New ISAR imaging algorithm based on modified Wigner?Ville distribution

Inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging of air, space or ship targets with complex motion has attracted the attention of many researchers in the past decade. Complex motion of targets induce cross-range scatterer-variant quadratic phase terms, which will degrade the cross-range resolution and affect focusing quality. A new algorithm is proposed for the ISAR imaging of complex moving targets. First, conventional range alignment, phase compensation and range compression are performed over the raw phase history data such that each range bin can be modelled as the sum of several linear frequency modulation or chirp signals. Secondly, a modified- Wigner?Ville distribution (referred to as M-WVD) approach is proposed, which is based on a scale transform in the time-frequency distribution plane and can effectively suppress the troublesome cross-term interference associated with WVD via coherent integration. Finally, the azimuth ISAR image can be obtained via a simple maximisation projection from the two-dimensional accumulated plot to the azimuth dimension. Compared with existing WVDbased ISAR imaging algorithms, the proposed method has the following features: better cross-term interference reduction achieved at no resolution loss, computationally more efficient with no expensive two-dimensional parameter search, and higher signal processing gain because of coherent integration during the whole imaging time. Bothnumerical and experimental results are provided to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method.     

ISAR imaging of manoeuvring targets with the range instantaneous chirp rate technique

The conventional range instantaneous Doppler (RID) algorithm is a well accepted inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging method for manoeuvring targets. In the RID imaging, the cross-range resolution depends on the instantaneous Doppler of scatterers at the imaging instant. For a high manoeuvring target, the instantaneous Doppler of scatterers may be small at some imaging instants and the satisfactory RID images may not be obtained. On the other hand, a large instantaneous chirp rate is often present for the same scatterer at the same instant for RID imaging. In order to obtain some additional information of a manoeuvring target, a novel ISAR imaging approach, referred to as the range instantaneous chirp (RIC), is proposed based on instantaneous chirp rate of scatterer to provide cross-range resolution. Using the proposed imaging algorithm, with the same received data of RID, a RIC image is generated at the same instant with a different `view`. Therefore the RIC image may provide some additional information that is not shown in the RID image. With both the RIC and RID images, a better target recognition and identification can be achieved for high-manoeuvring targets. The proposed RIC algorithm is verified by raw radar data.     

自适应Chirplet信号分解用于ISAR目标三维转动检测

当ISAR目标作复杂的三维转动时,目标上各散射点的相位误差将与它们在目标上所处的位置有关,传统的相位聚焦方法难以采用统一的相位校正函数来进行补偿。为解决此问题,论文提出了一种基于自适应Chirplet信号分解的ISAR目标三维转动检测方法,该方法使用自适应Chirplet信号分解的快速算法来估计散射点子回波的相位信息,并根据两个散射点相位之间的非线性度来判断目标是否存在三维转动,从而只选择那些仅具有二维转动的数据段进行成像。仿真实验结果表明了它的有效性。     

ISAR motion compensation using the burst derivative measure as a focal quality indicator

Inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) is an imaging technique that shows great promise in classifying airborne targets in real-time under all weather conditions. The success of classifying targets using ISAR is predicated upon forming highly focused radar images of these target. Efforts to develop highly focused radar imaging computer software have been challenging, mainly because the imaging depends on and is affected by the motion of the target. Computationally intensive motion compensation algorithms have been developed to remove the unwanted degrading effects of target motion. Those particular motion compensation algorithms which require the use of a space domain focal quality indicator (e.g., entropy) to determine image sharpness as processing proceeds pay a severe computational penalty due to the large number of two-dimensional fast Fourier transforms (2D-FFTs) which must be computed. This is due to the fact that the actual processing of ISAR data is done primarily in the spatial frequency domain and not in the space domain where the final ISAR image is displayed. If a focal quality indicator could be developed to measure image sharpness in the spatial frequency domain, then the computational burden introduced by the numerous 2D-FFTs could be greatly relaxed. This article describes the use of a new focal quality indicator called the burst derivative measure for determining ISAR image sharpness in the spatial frequency domain. Tests have been performed on simulated as well as actual ISAR data using both the burst derivative measure and the entropy measure. Results indicate that the burst derivative measure, when used in conjunction with the entropy measure, can greatly reduce the number of 2D-FFTS presently required in these motion compensation algorithms.©1993 John Wiley & Sons Inc     

Multi-feature based automatic recognition of ship targets in ISAR

This paper deals with the problem of non-cooperative target recognition. Specifically, the aim is the automatic recognition of ship targets from inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) images. For this purpose a new two-step multi-feature based technique is proposed; this technique uses a number of features extracted from the ship radar image and matches these features with those extracted from the images obtained by properly projecting the target models of the classification library. Both cases of a priori known or unknown ship aspect angles are considered: the knowledge of the ship aspect (as available from tracking data) allows the selection of the candidate models on the basis of the matching between the ship and the model length, thus resulting in a performance improvement. Moreover, both single- and multi-frame-based processing techniques are proposed in order to assess the performance improvement achievable when an increasing number of ISAR images are involved in the decision; the fusion strategy adopted for the exploitation of the information from the multiple images is also described. The performance of the overall proposed technique is deeply investigated against simulated data. Results of its application to a set of live ISAR images of a ship target are also provided showing the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

Uniform rotational motion compensation for inverse synthetic aperture radar with non-cooperative targets

In the current scenario of high-range resolution radars, the rotational motion of the target usually generates migration through resolution cells (MTRC) in the inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) images. A technique to correct the MTRC in the case of uniform rotation rate is proposed. An estimation of the rotation vector of the non-cooperative targets is not required. The approach compensates the rotational motion in two steps: the slant-range rotation compensation (SRRC) and the cross-range rotation compensation (CRRC). CRRC is based on an extension of phase difference (PD) and on a robust method to delete outliers. The technique is verified both with simulated and live data from a millimetre-wave linear frequency-modulated continuous wave radar. A comparison with a minimum entropy-based technique is also made.     

星载SAR对舰船高分辨成像研究

研究了星载SAR对舰船高分辨成像的难度和方法。在星载SAR舰船数据获取模型的基础上，着重分析了舰船航行以及船体在特定海情时三维转动对星载SAR成像的影响，研究了星载SAR舰船数据的ISAR成像方法，并给出成像算法流程，仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于AR模型参数双谱估计的超分辨ISAR成像

利用双谱分析方法，用非高斯AR模型对雷达目标回波信号进行参数化双谱估计，并在此基础上对数据进行外推处理，然后对数据进行ISAR成像。仿真和实测数据实验表明，本文的处理方法比传统的ISAR成像分辨力有明显的提高，且运算量不大，满足ISAR的实时或者准实时成像要求。     

Wavenumber scanning-based Fourier transform white-light interferometry

Fourier transform white-light interferometry recovers the optical path difference of an interferometer by measuring the phase change caused by scanning wavelength. However, the optical spectrum, obtained by wavelength scanning method (λ-method), contains a chirp in period. The chirp would induce deviation and decrease the measurement accuracy. An improved method, the wavenumber scanning method (k-method), is proposed and experimentally demonstrated, in which there is no chirp in the optical spectrum. The measurement results using the k-method and the λ-method are compared experimentally. The experimental results show that the standard deviation of the measurement results decreases from 0.015 to 0.004?μm, when an extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer with a cavity length of 387?μm is interrogated.     

一种估计星载SAR多普勒模糊数的新方法

在分析CS（Chirp Scaling）成像算法的基础上,发现弯曲因子C,和等效调频率因子K对多普勒模糊数DAN（Doppler Ambiguity Number）的变化非常敏感,不正确的DAN,将使C,因子和E因子失效,最终导致SAR图像的清晰度下降和位置发生变化．据此提出估计星载SARDAN的新算法：将DAN的变化与描述图像清晰度的评价函数（熵或均方差）联系起来,通过观察所得图像的熵或均方差随DAN值的变化,找到最小熵或最大均方差时所对应的DAN,即为正确的值．用Radarsat的实际数据验证了算法的有效性．分析表明,基于图像均方差的DAN估计优于图像熵的DAN估计,前者在成像区域场景反差较大和较小时均适用,而后者在成像区域场景反差较小时表现不稳定．     

Contrast imaging with chirped excitation

Coded excitation has been successfully used in imaging to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and penetration depth. With a contrast agent, wideband signals have been hypothesized to increase the contrast-to-tissue ratio (CTR). However, nonlinear properties of contrast agents make decoding difficult when applying coded excitation to contrast imaging. We propose two chirped excitation methods to image contrast agents, with a mechanical index (MI) ranging from 0.05 to 0.34. In the single chirp method, one chirp is transmitted, followed by a clutter filter to reject tissue echoes, then a matched filter is used to recover range resolution. In the chirp sequence method, an increasing and decreasing chirp sequence is transmitted followed by subtraction of the compressed echoes to reject tissue echoes (assuming tissue is a linear scatterer at low MI). Ten independent acoustic experiments were performed to evaluate the CTR for chirp and tone burst insonation, with the same spatial peak temporal averaged intensity (I(SPTA)). A significant increase in CTR, ranging from 4 dB to 8 dB, is observed for chirped excitation as compared with tone burst insonation, at an I(SPTA) of 0.1 and 0.3 mW/cm2 (P < or = 5e-3). To achieve the same CTR of 15 dB, the spatial peak pulse averaged intensity (I(SPPA)) can be decreased by 6 dB for chirp insonation as compared with tone burst insonation (P < 1e-5). Additionally, an increase of more than 10 dB in tissue rejection ratio (TRR) is observed for a chirp sequence insonation compared to tone burst phase inversion for this set of parameters (P < or = 1e-9). Deconvolution of the linear microbubble response from the received echoes is proposed as a method to recover spatial resolution. The difference in the axial resolution resulting from chirp and three-cycle tone burst insonation is approximately 220 microm. The difference in the mainlobe width between experimental and predicted compressed echoes is less than 20%. The side-lobe amplitude is 9 dB to 16 dB below the mainlobe with a transmitted I(SPTA) from 0.1 to 6.6 mW/cm2.     

Deception jammer suppression in fractional Fourier transformation domain with random chirp rate modulation

The issue addressed here is deception jammer suppression in radar systems. Advances in electronic countermeasure (ECM) technology are likely to change the requirements for electronic counter-countermeasures (ECCM), and the original specifications from which the systems were designed may no longer be appropriate. Here, the fraction Fourier transformation (FrFT) is used as a means of signal representation and filtering. A two-phase process is proposed based on random chirp rate modulation. First, the jamming signal is focused and excised. Second, the target echo is then focalized and refined. The approach yields to a two-block device in an actual radar system.     

融合时频域特征的舰船识别方法及实验研究

文章提出了一种融合舰船辐射噪声时频域特征的识别方法,将舰船辐射噪声的线谱特征和线性预测倒谱特征作为输入,分别利用反向传播（Back Propagation,BP）神经网络进行训练、降维及初步判别,并采用加权投票方式,引入置信度算法和拒判机制实现决策级融合识别。实验结果表明,对比基于舰船单一特征的识别方法,利用舰船辐射噪声时频域特征的互补性进行融合识别,减小了单一识别方法误判对总识别率的影响,具有较强的鲁棒性,可有效提高对目标的识别率。     

Orthogonal quadratic chirp signals for simultaneous multi-zone focusing in medical ultrasound imaging

In medical ultrasound imaging, multi-zone focusing on transmission is used to enhance the lateral resolution at the expense of frame rate. As an alternative, this paper proposes a simultaneous multi-zone focusing method using orthogonal quadratic chirp signals to improve lateral resolution without sacrificing frame rate. In the proposed method, two weighted quadratic chirp signals with different spectra are simultaneously transmitted with different transmit time delays for multi-zone focusing. Because the two weighted quadratic chirps can be designed to have a desired level of cross-correlation after compression, the degradation of axial resolution resulting from the division of a spectrum is minimized. Through simulation, the performances of the proposed method were evaluated and compared with those of two-cycle pulsed excitation as a gold standard and two sub-band weighted linear chirps. In the simulation, the proposed method improved -6-dB and -20-dB lateral beam widths by factors of 1.67 and 1.84, respectively, compared with the pulsed excitation. The degradation of axial resolution in the proposed method was maximally 43% less than that in the linear chirp case. The results demonstrate that the proposed method is useful in the improvement of overall ultrasound image quality because the axial resolution of conventional ultrasound images is generally a few times higher than the lateral resolution.     

用ISAR横向动态一维像分辨编队飞机架数

提出了ＩＳＡＲ横向动态一维像的概念并研究将其用于分辨飞机编队架数。分别研究了近似刚性、非刚性多目标架数分辨方法,给出了两架飞机编队外场回波数据横向动态一维像。用一维像分辨目标架数的方法可用于窄带相参雷达。最后,给出了编队飞机多目标架数分辨方案。     

Diagnostic ultrasound tooth imaging using fractional Fourier transform

An ultrasound contact imaging method is proposed to measure the enamel thickness in the human tooth. A delay-line transducer with a working frequency of 15 MHz is chosen to achieve a minimum resolvable distance of 400 μm in human enamel. To confirm the contact between the tooth and the transducer, a verification technique based on the phase shift upon reflection is used. Because of the high attenuation in human teeth, linear frequency-modulated chirp excitation and pulse compression are exploited to increase the penetration depth and improve the SNR. Preliminary measurements show that the enamel-dentin boundary creates numerous internal reflections, which cause the applied chirp signals to interfere arbitrarily. In this work, the fractional Fourier transform (FrFT) is employed for the first time in dental imaging to separate chirp signals overlapping in both time and frequency domains. The overlapped chirps are compressed using the FrFT and matched filter techniques. Micro-computed tomography is used for validation of the ultrasound measurements for both techniques. For a human molar, the thickness of the enamel layer is measured with an average error of 5.5% after compressing with the FrFT and 13.4% after compressing with the matched filter based on the average speed of sound in human teeth.     

舰船辐射噪声广义多尺度数学形态学特征提取与应用研究

为稳定提取复杂水声环境下舰船辐射噪声的有效特征,在数学形态学方法的基础上提出一种广义多尺度数学形态腐蚀谱熵(generalized multiscale pattern erosion spectrum entropy, GMPESE)的舰船辐射噪声非线性特征提取方法。通过对千岛湖及东海实测舰船辐射噪声处理,验证了不同环境下该特征提取方法的可行性,分析了相关参数选取对特征区分度的影响,并比较了该特征提取方法与多尺度熵(multiscale sample entropy, MSE)特征的识别性能。数据处理结果表明,综合比较运算耗时、提取稳定的特征所需信号时长及复杂环境下目标识别准确率,GMPESE特征提取方法具有更大的优势。     

Approach for single channel SAR ground moving target imaging and motion parameter estimation

In recent years, ground moving target imaging in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has attracted the attention of many researchers all over the world. A novel approach is proposed for the ground moving target imaging and motion parameter estimation using single channel SAR. First, a second-order generalised keystone formatting method is used to compensate for the range curvature. Secondly, the estimated slope of the target echo's envelope is used for the range walk compensation. Thirdly, Doppler parameters of moving targets obtained via spectral analysis are used for the imaging and positioning of ground moving targets. Finally, motion parameters of moving targets can be estimated on the basis of the relationship between Doppler and motion parameters. Both numerical and experimental results are provided to demonstrate the performance of the proposed approach     

利用多普勒信息判断单线阵低速目标左右舷的方法研究

采用常规单线拖曳阵列作为双基地主动声呐的接收平台时,会存在左右舷模糊。常规左右舷判决方法需要声呐探测平台进行转弯等复杂机动,目标定位与跟踪的实时性和连续性难以保证。文章对利用回波多普勒效应实时判断低速目标左右舷的方法进行了研究,给出了目标低速运动的条件,并分析了多普勒响应可分辨特性与声呐平台位置、运动状态的关系。通过仿真实验验证了该方法的可行性与有效性。海试数据处理结果表明,声源船仅具漂流速度时即可通过回波多普勒信息有效判别静止浮台目标的左右舷。该方法可以作为双基地主动声呐探测与定位系统中的辅助手段。