for inclined cracked bending reinforced concrete elements is still not found. It yields high dispersion in the bearing capacity of concrete according to the main compression stresses. A similar problem appears with the internal forces carried by shear reinforcement. The above mentioned problem is related to two parameters: the angle of the main compression stresses and that of the inclined links. Corresponding internal forces together with the force in the tensile reinforcement form a commonly used design model (truss model), therefore each force depends on the other. This fact is practically not considered in modern design provisions hence there are no tools to express the shear capacity accurately. The two angles should be considered simultaneously in every case, when the links section is taken according to the calculated value (but not to the minimum one). The present study is one of the first attempts, focused on considering the interaction between the internal forces in concrete and inks according to the design model. It allows calculation of an exact angle, defining the inclined cracks and forces in links within the known experimentally investigated limits of this angle.     

A review on design, modeling and applications of computer experiments

In this paper, we provide a review of statistical methods that are useful in conducting computer experiments. Our focus is on the task of metamodeling, which is driven by the goal of optimizing a complex system via a deterministic simulation model. However, we also mention the case of a stochastic simulation, and examples of both cases are discussed. The organization of our review first presents several engineering applications, it then describes approaches for the two primary tasks of metamodeling: (i) selecting an experimental design; and (ii) fitting a statistical model. Seven statistical modeling methods are included. Both classical and newer experimental designs are discussed. Finally, our own computational study tests the various metamodeling options on two two-dimensional response surfaces and one ten-dimensional surface.     

柱下钢筋混凝土单独基础的设计计算

<正> 现行地基规范和地基与基础教材,关于桩下钢筋混凝土单独基础(以下简称基础)底板的内力计算,均采用简化计算方法,即将单独基础的底板视为固定在桩子周边的四面挑出的悬臂板、把地基反力按对角线划分,而沿基础长宽两个方向的弯矩,假设等于相应梯形基底面积上之地基净反力所产生的力矩,这就是对角破裂面的简化模型。但规范和教材所提供的偏心荷载作用下之柱边(偏心方向)弯矩公式,是以相应梯形高度中点     

Effectivity date analysis and scheduling

The impact of design on logistics cannot be ignored, and design for logistics is a new concept similar to design for manufacturing or design for assembly. Engineering change is one of the scenarios that would require logistics support. Change control of a product data management (PDM) system is one of the major approaches for handling engineering changes today. According to principles of configuration management, during the change control workflow, there are three different dates: release date, effective date, and effectivity date utilised for controlling and managing change planning and scheduling. Effective date is the exact date that a released change takes effect to the shop floor workshop. Effectivity date is the expected date that decision makers plan for the change to take effect. In normal situations, multiple disciplines, such as design and development, purchasing, shop floor workshop, quality control, and so on, are involved in making a change decision on when a change is to become effective. In this paper, a linear programming effectivity decision model is proposed to concurrently support changes of design scheduling, and production planning and scheduling when an engineering change occurs. The proposed model succeeded in solving an integration problem of design scheduling, production planning and shop floor scheduling.     

Strength Analysis and Optimal Design for Main Girder of Double-Trolley Overhead Traveling Crane Using Finite Element Method

As special equipment for material hoisting and carrying, the double-trolley overhead traveling crane develops rapidly in the field of mechanical engineering. In order to improve the safety, reliability, and economy, the lightweight design for the crane is crucial, which mainly contains two important fundamental works: one is the prediction of the limit load-bearing ability and the other one is the optimization. In this paper, a three-dimensional parametric finite element model is established and the limit load-bearing ability of the main girder of a true crane is predicted using the arc-length algorithm and nonlinear stabilization algorithm, respectively. Finite element analysis indicates the existing double-trolley overhead traveling crane shows a large strength allowance. The subsequent optimal design which aims to achieve a perfect match between the mechanical performance and weight is conducted based on the strength analysis. Specially, the software platform of optimal design for double-trolley overhead traveling crane is developed to reach the integrated parametric design interactively. The proposed numerical methods which are highlighted by an optimal design platform implement the lightweight design conception efficiently. By numerical analysis, this research is demonstrated to provide theoretical and technical support for promoting the lightweight design and safety evaluation of cranes.     

凸轮机构两质量动力学模型的运动误差及接触力分析

针对凸轮机构线性单质量、单自由度动力学模型的局限性,利用集中参数法提出了一种两质量的动力学模型．以凸轮输出为余弦运动形式为例,分析了两质量动力学模型中从动件的输出位移、输出误差及凸轮与从动件间的接触力,并以一个设计实例进行了求解．结果表明：由两质量模型可以得到机构的运动误差、凸轮与从动件间的接触力及凸轮转速对运动误差和接触力的影响.这些结果对凸轮机构的设计具有一定的指导意义．     

Fraction of Design Space Plots for Split‐plot Designs

In industrial experiments, restrictions on the execution of the experimental runs or the existence of one or more hard‐to‐change factors often leads to split‐plot experiments, where there are two types of experimental units and two independent randomizations. The resulting compound symmetric error structure, as well as the settings of whole‐plot and subplot factors, play important roles in the performance of split‐plot experiments. When the practitioner is interested in predicting the response, a response surface design for a second‐order model such as a central composite design (CCD) is often used. The prediction variance of second‐order designs under a split‐plot error structure is often of interest. In this paper, fraction of design space (FDS) plots are adapted to split‐plot designs. In addition to the global curve exploring the entire design space, sliced curves at various whole‐plot levels are presented to study prediction performance for subregions in the design space. The different sizes of the constrained subregions are accounted for by the proportional size of the sliced curves. The construction and use of the FDS plots are demonstrated through two examples of the restricted CCD in split‐plot schemes. We also consider the impact of the variance ratio on design performance. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimal designs for dual response systems for the normal and binomial case

Most research in design of experiments focuses on appropriate designs for a system with just one type of response, rather than multiple responses. In a decision-making process, relying on only one objective can lead to oversimplified, suboptimal choices that ignore important considerations. Consequently, the problem of constructing a design for an experiment when multiple types of responses are of interest often does not have a single definitive answer, particularly when the response variables have different distributions. Each of these response distributions imposes different requirements on the experimental design. Computer-generated optimal designs are popular design choices for less standard scenarios where classical designs are not ideal. This work presents a new approach to experimental designs for dual-response systems. The normal and binomial distributions are considered as potential responses. Using the D-criterion for the linear model and the Bayesian D-criterion for the logistic regression model, a weighted criterion is implemented in a coordinate-exchange algorithm. Designs are evaluated and compared across different weights. The sensitivity of the designs to the priors supplied for the Bayesian D-criterion is also explored.