5G Smart Mobility Management Based Fuzzy Logic Controller Unit

In the paper, we propose a fuzzy logic controller system to be implemented for smart mobility management in the 5G wireless communication network. Mobility management is considered as a main issue for all-IP mobile networks future generation. As a network-based mobility management protocol, Internet Engineering Task Force developed the Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) in order to support the mobility of IP devices, and many other results were presented to reduce latency handover and the amount of PMIPv6 signaling, but it is not enough for the application needs in real-time. The present paper describes an approach based on the IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover (MIH) standard and PMIPv6, so we present a new vertical handover algorithm for anticipating handover process efficiently. Our object is to propose a smart mobility management that contribute in 5G wireless communication system network operating functions. Two proposed dynamic thresholds were successfully made to guaranty process triggering, and a new primitive MIH is proposed for signaling a needed handover to be done. Simulation results demonstrate a significant reduction of the handover delay, packet loss, handover blocking probability and signaling overhead. Simulation results and tests are accomplished.     

An analytical solution based on mobility and multicriteria optimization for access selection in heterogeneous environment

Providing global connectivity with high speed and guaranteed quality at any place and any time is now becoming a reality due to the integration and co-ordination of different radio access technologies. The internetworking of existing networks with diverse characteristics has been considered attractive to meet the incredible development of interactive multimedia services and ever-growing demands of mobile users. Due to the diverse characteristics of heterogeneous networks, several challenges have to be addressed in terms of quality of service (QoS), mobility management and user preferences. To achieve this goal, an optimal network selection algorithm is needed to select the target network for maximizing the end user satisfaction. The existing works do not consider the integration of utility function with mobile terminal mobility characteristics to minimize ping-pong effects in the integrated networks. An integrated multicriteria network selection algorithm based on multiplicative utility function and residual residence time (RRT) estimation is proposed to keep the mobile users always best connected. Multiplicative weighted utility function considers network conditions, application QoS and user preferences to evaluate the available networks. In this paper, the proposed scheme is implemented with two mainstreams (pedestrian users and high-velocity users). For high-velocity users, RRT and adaptive residence time threshold are also considered to keep the probability of handover failures and unnecessary handovers within the limits. Monte-Carlo simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms against existing approaches.     

Adaptive Handover Decision Inspired By Biological Mechanism in Vehicle Ad-hoc Networks

In vehicle ad-hoc networks (VANETs), the proliferation of wireless communication will give rise to the heterogeneous access environment where network selection becomes significant. Motivated by the self-adaptive paradigm of cellular attractors, this paper regards an individual communication as a cell, so that we can apply the revised attractor selection model to induce each connected vehicle. Aiming at improving the Quality of Service (QoS), we presented the bio-inspired handover decision-making mechanism. In addition, we employ the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) for any vehicle to choose an access network. This paper proposes a novel framework where the bio-inspired mechanism is combined with TOPSIS. In a dynamic and random mobility environment, our method achieves the coordination of performance of heterogeneous networks by guaranteeing the efficient utilization and fair distribution of network resources in a global sense. The experimental results confirm that the proposed method performs better when compared with conventional schemes.     

A cross-layer adaptive algorithm for multimedia QoS fairness in WLAN environments using neural networks

The authors address the problem of providing fair multimedia quality-of-service (QoS) in IEEE 802.11 distributed co-ordination function-based wireless local area networks in the infrastructure mode where mobile hosts experience heterogeneous channel conditions due to mobility and fading effects. It was observed that unequal link qualities can pose significant unfairness of channel sharing, which may thereby lead to the degradation of multimedia QoS performed in adverse conditions. A cross-layer adaptation scheme that provides fair QoS by online adjusting the multidimensional medium access control layer backoff parameters in accordance with the application-layer QoS requirements as well as the physical-layer channel conditions was proposed. The solution is based on an optimisation approach, which utilises neural networks to learn the cross-layer function. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed adaptation scheme can tackle heterogeneous channel conditions and random joining (or leaving) of hosts to achieve fair QoS in terms of throughput and packet delay.     

Novel type-2 fuzzy logic technique for handover problems in a heterogeneous network

Small cells are deployed in the long-term evolution—advanced (LTE-A) data standard to satisfy rapidly increasing data rates at hotspots and enhance coverage in buildings. Small cells are low-cost, low-power nodes with limited coverage. With small cells, the more sophisticated network architecture increases the difficulty of dealing with mobility management. The conflict between traffic demands and network resources is also very important, and the signalling overhead (ping-pong) in the handover procedure should be considered in mobility management. With the aim of solving these issues, efficient handover algorithms are being used to enhance mobility management in small-cell networks. This article presents a new handover optimization algorithm for LTE-A networks based on fuzzy logic. It consists of selecting the optimum handover margins for both macro and small cells which are required for the handover process to optimize the performance metrics. The proposed handover optimization technique is evaluated and compared with two well-known handover algorithms. The results show that it achieves a minimum call drop rate and has a minimum number of handovers.     

A beacon-based handover scanning mechanism with QoS support in WiMAX femtocell architecture

WiMAX femtocell architecture has gained a lot of attention because of its better indoor service provision through traffic sharing between WiMAX and femtocell. However, since the signal of a WiMAX base station (BS) is usually stronger than that of a femtocell base station (fBS), the handover procedure of mobile stations may not be triggered due to the stronger signal association. And, a huge number of fBSs deployed within a WiMAX BS coverage area will require extra power to scan all fBSs for a handover determination. In this article, we propose a beacon-based handover scanning mechanism with Quality of Service (QoS) support. Through the modified beacons and MOB_NBR-ADV messages, a neighbor cell list with QoS parameters is generated automatically at each mobile station. The decision criteria for handover triggering and an appropriate target cell selection are also presented. The QualNet simulation results demonstrate that along with increased fBSs, the proposed mechanism can improve the total system throughput from 37% to 51% and obtain higher bandwidth utilization in the case of increasing number of fBSs, as compared with Full Scan and Neighbor Cell Information Mechanisms.     

A comparative QoS survey of mobile ad hoc network routing protocols

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a wireless, dynamic, infrastructure-less, self-organized, multi-hop, and decentralized network. Each node in MANET can act as a router as well as a work station. Many routing protocols have been developed to increase the efficiency of MANET. The primary objective of this paper is a detailed QoS comparison of reactive (AODV), proactive (DSDV), and hybrid (ZRP) routing protocols of MANET in order to find which routing protocol works best in a particular network scenario. The analysis was made for TCP-based traffic patterns. The performance differentials were analyzed on the basis of normalized routing overhead, packet loss, packet delivery ratio, control packets, end-to-end delay, packet received, and packet sent with a variation of nodes density and mobility. The results were obtained using the NS-2 simulator.     

Mobile agent based approach for QoS routing

A mobile agent based on-demand quality of service (QoS) unicast routing scheme for supporting multimedia applications is proposed that considers bandwidth, delay and packet loss as QoS metrics for feasible path computation. A mobile agent is employed to find multiple QoS paths and select a best path among them to preserve resources so as to increase call success ratio and network bandwidth utilisation as well as adapt to network dynamics. The scheme is simulated in various network scenarios (sparse and dense networks) to verify performance and operation effectiveness, and compared with RSVP-based QoS routing by using an internet routing protocol. The results demonstrate significant improvements in call success ratio and network bandwidth utilisation compared with RSVP-based QoS routing, both in case of sparse and dense networks. Benefits of the agent-based scheme are adaptability, flexibility, and support for component-based software engineering features such as software reuse, customisation and maintainability     

An Optimized Algorithm for Resource Allocation for D2D in Heterogeneous Networks

With the emergence of 5G mobile multimedia services, end users’ demand for high-speed, low-latency mobile communication network access is increasing. Among them, the device-to-device (D2D) communication is one of the considerable technology. In D2D communication, the data does not need to be relayed and forwarded by the base station, but under the control of the base station, a direct local link is allowed between two adjacent mobile devices. This flexible communication mode reduces the processing bottlenecks and coverage blind spots of the base station, and can be widely used in dense user communication scenarios such as heterogeneous ultra-dense wireless networks. One of the important factors which affects the quality-of-service (QoS) of D2D communications is co-channel interference. In order to solve this problem of co-channel interference, this paper proposes a graph coloring based algorithm. The main idea is to utilize the weighted priority of spectrum resources and enables multiple D2D users to reuse the single cellular user resource. The proposed algorithm also provides simpler power control. The heterogeneous pattern of interference is determined using different types of interferences and UE and the priority of color is acquired. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm effectively reduced the co-channel interference, power consumption and improved the system throughput as compared with existing algorithms.     

Comparison between hybridized algorithm of GA–SA and ABC,GA, DE and PSO for vertical-handover in heterogeneous wireless networks

Genetic algorithms (GAs) and simulated annealing (SA) have emerged as leading methods for search and optimization problems in heterogeneous wireless networks. In this paradigm, various access technologies need to be interconnected; thus, vertical handovers are necessary for seamless mobility. In this paper, the hybrid algorithm for real-time vertical handover using different objective functions has been presented to find the optimal network to connect with a good quality of service in accordance with the user’s preferences. As it is, the characteristics of the current mobile devices recommend using fast and efficient algorithms to provide solutions near to real-time. These constraints have moved us to develop intelligent algorithms that avoid slow and massive computations. This was to, specifically, solve two major problems in GA optimization, i.e. premature convergence and slow convergence rate, and the facilitation of simulated annealing in the merging populations phase of the search. The hybrid algorithm was expected to improve on the pure GA in two ways, i.e., improved solutions for a given number of evaluations, and more stability over many runs. This paper compares the formulation and results of four recent optimization algorithms: artificial bee colony (ABC), genetic algorithm (GA), differential evolution (DE), and particle swarm optimization (PSO). Moreover, a cost function is used to sustain the desired QoS during the transition between networks, which is measured in terms of the bandwidth, BER, ABR, SNR, and monetary cost. Simulation results indicated that choosing the SA rules would minimize the cost function and the GA–SA algorithm could decrease the number of unnecessary handovers, and thereby prevent the ‘Ping-Pong’ effect.     

一种新的基于移动预测的MANET路由协议

移动自组网是一种由一系列可以自由移动的节点主机聚集而成的一个临时性动态网络。它没有固定基站，也没有作为控制管理中心的节点主机，由于其拓扑的动态性，其路由协议与其他传统网络有很大的区别。为了能更有效地移动自组网中实现数据的传送，本文提出了一种基于移动预测下的MANET路由协议，该协议综合考虑了传输路径的延时和稳定性，选择在延时限制下平均拥有最稳特性的传输路径，模拟结果表明，这种方法比基于移动预测量稳路径路由协议的传输时延要短，传送成功概率要高，而控制开销却相关不大。     

DQN-Based Proactive Trajectory Planning of UAVs in Multi-Access Edge Computing

The main aim of future mobile networks is to provide secure, reliable, intelligent, and seamless connectivity. It also enables mobile network operators to ensure their customer’s a better quality of service (QoS). Nowadays, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are a significant part of the mobile network due to their continuously growing use in various applications. For better coverage, cost-effective, and seamless service connectivity and provisioning, UAVs have emerged as the best choice for telco operators. UAVs can be used as flying base stations, edge servers, and relay nodes in mobile networks. On the other side, Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) technology also emerged in the 5G network to provide a better quality of experience (QoE) to users with different QoS requirements. However, UAVs in a mobile network for coverage enhancement and better QoS face several challenges such as trajectory designing, path planning, optimization, QoS assurance, mobility management, etc. The efficient and proactive path planning and optimization in a highly dynamic environment containing buildings and obstacles are challenging. So, an automated Artificial Intelligence (AI) enabled QoS-aware solution is needed for trajectory planning and optimization. Therefore, this work introduces a well-designed AI and MEC-enabled architecture for a UAVs-assisted future network. It has an efficient Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) algorithm for real-time and proactive trajectory planning and optimization. It also fulfills QoS-aware service provisioning. A greedy-policy approach is used to maximize the long-term reward for serving more users with QoS. Simulation results reveal the superiority of the proposed DRL mechanism for energy-efficient and QoS-aware trajectory planning over the existing models.     

Application-controlled handover for heterogeneous multiple radios over fibre networks

The wired-wireless integration network can be categorised as fixed mobile convergence (FMC). FMC means the convergence of the existing wired network and wireless network. Therefore a mobile device needs the function of connection and control to the FMC infrastructure. An application-controlled handover is developed, which keeps channel continuity in the wired-wireless synergy network environment that consists of 3G (UMTS) t WLAN t WPAN (UWB) and optical fibre network. A handover mechanism transmits and receives data by using the proposed application selection criteria. It maintains the channel and the seamless transmission from mobile device to the remote optical fibre network, to provide real-time service continuity for multimedia traffic. The results show that application-controlled handover has a reduction up to 83% in packet drop, 74% reduction in bit error rate, 85% reduction in power consumption and 100% enhancement in application response time (delay) as compared with the network without handover technique.     

Distributed splitting-tree-based medium access control protocol for multiaccess wireless networks with multipacket reception

The conventional medium access control (MAC) protocols assume that only one packet can be received at a given time. However, with the advent of spread spectrum, antenna arrays or sophisticated signal processing techniques, it is possible to achieve multipacket reception (MPR) in wireless communication networks. A distributed splitting-tree-based MAC protocol that can exploit the MPR capability in the networks is proposed. For the MPR MAC protocol, a closed-form expression of the system throughput is derived based on a Markov chain model. The experimental results show that the MPR protocol can considerably increase the spectrum efficiency compared with the splitting-tree algorithm with its conventional collision resolution method.     

一种支持多跳无线网QoS业务的MAC层接入协议

提供一定的服务质量保证(QoS)是多跳无线网络研究中的热点和难点,本文基于TDMA/FDMA机制提出了一种支持多信道多跳无线网络话音级QoS业务的MAC层接入协议RA/SRN。该协议以RBRP协议思想为基础,针对无线信道中隐藏、暴露终端造成的信道利用率降低和分组冲突问题进行改进设计,减小了信道冲突概率,提高了信道利用率,降低了信道接入时延,为网络层QoS路由协议提供了良好的支持。     

Congestion-aware proactive vertical handoff algorithm in heterogeneous wireless networks

In heterogeneous wireless networks, when a mobile host/handset (MH) with multiple wireless interfaces changes its location or requires a certain network service, the MH will require a switch between different wireless networks (namely vertical handoff). A congestion-aware proactive vertical handoff algorithm is proposed, which uses a data pre-deployment technology to realise soft handoff between cellular interface and ad hoc interface. Here, the vertical handoff algorithm is implemented in an experimental heterogeneous network structure called converged ad hoc and cellular network, which is an ad hoc overlay system considering the balancing of the traffic between adjacent cellular cells. By evaluations, it is shown that the proposed algorithm can realise low handoff delay and low packet losses, and help to ease congestion issue existing in the heterogeneous networks.     

Mobility Management in Small Cell Cluster of Cellular Network

The installation of small cells in a 5G network extends the maximum coverage and provides high availability. However, this approach increases the handover overhead in the Core Network (CN) due to frequent handoffs. The variation of user density and movement inside a region of small cells also increases the handover overhead in CN. However, the present 5G system cannot reduce the handover overhead in CN under such circumstances because it relies on a traditionally rigid and complex hierarchical sequence for a handover procedure. Recently, Not Only Stack (NO Stack) architecture has been introduced for Radio Access Network (RAN) to reduce the signaling during handover. This paper proposes a system based on NO Stack architecture and solves the aforementioned problem by adding a dedicated local mobility controller to the edge cloud for each cluster. The dedicated cluster controller manages the user mobility locally inside a cluster and also maintains the forwarding data of a mobile user locally. To reduce the latency for X2-based handover requests, an edge cloud infrastructure has been also developed to provide high-computing for dedicated controllers at the edge of a cellular network. The proposed system is also compared with the traditional 3GPP architecture and other works in the context of overhead and delay caused by X2-based handover requests during user mobility. Simulated results show that the inclusion of a dedicated local controller for small clusters together with the implementation of NO Stack framework reduces the significant amount of overhead of X2-based handover requests at CN.     

Co-simulation of wireless networked control systems over mobile ad hoc network using SIMULINK and OPNET

Wireless networked control systems (WNCS) over mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a new area of research and has many potential applications, for instance, military or rescue missions, exploring hazardous environments, and so on. For performance evaluation, researchers mostly rely on computer simulations as WNCS experiments are expensive to execute. It will generate a significant benefit to conduct performance analysis of WNCS over MANET using co-simulation that utilises SIMULINK and OPtimised Network Engineering Tool (OPNET) to simulate plant/controller behaviour and the MANET, respectively. Previous conference papers by the authors reported the initial SIMULINK-OPNET co-simulation for only one network size. Here the authors present an extention of their previous work, and presents the SIMULINK-OPNET co-simulation, methodology and comprehensive simulation results that have not been reported previously. It also considers the impact of five network sizes with stationary and mobile nodes. The proposed SIMULINK-OPNET co-simulation is applied to WNCS over MANET using a realistic wireless communication model. It investigates the impact of network data rates, node mobility, the packet delay, packet drop on the system stability and performance.     

Energy Efficient Ambience Awake Routing with OpenFlow Approach

A major problem in networking has always been energy consumption. Battery life is one parameter which could help improve Energy Efficiency. Existing research on wireless networking stresses on reducing signaling messages or time required for data transfer for addressing energy consumption issues. Routing or Forwarding packets in a network between the network elements like routers, switches, wireless access points, etc., is complex in conventional networks. With the advent of Software Defined Networking (SDN) for 5G network architectures, the distributed networking has embarked onto centralized networking, wherein the SDN Controller is responsible for decision making. The controller pushes its decision onto the network elements with the help of a control plane protocol termed OpenFlow. Decentralized networks have been largely in use because of their ease in physical and logically setting the administrative hierarchies. The centralized controller deals with the policy funding and the protocols used for routing procedures are designated by the decentralized controller. Ambience Awake is a location centered routing protocol deployed in the 5G network architecture with OpenFlow model. The Ambience Awake mechanism relies on the power consumption of the network elements during the packet transmission for unicast and multicast scenarios. The signalling load and the routing overhead witnessed an improvement of 30% during the routing procedure. The proposed routing mechanism run on the top of the decentralized SDN controller proves to be 19.59% more efficient than the existing routing solutions.     

A privacy-preserving authentication protocol with secure handovers for the LTE/LTE-A networks

Long-Term Evolution/Long-Term Evolution Advanced (LTE/LTE-A) is the latest mobile communication technology that is offering high data rates and robust performance to the subscribers. Since LTE/LTE-A standards are established on the Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity and provide compatibility with the heterogeneous networks, these new features create availability of the new security challenges in the LTE/LTE-A networks. Taking into consideration the issues of serious signalling congestion and security loopholes in LTE/LTE-A networks, the authors propose an Efficient Authentication and Key Agreement Protocol for Evolved Packet System (EAKA-EPS) with secure handover procedures. The proposed protocol achieves outstanding results in terms of the optimization of computation and signalling overhead. With this, the protocol guarantees the needed security requirements like protected wireless interface and strong mutual authentication between the entities, and ensures access stratum secrecy at the time of handovers. The formal verification results of the proposed scheme over the security verification and simulation tool “Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA)” show that the suggested protocol is safe against various malicious attacks, which are still possible in LTE/LTE-A networks. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the suggested approach is the first approach that provides perfect secrecy with less computation and communication overhead in the LTE/LTE-A networks.