从国防计量的发展看军地计量融合的前景

正一、国防计量的发展历程国防计量是军事计量和国防军工计量的统称,是随着武器装备技术的发展而逐渐发展起来的。1955年开始的"两弹一星"工程开启了国防尖端技术系统的计量工作,20世纪60年代初,国家引进了一批当时比较先进的计量设备,补充了大量科技人员。1964年经中央军委决定,国防科学技术委员会(以下简称"国防科委")成立了标准计量局,负责全面规划计量工作,协调国防科技的计量管理。1982年成立国防科工委,将国     

国防计量认可复查评审中遇到的几个问题

在进行国防计量认可复查评审中，我们发现不少企事业单位在计量工作中存在着一些问题，特此提出以供探讨。1合理地建立企业最高计量标准，确保标准装置的准确度据笔者参与企业国防计量认可复查评审情况来看，有部分企业几年前建立的最高计量标准至今尚未使用，或者是因其它条件     

加强基础管理 强化监督检查 提高国防军工计量保障能力

从计量标准及计量人员管理模式等方面,分析了区域国防军工计量管理工作的现状,提出了"十一五"国防军工计量管理工作的新模式和构想,并就今后加强计量管理及计量监督检查工作、提高国防军工计量保障能力提出了一些新思路.     

国防企事业单位计量信息管理系统建设探讨

文章主要描述了国防企事业单位计量部门管理现状和信息化建设的目标、国防计量信息管理系统开发设计应该遵循的原则和应该具有基本模块功能。计量信息管理系统建设有助于国防企事业单位实现核心价值和提高计量管理水平,为国防武器装备研制提供可靠的计量保障。     

国家国防科技工业局调研灾区国防计量能力

2008年6月3日至6日,国家国防科技工业局组织国防一级计量技术机构技术专家分别奔赴四川和陕西地区,调研国防计量标准装置地震后的技术状态,并开展了部分标准装置的现场恢复检定工作,为下一步全面恢复灾区国防计量能力、保证科研生产所需测量设备的量值准确做好技术准备。     

国防计量保障特点及技术需求

本文从武器装备计量保障的实际出发,提出了国防计量保障的基本概念,论述了国防计量保障的基本特点,提出了新时期计量保障的技术要求。     

型号研制中计量保证与监督工作的目标及其运行系统

根据国防计量法规和ＩＳＯ９０００系列的支持标准－ＩＳＯ１００１２的要求，提出计量保证与监督工作目标及其运行系统的概念，并简要阐述了型号计量保证与监督工作目标及其运行系统。     

计量在国防高科技领域中的作用和地位

国防工业，特别是国防尖端武器的研制生产，是一个复杂而庞大的系统工程，涉及很多的科技领域和工业部门。要使整个系统协调一致，统一动作，计量显得尤为重要。计量是确保各个环节，按照预定的定量关系，精确地将整个系统有机地结合在一起，并达到最佳技术状态的重要条件．中央军委副主席聂荣臻同志指示：早在５０年代，搞国防尖端技术的开门六件事，计量工作就是其中之一。８０年代又指出；“科技要发展，计量须先行”、“国防计量更是重要”，他对计量工作在国防建设中的作。用和地位给予了充分的肯定。重视这项基础建设就会带来效益，相…     

新时期国防计量的作用

国防计量是国防科技工业和武器装备发展的重要技术基础，在新时期国防计量有新的需求。文章主要介绍了国防计量的发展历程，论述新时期下国防计量的作用。     

国防军工计量——昨天：战火中诞生 今天：无往而不胜 明天：开创新时代

国防军工计量是我国计量工作的重要组成部分，它诞生于20世纪50年代初。在50多年的岁月里，国防军工计量为国防科技工业的进步和武器装备的发展作出了重要贡献，为国防现代化建设和国民经济建设写下了光辉篇章。     

中国制冷空调行业制冷剂替代策略的思考

中国制冷空调行业淘汰HCFCs面临国际上的巨大压力和挑战。为此,从直接排放和间接排放2个方面对制冷剂应用对环境影响以及从制冷剂管理方面进行分析与阐述,提出制冷空调行业应负责任地使用制冷剂:提高制冷空调设备效率,降低制冷剂间接排放,减少制冷剂充注量,加强控制制冷剂泄漏,提高制冷剂回收、再生利用率来减少制冷剂的直接排放;应进行可燃制冷剂应用的基础研究和制定产品及应用安全标准,寻找对环境影响最小、经济可行、替代成本市场可接受、安全的替代制冷剂。同时建议行业协会配合国家有关部门制定适合中国国情的HFCs制冷剂的减排基准线和减排时间表。     

The Overcoat Oil Lubrication of Microarc Oxidation Coating on Al Alloy by Liquid Plasma Technique

Ceramic coatings were deposited on 2Al2 alloy with a 100 kW micro-arc oxidation equipment consisting of a potential adjustable ac power supply and alkali electrolyte. The structure of the micro-arc oxidiation coatings was examined using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The tribological properties of the coatings sliding against steel under the drop and adsorption lubrication of liquid paraffin were evaluated with a Timken tester. The lower friction coefficient of 0.14 and longer wear life of 2450 m of overcoat were observed for the polished micro-arc oxidation coating of 180μm thick at a sliding speed 2. 50 m/s and load 1500 N. This is because the coating has an interlayer of suitable porosity and thickness, which helps to improve the deposition of lubricants and endure the higher load. In other words, the oil is able to adsorb in the porous holes of the overcoat and provided the lubrication of micro reservoir during friction, and the compact and relatively hard interlayer of oxidation coating is able to support heavy load and prevent the oil lubricating film from damage.     

微波功率器件及其材料的发展和应用前景

介绍了微波功率器件的发展和前景,对HBT,MESFET和HEMT微波功率器件材料的特点和选取,以及器件的特性和设计做了分类说明.着重介绍了SiGe合金、InPSiC、GaN等新型微波功率器件材料.并对目前各种器件的最新进展和我国微波功率器件的研制现状及与国外的差距做了概述与展望.     

Effect of friction stir welding process parameters on Mg-AZ31B/Al-AA6061 joints

In the present study, dissimilar alloys such as Mg-AZ31B and Al-AA6061 were joined by friction stir welding using different rotational (560, 710, 860 and 1010?rpm) and transverse speeds (16 and 25?mm/min). Metallographic studies (by optical, scanning electron microscope, SEM, and energy dispersive spectrometer, EDS) revealed that the speed parameters mainly influenced the microstructure growth mechanism, which further affects the mechanical properties and corrosion behavior. The combined dynamic action of rotational to transverse speed recrystallized and plasticized the material and produced an alternative lamellar shear band of Al and Mg in the stir zone (SZ). Peak temperature and high rotational speed formed an oxide on the top region and also caused liquation and intermetallic (IMCs) formation. Tensile strength and hardness increased as per the Hall–Petch (fine grains) effect. Higher impact energy was found at moderate rotational and low transverse speeds due to the presence of more soft Al patches. Tensile fractographs showed a river-like pattern, which indicated the brittle nature of the joints. High rotational and high transverse speed illustrated higher tensile strength, while better corrosion resistance was observed in high rotational and low transverse speed.     

Investigations into the improvement of the weather protection of unburnt brick masonry,part 1

In June 2006, the Chair of Structural Design at the Technical University of Dresden was commissioned by the Iranian cultural authority ICHHTO and the UNESCO to perform structural design services for the earthquake‐resistant repair and rebuilding of the Sistani House in the historic citadel Arg‐e‐Bam in the south of Iran. The citadel was until its almost complete destruction by an earthquake on 26 Dezember 2003 the largest building of unburnt brick masonry in the world and is listed as a World heritage Site by UNESCO because of its cultural and historical significance. Surveying and documentation work, archaeological rubble clearance and the rebuilding of the Sistani House after its destruction by the earthquake have taken the team from the department to Bam at regular intervals since 2006. In the course of the work, it became apparent that research was needed in the field of the repair of earthquake‐damaged unburnt brick masonry and into the improvement of the shear strength/earthquake resistance and the weather protection of unburnt brick masonry. The article is subdivided in Part 1, Introduction, test performance and assessment of results for additives to loam render as well as Part 2, Assessment of the results for surface treatment to unburnt bricks and the climatic chamber tests.     

Dispersion and surface functionalization of oxide nanoparticles for transparent photocatalytic and UV-protecting coatings and sunscreens

Abstract

This review describes recent efforts on the synthesis, dispersion and surface functionalization of the three dominating oxide nanoparticles used for photocatalytic, UV-blocking and sunscreen applications: titania, zinc oxide, and ceria. The gas phase and liquid phase synthesis is described briefly and examples are given of how weakly aggregated photocatalytic or UV-absorbing oxide nanoparticles with different composition, morphology and size can be generated. The principles of deagglomeration are reviewed and the specific challenges for nanoparticles highlighted. The stabilization of oxide nanoparticles in both aqueous and non-aqueous media requires a good understanding of the magnitude of the interparticle forces and the surface chemistry of the materials. Quantitative estimates of the Hamaker constants in various media and measurements of the isoelectric points for the different oxide nanoparticles are presented together with an overview of different additives used to prepare stable dispersions. The structural and chemical requirements and the various routes to produce transparent photocatalytic and nanoparticle-based UV-protecting coatings, and UV-blocking sunscreens are described and discussed.     

Hochtemperaturprüfung – Ein Beitrag zur Werkstoffentwicklung und ‐qualifizierung sowie Simulation der Bauteilbeanspruchung

High temperature testing – A contribution to alloy development, alloy qualification and simulation of component loading In parallel to continued developments of steam and gas turbines as well as traffic engineering machines on the one hand, and marginal conditions like low specific fuel consumption and sufficient environment‐friendliness on the other hand, the aim of improving the degree of efficiency by augmenting process parameters such as temperature and pressure is being followed. These efforts impact especially components of thermic machines and facilities subject to high thermal and mechanic exposure. Still largely unexplored is the interaction between microstructure characteristics determined through chemical composition, production processes and heat treatment, changes in the microstructure due to multiaxial load and the time‐dependent deformation and stability resulting hereof. With regard to this background, improved methods of material properties determination, their modelling and transfer on the component enable to optimize wall thicknesses and degrees of efficiency. In the course of evaluation of static and cyclic material properties carried out also on faulty specimens, uncertainties occur which can originate from the testing process and analysis, as well as being influenced by the material itself and its process of production. Altogether, the demand for reliable determination of material properties and methods of scatterband treatment and their mathematical‐statistical evaluation is in business. For simulation, consistent material datasets that describe the complex interaction between temperature, period of exposure and type of exposure are needed. Summarizing, the tasks dealt with qualify the entire process from production to the operational behaviour of components.     

基于X射线计算机断层扫描技术的重组竹湿热耦合老化评估

为了预测重组竹制品在实际使用中的寿命,基于X射线计算机断层扫描技术（X-ray computed tomography technology,X-CT）,采用标准BS EN 1087-1：1995作为重组竹湿热耦合老化条件,以其CT值和老化分析指标的数学模型评估重组竹湿热耦合老化后结构强度的损失。结果表明：重组竹老化后密度、内胶合强度和CT值均小于老化前,且老化前后差异显著。随老化时间增加,其密度、内胶合强度和CT值的损失均增加,且变化趋势基本一致,在1~2 h阶段变化较大,在2.5~4.5 h阶段变化较平缓,在老化4.5 h时达到峰值;将CT值差值与密度差值拟合为线性模型,模型相关系数R²=0.9270,验证模型R²=0.9438。CT值差值与内胶合强度差值拟合为Allometric模型,模型相关系数R²=0.9488,验证模型R²=0.9439;竹材自身的植物学特征及重组竹压制工艺造成了试验数据离散及老化前后离散程度发生改变。可通过改善重组竹制备工艺提高其内部均匀性及降低老化前后离散程度变化,以提高模型预测精度。     

Investigation on diamond tool wear in ultrasonic vibration-assisted turning die steels

This paper presents comprehensive theoretical analyses and experimental investigations for evaluating the ultrasonic vibration-assisted turning (UVAT) of die steels with single-crystal diamond tools. The diamond tool wear was found to rely heavily on the feed rate and the cutting speed while being insensitive to the depth of cut and the tool relief angle under the cutting conditions used in the tests. The tool wear characteristics were further studied based on the observation of wear zone using Raman spectral analysis and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The detection results of the tool worn topography, the phase transformation and the carbon diffusion of diamond crystals revealed that tool wear mainly occurred on the tool flank face due to the graphitization and the diffusion of the diamond tool. Analytical results of the function mechanisms of the ultrasonic turning indicated that the friction force between the tool flank face and the machined surface, which depended mainly on the ratio of the cutting speed and the vibration speed, could be effectively reduced in ultrasonic turning process. The analytical and experimental results indicated that compared with conventional turning (CT), the cutting performance, in terms of the tool life, was markedly improved by applying ultrasonic vibration to the cutting tool.     

美国海军装备腐蚀预防与控制战略研究

海军装备是装备体系中腐蚀防护与控制难度最大、要求最高的,其腐蚀预防与控制水平代表着一个国家在海洋装备材料及腐蚀控制技术方面的发展水平。从美军战略转变对海军装备维护和腐蚀控制需求的影响的角度出发,重点剖析了美国海军腐蚀预防与控制战略的发展历程、机制改革以及主要措施等,指出了美国海军已将装备腐蚀预防与控制作为一项战略工程进行实施。从适应海军与海军装备战略转型、适应新体制以及适应海军装备转型3个方面提出了开展我国海军装备腐蚀预防与控制工作的意见建议,对我国海军装备腐蚀预防与控制技术领域的发展有重要启示。