碳基复合材料烧蚀性能研究

利用以星型交流电弧加热器为核心的地面模拟系统对碳基复合材料再入过程中的烧蚀性能进行了模拟,并通过材料表面温度测量、图像采集和发射光谱在线检测等手段对烧蚀过程实时监测,为确定碳基复合材料的烧蚀机理,表征材料使用性能及材料优化设计提供必要的理论基础.     

超高温复相陶瓷基复合材料烧蚀行为研究

采用前驱体浸渍热解(PIP)工艺制备了ZrC-SiC、ZrB2-ZrC-SiC和HfB2-HfC-SiC复相陶瓷基复合材料,复合材料中的超高温陶瓷相均呈现出亚微米/纳米均匀弥散分布的特征,对比研究了上述材料在大气等离子和高温电弧风洞考核环境中的超高温烧蚀行为.研究结果表明,超高温复相陶瓷基复合材料相比传统的未改性SiC...     

超高温本体抗氧化碳/碳复合材料研究

通过向碳/碳复合材料基体中掺杂难熔金属化合物,研制出了一类集碳/碳材料优异的高温力学、热物理性能和超高温陶瓷材料非烧蚀性能于一体的超高温本体抗氧化碳/碳复合材料。攻克了难熔金属化合物在复合材料中分布以及组元与碳纤维反应控制关键技术,提高了复合材料的力学性能。静态和动态高频等离子风洞超高温本体抗氧化试验表明,在驻点温度达到2 500℃,600 s烧蚀后烧蚀量仅为碳/碳复合材料的1/5,给出了超高温本体抗氧化碳/碳复合材料氧化烧蚀抑制机理。     

混杂碳/碳复合材料超高温力学性能实验研究

利用快速通电加热测试技术,模拟混杂碳/碳复合材料的超高温工作环境,测试了材料不同温度下的拉伸、压缩力学性能,得到了材料的拉伸、压缩强度与模量随温度的变化规律,并给出了相应的拟合曲线。结果表明:材料的强度和模量在一定范围内随温度的升高而增加,在2000 K~2400 K之间达到最大值,当温度超过2700 K后迅速下降。材料轴向的拉伸、压缩性能随温度的变化较横向缓慢,强度的变化范围较模量的小。     

碳毡/碳复合材料超高温力学性能实验研究

利用改进的快速通电加热测试技术,模拟碳毡／碳复合材料的超高温工作环境,对其高温下的拉伸、压缩力学性能进行了全面的测试,并计算了材料在不同温度下的抗热应力系数．结果表明,材料的模量和强度在一定范围内随温度的升高而增加．材料的拉伸性能ＸＹ向优于Ｚ向,而压缩性能Ｚ向优于ＸＹ向．材料的抗热震性能随温度升高变化平稳,ＸＹ向的抗热震性能优于Ｚ向．     

细编穿刺碳/碳复合材料等离子火炬高温烧蚀性能研究

采用等离子火炬作为高温热源，研究了细编穿刺碳／碳复合材料高温烧蚀性能。研究结果表明：随着烧蚀区域从火焰中心到边缘的变化，材料的烧蚀特性从中心区域的以热力学烧蚀为主向靠近边缘区域的以热化学烧蚀为主过渡；碳基体和碳纤维的抗热力学烧蚀性能相当，而抗热化学烧蚀和抗氧化性，碳纤维则明显优于碳基体。     

超高温结构复合材料国防重点实验室陕西省碳/碳复合材料工程技术研究中心

碳/碳复合材料具有低比重、高比强度、高温下强度保持率高等特点,是各国空天战略急需的国防高技术战略性材料,也是先进航空航天器及其动力系统不可或缺的关键材料,在航空航天及军事领域具有重要应用前景。但制备成本高、性能不稳定、高温易氧化等问题是制约其广泛应用的瓶颈,围绕该类问题开展的研究一直是该领域的热点。     

美科学家发明新型碳基复合材料

美国西北大学的科学家开发出一种能从天然石墨中提取单壁纳米碳层，并将单壁纳米碳层掺和在聚合塑料、玻璃或陶瓷中的新工艺，运用这种方法可以制造出多种碳基复合材料。单壁纳米碳层是仅有一个原子厚的碳晶体薄片。由于碳原子均匀分布在二维平面上，这种材料有优异的机械、电学和化学特性，是纳米技术的基础材料，碳纳米管就是由单壁纳米碳层“卷”起来形成的。但是，迄今科学家还没有找到大规模制造单壁纳米碳层的方法。     

热解碳基碳/碳复合材料的内耗特征与机制

以高纯石墨为对照材料,初步研究了热解碳基碳/碳复合材料的内耗行为,并根据实验结果提出了碳/碳复合材料的内耗机制:热滞弹性机制与静滞后型内耗机制。纤维/基体的界面内耗效应对碳/碳复合材料的内耗特性影响很大,它的存在使碳/碳复合材料产生了一些较为反常的内耗现象。      

CLVD快速致密C/C复合材料的高温热物理性能

以聚丙烯腈预氧丝整体毡为增强体,采用快速液气相沉积联合沥青浸渍-炭化增密制备高速列车用C/C复合制动材料。研究了所制材料在30℃～800℃时的热扩散率、比热容、导热系数等热物理性能。研究发现:随温度升高,C/C复合材料平行于纤维叠层方向和垂直于纤维叠层方向的热扩散率均呈非线性降低,而比热容呈非线性增大。材料的导热性能表现出明显的各向异性,平行纤维叠层方向的导热系数先升后降,在200℃时出现极大值186.7W.m-.1K-1,是垂直于纤维方向导热系数的5.8倍。而垂直于纤维叠层方向的导热系数表现平稳。通过Wiedmann-Franz比值的分析,认为所制C/C复合材料在低温区以声子导热为主,高温区以电子导热为主。采用本制备工艺可获得导热性能优良的C/C复合材料。     

Carbon materials for chemical capacitive energy storage

Carbon materials have attracted intense interests as electrode materials for electrochemical capacitors, because of their high surface area, electrical conductivity, chemical stability and low cost. Activated carbons produced by different activation processes from various precursors are the most widely used electrodes. Recently, with the rapid growth of nanotechnology, nanostructured electrode materials, such as carbon nanotubes and template-synthesized porous carbons have been developed. Their unique electrical properties and well controlled pore sizes and structures facilitate fast ion and electron transportation. In order to further improve the power and energy densities of the capacitors, carbon-based composites combining electrical double layer capacitors (EDLC)-capacitance and pseudo-capacitance have been explored. They show not only enhanced capacitance, but as well good cyclability. In this review, recent progresses on carbon-based electrode materials are summarized, including activated carbons, carbon nanotubes, and template-synthesized porous carbons, in particular mesoporous carbons. Their advantages and disadvantages as electrochemical capacitors are discussed. At the end of this review, the future trends of electrochemical capacitors with high energy and power are proposed.     

多相纤维增强酚醛树脂低密度烧蚀防热复合材料高温压缩性能及损伤机制

低密度烧蚀防热材料是航天飞行器热防护系统的关键候选材料,其高温力学性能是热防护结构在气动热载荷下结构完整性的关键。本文针对多相纤维增强酚醛树脂低密度烧蚀防热复合材料开展高温压缩性能实验,获得了其压缩强度随温度的变化规律,结合热重、SEM分析了力载荷、热解及氧化反应对压缩强度的影响,揭示了软相碳层弥合和纤维脱黏、拔出两种韧化机制,为多相纤维增强酚醛树脂低密度烧蚀防热复合材料在热防护系统的工程应用提供实验数据支撑。      

浸渍致密化对碳素复合材料热辐射性能的影响

测定了碳素复合材料的法向光谱发射率和法向总发射率,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)进行表面形貌分析,研究了浸渍致密化工艺以及表面形貌与碳素复合材料法向光谱发射率和法向总发射率的变化.结果表明,炭布和短纤维增强碳素复合材料的法向光谱发射率和总发射率均在最终浸渍致密化之后有所增加,在多次致密化后两组样品总发射率间的差距减小,增...     

爆炸辅助气相沉积法合成介孔氮杂碳纳米颗粒

以吡咯作为原料,采用爆炸辅助的化学气相沉积法,成功地合成了氮杂介孔碳纳米颗粒.颗粒尺寸为30～70hm,含有直径为2～4nm的介孔,氮掺杂量为8.81%(at).在此过程中,爆炸反应产生的热能将吡咯分解成碳氮原子簇,这些原子簇在动力学驱动下组装成纳米颗粒.爆炸产生的高能氧化性气体与颗粒上缺陷处的碳原子反应形成孔,体系独特的高温环境有利于对碳纳米颗粒进行有效的结构性氮掺杂,并形成较好的晶化结构.     

航空发动机高温材料的研究现状

概述了航空发动机高温材料的研究现状，指出在进一步挖掘传统高温合金潜力的基础上，应加快陶瓷基复合材料、碳／碳复合材料等新型高温材料的研究。     

Thermal expansion measurements of high-temperature carbon/carbon materials from room temperature to 3000 K

The thermal expansion of carbon/carbon material has been measured to 3000 K using a variety of methods. Coupon samples have been measured in a directview dilatometer and an automatic recording dilatometer. Cylindrical or hoop samples, 5 to 50 cm in diameter, have been measured by a fiber-wrap technique. The direct-view or, as it is sometimes referred to, the twintelemicroscope method is generally used when good accuracy is required for measurements to elevated temperatures. The change in length is observed with the use of telemicroscopes aligned on fiducial marks machined on opposite ends of the specimen. An Apple IIe computer controls the automatic recording dilatometer and also provides an output to an X-Y recorder, giving a continuous curve of thermal expansion percentage versus temperature through the range from RT to 300 K. Circumferential thermal expansion is defined as the change in circumference per unit of initial circumference. The change in the circumference of the hoop is measured by wrapping the hoop with a graphite yarn and measuring the change in length with a linear variable differential transformer.Paper presented at the Ninth International Thermal Expansion Symposium, December 8–10, 1986, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.     

Low temperature growth of SWNTs on a nickel catalyst by thermal chemical vapor deposition

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been grown on a silica-supported monometallic nickel (Ni) catalyst at temperatures ranging from as low as 450 °C to 800 °C. Different spectroscopic techniques, such as Raman, photoluminescence emission (PLE), and ultra violet-visible-near infrared (UV-vis-NIR) absorption spectroscopy were used to evaluate the diameter and quality of the SWNTs grown over the Ni catalyst at different temperatures. The analysis revealed that high quality SWNTs with a very narrow diameter distribution were obtained at a growth temperature of 500 °C. In the PLE and absorption spectra, differences were observed between the SWNTs grown on Ni and those grown on cobalt (Co). This result expands the potential of growing a specific (n, m) tube species with relatively high abundance by tuning the catalyst composition. Furthermore, the prerequisites for the low temperature growth of SWNTs over a monometallic transition metal catalyst have been elucidated.