基于光速扫描方法制作取样光栅的实验研究

报道了一种基于光速扫描方法采用普通均匀相位模板和连续的244nm倍频氩离子激光器,制作波长间隔为0．8nm和1．6nm取样光栅的新技术,并对得到的实验结果进行了分析。研制的取样光栅波长间隔均匀,具有良好的谱特性。采用的方法操作简单、灵活,可方便地制作不同类型的取样光栅。     

光纤光栅应用于梳状滤波器和光分插复用器(OADM)的研究

研究了光纤光栅在梳状滤波器和光分插复用器(OADM)中的应用特性。基于传输矩阵法对Sinc取样光栅反射谱进行分析,分析了取样光栅长度、折射率调制深度和取样周期等光栅参数对Sinc取样光栅反射谱的影响规律。根据各参数对Sinc取样光栅反射谱的影响规律构造了4种反射率高、反射峰间隔均匀及谱宽稳定的Sinc取样光栅梳状滤波器,为梳状滤波器的设计与制作提供了新思路、新技术。用OptiSystem软件对光纤Bragg光栅型光分插复用器进行了仿真研究。研究表明,经过光纤光栅光分插复用器后,下载和除了下载的光谱峰值基本为-4dBm,下载的功率也基本是均衡的。     

取样光纤布拉格光栅特性的研究

用传输矩阵法从理论上计算了取样光纤布拉格光栅的反射谱特性。这种方法将光栅视为多层均匀薄膜的叠加,利用每一层的传输矩阵相乘获得了光栅的反射谱特性。研究表明,随着光栅长度的增加和采样率、折射率调制深度的减少,反射峰的均匀性得到了改善,旁瓣的反射率变小,带宽明显变窄,而反射峰间隔保持不变。反射峰的间隔由光栅周期决定,与采样率无关,而某些文献则要求采样率小于10%。这与频谱分析所得结论相吻合。     

基于光纤布喇格光栅传感器的精密位移测量

首先对光纤布喇格光栅传感的基本原理进行了分析,并给出了光纤光栅位移传感的基本公式.在此基础上,设计制作了一种光纤光栅位移传感器.采用光纤光栅作为传感元件,利用多波长计进行波长检测,对位移量进行了传感测量.实验中,传感器位移检测范围为0.6mm,其传感测量精度为±43nm,测量分辨率为1.5nm.实验结果具有良好的线性度.     

基于光纤光栅技术的新型光子器件及其在动态可配置波分复用光网络中的应用

报道了光纤光栅外腔激光器、基于可调谐光纤光栅的动态可配置分插复用器(OADM)和全光波长转换器等在全光通信网中有应用潜力的新型光子学器件的实验结果，演示了这些器件的功能，基于这些器件建立了4路符合ITU—T波长标准，间隔为1．6nm的具有动态波长路由、全光波长转换及光信号实时监控功能的密集波分复用光网络演示系统。     

应用于全光网络的取样布拉格光纤光栅Interleaver设计

基于取样光纤布拉格光栅(SFBG)的光Interleaver能将一路光信号解复用为两路奇偶波长信号,具有插入损耗低、各信道反射率均匀和低色散等优点,特别适用于未来全光DWDM中波长复用/解复用、插入/分离。为此介绍了取样光栅Interleaver的基本设计理论,给出了设计实例,对取样光栅Interleaver等光器件的实用化有一定的参考意义。     

外腔激光器实现波长变换的理论及实验

理论上从半导体激光器的速率方程出发,利用其增益饱和效应,提出了光纤光栅外腔半导体激光器实现波长变换的理论模型。利用此模型对入射波为高斯波时的波长变换进行了数值模拟。实验实测了光纤光栅外腔半导体激光器的波长变换前后的谱线,得到带宽 0.1nm,边模抑制比为37.9dB 的激光谱线,并且利用此波长的外腔激光器得到了波长转换间隔为 8nm 的激光谱线。理论分析和实验结果证明,光纤光栅外腔半导体激光器在实现波长变换方面具有很好的线性响应特性。     

光纤光棚温度调谐特性分析与实验

提出了均匀调制光纤光栅的热调谐数学模型,确定了储热与布拉格波长之间的数学关系,分析光纤光栅热敏度,计算出热调谐的响应时间.设计和建立了一套光纤光栅温度调谐实验装置,利用光谱分析仪测试出光纤光栅反射波长漂移量受温度变化的关系曲线.测试了0-100℃的温度变化过程中光纤光栅反射波中心波长调谐量,测得光纤光栅反射中心波长λB为1546.8～1548.8nm,每摄氏度光纤光栅反射光波的中心波长平均漂移量为0.0210nm/℃.讨论了波长调谐量与温度的变化方向的关系和调谐响应速度等问题.实验结果表明光纤光栅反射波长漂移量与温度具有比较好的线性关系,且与温度的变化方向无关.     

光纤光栅温度调谐特性分析与实验

提出了均匀调制光纤光栅的热调谐数学模型,确定了储热与布拉格波长之间的数学关系,分析光纤光栅热敏度,计算出热调谐的响应时间。设计和建立了一套光纤光栅温度调谐实验装置,利用光谱分析仪测试出光纤光栅反射波长漂移量受温度变化的关系曲线。测试了0～100℃的温度变化过程中光纤光栅反射波中心波长调谐量,测得光纤光栅反射中心波长λB为1546.8～1548.8nm,每摄氏度光纤光栅反射光波的中心波长平均漂移量为0.0210nm/℃。讨论了波长调谐量与温度的变化方向的关系和调谐响应速度等问题。实验结果表明光纤光栅反射波长漂移量与温度具有比较好的线性关系,且与温度的变化方向无关。     

金属涂层SPR的单端面LPFG折射率传感器(英文)

提出了一种新型的单端面反射的镀有金属膜的长周期光纤光栅传感器.这种基于表面等离子体谐振的具有三层结构的传感器分为两个部分,光栅部分用连续CO2激光脉冲制作,金属膜是由真空镀膜制成.在光栅上镀上各种不同厚度的薄金属膜来激发表面等离子体波,用这种光纤光栅传感器来测量液体的折射率,并研究它的反射谐振谱的特性.在标准气压下,镀有80 nm银膜的光栅从水(ns=1.33)到酒精(ns=1.36)中光栅谐振波长改变了1.14nm,其敏感度达到折射率变化～5×10-4谐振波长改变20 pm.研究发现不同厚度的不同金属膜显示了不同的敏感度.通过比较光栅在空气,水,酒精,甘油,以及在它们的混合物溶液中的谐振波长,得到这种反射式的长周期光纤光栅传感器的敏感特性.为制作一种高性能的用来测量折射率的光纤光栅传感器提供了一个有益的参考.     

Interleaved,sampled fiber Bragg gratings for use in hybrid wavelength references

We discuss the design and fabrication of interleaved, sampled fiber Bragg gratings (ISFBGs) for use in hybrid wavelength calibration references covering the 1300-1600-nm region. We demonstrate use of sampled phase masks (SPMs) to make sampled gratings and ISFBGs. The success of the SPM technique suggests a single-exposure method with an interleaved, sampled phase mask to make ISFBGs.     

Improving the performance of fiber gratings with sinusoidal chirps

Sinusoidal chirps are introduced in fiber gratings to improve their performance as dispersion compensators and multichannel filters. The sinusoidally chirped fiber gratings exhibit a flattop spectrum with steep edges and high reflectivity. The bandwidth utilization defined as the ratio of -1:-30-dB bandwidth could be very high (>0.85). This structure can be applied to the sampled fiber gratings to enhance channel uniformity. We demonstrate 264 uniform channels with a 25-GHz-spacing for high-density-wavelength multiplexing applications. Multichannel dispersion compensations with seven uniform channels of 50-GHz-spacing in short fiber gratings are also demonstrated. The impact of possible fabrication errors on the spectra of the gratings is discussed.     

Prototype CO2 laser-induced long-period fiber grating variable optical attenuators and optical tunable filters

Prototype devices capable of variable attenuation at a fixed wavelength, wavelength tuning at a constant attenuation, and combinations of these spectral characteristics are demonstrated in CO2 laser-induced long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs). These devices are based on controlled flexure by means of a piezoceramic platform. CO2 laser-induced LPFG characteristics along with the fabrication and testing processes of these gratings are discussed. Devices with a optical attenuation of 13 dB and a wavelength tuning of 7 nm are reported.     

Identical-dual-bandpass sampled fiber Bragg grating and its application to ultranarrow filters

We have theoretically proposed and experimentally demonstrated a new kind of ultranarrow identical-dual-bandpass sampled fiber Bragg gratings (SFBGs) with a pi phase shift technique. The spacing of two bandpasses of the proposed grating can be flexibly adjusted by changing the sampled period, and any desired spacing can be achieved in principle. An experimental example shows that the transmission peaks of two narrow transmission-band are near 1549.1 and 1550.1 nm. Based on the proposed SFBG, an ultranarrow identical-dual-channel filter is designed. Two channels of the proposed filter have an equal bandwidth, an even strength, and the same group delay. The bandwidth of each channel of our filter is as small as 1 pm and up to 10(-3) pm (corresponding to approximately 0.1 MHz), which is less than the bandwidth of the conventional SFBG filters by a factor of 10(2)-10(4). The proposed grating and filter can find potential applications with slow light and dual-wavelength single-longitudinal-mode fiber lasers.     

Purely axial compression of fiber Bragg gratings embedded in a highly deformable polymer

We demonstrate a tuning device for fiber Bragg gratings with a wavelength tuning range in excess of 65 nm. A purely axial tuning technique using a highly deformable polymer molded in a cylinder shape is used to embed a fiber Bragg grating and to achieve a wavelength tuning range from 1551.7 to 1485.5 nm. The tuning curve is highly linear with a tuning rate of 9.6 nm for every percent of applied strain. The insertion losses of the device, the variations of the full width at half maximum, and the stability of the Bragg wavelength over a working day have been studied and shown to be less than 0.02 dB, 0.14, and 0.2 nm, respectively.     

Holographic recording of Bragg gratings for wavelength division multiplexing in doped and partially polymerized poly(methyl methacrylate)

Bragg gratings are recorded in doped and partially polymerized poly(methyl methacrylate) with green light (wavelength, 532 nm) in transmission geometry, and the gratings are read in reflection geometry with infrared light (wavelength, approximately 1550 nm). Diffraction efficiencies of more than 99% with a wavelength bandwidth of approximately 1 nm are obtained for single gratings with a typical length of 15 mm. Superposition of four gratings in a volume sample has been demonstrated as well. The material is promising for use in the fabrication of add-drop filters, attenuators, switches, and multiplexers-demultiplexers for optical networks that use wavelength division multiplexing.     

Wideband true-time-delay beam former that employs a tunable chirped fiber grating prism

A fiber grating prism that consists of four tunable chirped-grating delay lines for wideband true-time-delay beam forming is proposed and demonstrated. The chirped gratings are produced by use of the grating bending technique in which a uniform grating is surface mounted on a simply supported beam. We obtained chirped gratings with different chirp rates by bending the uniform gratings with different beam deflections. Four linear chirped fiber gratings with identical spectral width but linearly increased grating length are fabricated. The spectra and time-delay responses of the tunable chirped gratings are measured. A chirped-grating prism for wideband true-time-delay beam forming by use of four chirped gratings is constructed and tested experimentally. We obtained different time delays by tuning the wavelength of the optical carrier. The proposed true-time-delay beam former with a four-element phased-array steerer is suitable for continuous beam forming at microwave frequencies up to 20 GHz.     

Theoretical performance of Bragg gratings based on long-range surface plasmon-polariton waveguides

A plasmon-polariton Bragg grating (PPBG) concept, based on the propagation of the long-range ss0b mode in structures comprising a thin metal film of finite width embedded in a homogeneous background dielectric, is discussed theoretically. The PPBGs are operated in an end-fire arrangement with access plasmon-polariton waveguides or optical fibers being directly butt-coupled to their input and output ports. A model for the PPBGs, which was recently proposed and validated experimentally for third order structures, is used to generate theoretical results describing their expected performance for various architectures. First order uniform periodic, interleaved, and apodized grating structures are considered and compared. Third order uniform periodic designs are also considered. The gratings investigated are based on a 20 nm thick Au film embedded in SiO2 and have a Bragg wavelength near 1550 nm. First order uniform periodic gratings provide the strongest reflection, with a maximum reflectance of about 97% being achievable over a length of a few millimeters and over a full width at half-maximum bandwidth of about 0.8 nm. The off-resonance insertion loss of the gratings can be as low as a few decibels. Specific Bragg wavelengths can easily be attained using interleaving without requiring extraordinary resolution from the fabrication process. Apodized designs providing low sidelobe levels are also investigated.     

Analysis of fiber bragg gratings by a side-diffraction interference technique

A new nondestructive, noncontact, and sensitive technique for fiber Bragg grating geometry and index-fault location measurements is presented. Two plane-wave probe laser beams are incident upon the grating from the side at angles that satisfy the Bragg-reflection condition. An interference pattern is formed behind the fiber between the first-order diffracted beam (from one probe beam) and the zero-order transmitted beam (from the second probe beam). The axial grating index modulation and the grating period are functions of the fringe visibility and the fringe period, respectively. The method is sensitive and is applicable even in the case of relatively weak gratings. Unchirped and chirped Bragg gratings have been studied with the proposed technique. We demonstrate accuracies of 1 x 10(-4) for measurement of the index modulation and 0.01 nm for measurement of the period. As well as for the analysis of most already-fabricated gratings, this technique is useful for in situ analysis of a long fiber Bragg grating as such a grating is translated along its axis during the fabrication process.     

Intensity-referenced and temperature-independent curvature-sensing concept based on chirped fiber Bragg gratings

An intensity-referenced temperature-independent curvature-measurement technique that uses a smart composite that comprises two chirped fiber Bragg gratings is demonstrated. The two gratings are embedded on opposite sides of the composite laminate and act simultaneously as curvature sensors and as wavelength discriminators, enabling a temperature-independent intensity-based scheme to measure radius of curvature. Also, the system's performance is independent of arbitrary power losses that are induced in the lead fibers to the sensing head. It is demonstrated that the measurement range depends on the relative positions of the chirped fiber Bragg gratings and on their spectral bandwidths. By using two chirped fiber Bragg gratings with bandwidths W1 = 2.8 nm and W2 = 3.7 nm and with central wavelengths at lambda 01 = 1560.3 nm and lambda 02 = 1563.7 nm, we obtained a resolution of 1.6 mm/square root of Hz for the measurement of the radius of curvature (approximately R = 350 mm) over the measurement range 190 mm < R < infinity.