淀粉基热塑性发泡材料的配方研究

以玉米淀粉为基体、竹粉为增强体,甘油/邻苯二甲酸二辛酯（DOP）混合物作为增塑剂,偶氮二甲酰胺（AC）/氧化锌（ZnO）为发泡剂,聚乙烯醇（PVA）为相容剂,用注塑发泡法制备淀粉基热塑性发泡材料（NFSC）。通过研究不同助剂配比及添加量对NFSC的相容性、力学性能、塑化效果及发泡效果的影响,优化配方设计,改善材料性能,以得到高品质、轻量化的淀粉基热塑性发泡材料。研究表明：甘油/ DOP质量比为6:1,且添加质量分数为30%时,NFSC的塑化效果良好;AC/ZnO质量比为2:1,且添加质量分数为3%时,NFSC的发泡效果良好;添加PVA质量分数约为11%时,竹粉与淀粉基体间界面相容性较好。     

不同发泡剂制备废纸浆增强淀粉基复合发泡材料性能的对比

分别以水、碳酸氢氨、偶氮二甲酰胺/氧化锌(m(AC)/m(ZnO)=2∶1)为发泡剂,废纸浆为增强体,木薯淀粉为基质,聚乙烯醇(PVA)为增韧体,甘油和尿素作为复合增塑剂,辅以其它的各种助剂,利用挤出发泡法制备出可生物降解复合发泡材料,它们分别记作WPS、NPS、APS。并分别讨论和比较这些发泡材料的密度、发泡倍率、吸水性、热稳定性以及泡孔形态。研究结果显示,随着发泡剂含量的增加材料的表观密度先减少后增加,发泡倍率、吸水率则先增加后减少;NPS的热稳定性能最佳,APS稳定性次之,WPS稳定性最差;随着发泡剂含量的增加,材料泡孔数量先增加后减少,孔径先减小后增大,APS泡孔大小较WPS、NPS分布均匀,泡孔数量较WPS、NPS分布多。     

低温下ZnO花状微结构的合成和性质

在无表面活性剂的条件下，通过水热法在三种不同的基底上制备了由纳米棒组成的花状氧化锌微结构，其纳米棒沿c轴方向生长。通过X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对花状氧化锌微结构进行了表征。XRD测试结果表明ZnO为纤锌矿结构，扫描电镜照片表明ZnO微结构具有花状形貌。简单讨论了反应物浓度对花状ZnO纳米棒形成的影响及生长机理。     

纳米碳管/氧化锌异质结构的合成及发光性质

以纳米碳管（CNTs）为基体、铜为催化剂,采用催化碳热还原方法直接合成出具有异质结构的纳米碳管/氧化锌（CNT/ZnO）复合材料。利用扫描电镜、透射电镜及X射线衍射等手段研究了异质结构CNT/ZnO复合材料的形态和结构。发现氧化锌纳米线在纳米碳管表面的生长过程遵循催化剂诱导的汽-液-固（VLS）机制;氧化锌纳米线与铜催化剂和纳米碳管之间分别存在明显的界面,并且氧化锌纳米线与纳米碳管均保持了规整的晶体结构。同时也发现在大直径纳米碳管上易于形成高密的氧化锌纳米线;随沉积温度的升高ZnO的形态由线到棒最后形成颗粒。异质结构CNT/ZnO复合材料的诱导发光性能不同于氧化锌纳米线和纳米碳管,在蓝光区域的发光强度远大于紫外发光强度。     

改性偶氮二甲酰胺/水复合发泡在硬质聚氨酯发泡中的应用研究

目的 通过偶氮二甲酰胺(AC)热分解反应释放出发泡用气体,用改性偶氮二甲酰胺/水复合发泡制备无卤素硬质聚氨酯泡沫(RPUF)。探讨改性偶氮二甲酰胺在聚氨酯发泡中的可行性。方法 通过改变体系中改性偶氮二甲酰胺的用量,探讨改性偶氮二甲酰胺对聚醚发泡体系黏度、聚氨酯泡沫力学性能和导热系数的影响。结果 发泡剂的加入能显著降低聚醚体系的黏度,提高发泡物料的流动性,随着改性AC用量的增加,体系黏度逐渐增加,当改性AC的添加量为0.3 g时,体系黏度最低为2 080 mPa.s。当改性AC用量为0.75 g时,聚氨酯泡沫的表观密度为78.65 kg/m³,压缩强度为539.35 kPa,改性AC的加入使得聚氨酯泡沫的导热系数增高,导热系数为0.023 51 W/mK。结论 改性AC的加入能显著提高硬质聚氨酯泡沫的压缩强度,相比纯水发泡,二者复合发泡性能更优异,可以作为无卤素发泡剂应用于聚氨酯发泡。     

ZnO半导体的光致发光机理

氧化锌（ZnO）晶体材料作为重要的光电材料,在当今高科技领域日益受到重视。氧化锌半导体因为具有较宽的禁带宽度（3．36eV）、可以存在的六种缺陷形式（VO、Zn1、Vo,Zn1、VZn、Oi、OZn）和高的激子束缚能（60meV）,为其作为短波长发光材料提供了很大的潜力;其晶体结构与GaN同属纤维锌矿六方晶系,深能级间电子跃迁可以发出蓝光和绿光,在GaN日益稀少的今天,被公认为取代GaN成为新一代发白光LED的最佳材料。不仅如此,氧化锌的发光特性强烈的受到缺陷的影响。目前各个因素研究很多,从理论和实验两方面对氧化锌发光的机制进行综述,提出各种不同波长的发射峰的最合理机理。     

EVA/SEBS共混材料的发泡技术

将苯乙烯-乙烯/丁烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物(SEBS)应用于乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物(EVA)发泡材料中。发泡体系确定为偶氮二甲酰胺(AC)/过氧化二异丙苯(DCP)。讨论了发泡时间及发泡温度对EVA/SEBS发泡材料性能的影响。差示扫描量热(DSC)测试表明,ZnO与ZnSt比例为1∶5时,AC的分解温度为175.9℃,与DCP的分解温度相近。此发泡体系在170℃～190℃进行模压发泡,控制适当的模压发泡时间,可制备密度在0.15 g/cm3～0.49 g/cm3,泡孔尺寸可调的发泡材料。文中对最终发泡材料的力学性能进行了测试,并通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了发泡材料的泡孔尺寸大小和泡孔均匀程度。     

氧化锌纳米棒形貌对ZnO/Cu2O异质结太阳能电池光伏性能的影响

采用电化学沉积法制备了ZnO纳米棒,首先讨论了电化学沉积参数对氧化锌(ZnO)纳米棒形貌的影响,并对不同长度ZnO纳米棒的光吸收和反射等性质进行了研究.实验发现沉积时间是影响纳米棒长度、直径的重要因素,ZnO纳米棒的微观形貌对其光学性质有重要影响.然后以氧化锌纳米棒为n型材料,以氧化亚铜为p型材料,通过电化学沉积法构筑了ZnO/Cu2O异质结太阳能电池,并测试了其光伏性能,研究表明增长纳米棒阵列的长度使得开路电压、短路电流密度及光电转换效率等性能得到提升.最后,综合分析了氧化锌纳米棒形貌与所组装电池的性能之间的关系,发现调控氧化锌纳米棒的形貌是提高ZnO/Cu2O异质结太阳能电池光伏性能的有效途径.     

热氧化复合薄膜制备针叶状纳米ZnO

采用射频磁控复合溅射技术,在Si（111）衬底上制备Zn/SiO2复合薄膜,本文讨论了不同退火时间下形成的晶状氧化锌,并对其进行了X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）以及选区电子衍射（SAED）分析和表征.可以看出,由于不同材料的结晶温度不同,在空气中700℃退火热处理,使金属锌从复合薄膜中析出并氧化,形成针叶状氧化锌结晶体,ZnO晶体为六方纤锌矿结构.     

不同形貌聚苯胺/氧化锌复合材料的制备与光催化性能EI北大核心CSCD

通过水热法制备了球形、棒状和花形的纳米氧化锌;并利用原位聚合法制备了对应形貌的氧化锌/聚苯胺复合材料。用X射线衍射(XRD)、热重分析(TG-DTG)和扫描电镜(SEM)等测试手段,对氧化锌及复合物进行了结构表征。以次甲基蓝为模拟污染物,在紫外灯下考察了复合物材料的光催化性能和动力学特征。结果表明,聚苯胺(PANI)/氧化锌(ZnO)复合材料的光催化性能远高于纯纳米ZnO,而不同形貌的PANI/ZnO其光催化降解效率也不同,依次为球形>棒状>花形;PANI/ZnO(球形)的失水温度和分解温度与纯PANI相比分别提高了123.3℃和47.6℃。光催化动力学研究表明,以球形和棒状氧化锌为原料制备的PANI/ZnO复合材料符合一级动力学,PANI/ZnO(花形)复合物符合二级动力学。     

交联剂对HDPE/竹粉复合发泡材料性能的影响

以高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)为基体塑料,偶氮二甲酰胺与氧化锌复配物为发泡剂,过氧化二异丙苯(DCP)为交联剂,采用两步模压发泡法制备了HDPE/竹粉复合发泡材料,并研究了交联剂对复合材料密度和回弹性能、发泡性能、力学性能的影响。结果表明:当交联剂的添加质量分数为0.6%时,HDPE/竹粉复合发泡材料的密度达最小值,为0.054 g/cm~3;回弹率达最大值,为90.5%;当交联剂的添加质量分数为0.4%时,复合发泡材料的泡孔分布相对多而均匀,弯曲强度达最大值,为29.3 MPa,相比未发泡材料约低8.2%,冲击强度为6.8 k J/m~2,相比未发泡材料约低16%。     

Moulded polypropylene foams produced using chemical or physical blowing agents: structure–properties relationship

Polypropylene (PP) foams have become essential items due to their excellent properties. Nevertheless, obtaining net-shaped PP foams with medium relative densities is a complicated issue. In this article, two processes able to produce moulded PP foams in this density range are presented. One of them is based on a modification of the pressure quench foaming method and therefore uses a physical blowing agent (CO₂). The second one is the improved compression moulding technique which uses a chemical blowing agent (azodicarbonamide). PP foams with relative densities in the range between 0.25 and 0.6 and cylindrical shape were prepared using these foaming techniques. A common PP grade (instead a highly branched one) was used to obtain the samples, showing, that by combining the appropriate foaming technique, the adequate moulds, suitable blowing agent and proper foaming parameters, net-shaped PP foams with excellent properties can be produced starting from a conventional PP grade. Samples were characterized by analyzing their cellular structure and their mechanical properties. Results have showed that depending on the chosen foaming route isotropic or anisotropic structures with cell sizes ranging from 40 to 350 μm and open cell content in the range between 0 and 65% can be obtained. Moreover, mechanical properties are highly influenced by the production route and chemical composition of the foams. For instance, the stiffer materials at relative densities higher than 0.4 are the ones produced using the chemical blowing agent while at relative densities lower than 0.4 are the ones produced using the physical blowing agent.     

Development and characterization of flexible epoxy foam with reactive liquid rubber and starch

Flexible foams are prepared using carboxyl-terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber (CTBN), diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A epoxy resin and a chemical blowing agent. Central composite design experiments are conducted to investigate the influences of three independent variables, i.e., the ratio of CTBN to epoxy resin, the amounts of curing agent (dicyandiamide) and blowing agent (azodicarbonamide), on the foam performances. After that, epoxy foams are also characterized for mechanical properties to explore the effects of the aforesaid ratio, accelerator type, starch and foaming methods. SEM analysis is used to evaluate the changes in cell characterizations.     

镁合金表面TaC/TaC-Mg/Mg梯度涂层的 残余热应力分析

采用间歇式挤出发泡工艺制备淀粉/PVA复合发泡材料。在淀粉含量固定、甘油作为增塑剂的情况下,研究偶氮二甲酰胺（AC发泡剂）与聚乙烯醇（PVA）的含量对发泡材料的表观密度、发泡倍率、相对硬度、吸水性能、回弹性能以及压缩性能等的影响。结果表明：随着PVA含量的升高,复合材料的表观密度和压缩模量减小,回弹性能变好。PVA含量对吸水率影响不明显,吸水率稳定在20%左右。吸水至饱和状态后,相对硬度随着PVA含量的增加而不断增加。随AC发泡剂含量的升高,复合材料的表观密度减小,相对硬度降低,发泡倍率和回弹率增加,材料的泡孔孔径逐渐增大但是发泡孔径的均匀性变差。当PVA、AC发泡剂的添加质量分数分别为30%, 1%时,复合材料性能最优。     

Effect of flame retardants on mechanical properties,flammability and foamability of PP/wood–fiber composites

The mechanical properties, flame retardancy, thermal degradation and foaming properties of wood–fiber/PP composites have been investigated. Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and silica were used as flame retardants. The limiting oxygen index (LOI), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and cone colorimeter (CONE) were employed for the study of fire retardance. At the same time, wood–fiber/PP composite foams were produced with the batch foaming technique using CO₂ as blowing agent. The effects of APP and silica content, pressure and temperature on the final cell structure were investigated. According to LOI, TGA and cone calorimeter results obtained from the experiments, APP and silica are effective flame retardants for wood–fiber/PP composites, and silica was shown to have a flame retardant synergistic effect with APP in wood–fiber/PP composite. The mechanical properties of the composites decreased with addition of flame retardants, except for the tensile strength of small amount of silica filled wood–fiber/PP composite. The results also revealed that the cellular morphologies of the foamed wood–fiber/PP composites are a strong function of the content of APP and silica as well as foaming conditions.     

Fabrication and investigation of influence of CaCO3 as foaming agent on Al-SiCp foam

Closed cell aluminum foams have been used in various disciplines of engineering. Aluminum foams provide high strength with the advantage of low weight. In the current research, CaCO₃ is used as a foaming agent for producing closed-cell aluminum foams. For the fabrication of homogenous foam, optimization of process parameters was done. The effect of SiC as a thickening agent on structural property of foams viz. density and porosity have been inspected. Foams with density 0.40–0.86 g/cm³ were produced. The produced foams were studied under axial compression tests for evaluating mechanical properties. It can be inferred from the results that by adding 3 wt.% CaCO₃, the uniform viscosity of melt was achieved and a homogeneous foam structure is achieved with optimum porosity. Also, 5 wt.% addition of CaCO₃ in melt and stirring speed at 1400 rpm tend to increase porosity and decrease cell wall thickness. The optimum values for thickening agent SiC, foaming agent CaCO₃ at stirring speed 1400 rpm were found out to be 15 wt.%, 3 wt.%. The effect of relative density, the addition of thickening and foaming agent is studied.     

一步法制备聚氨酯/碳纳米管复合泡沫材料及其性能

采用球磨法将碳纳米管分散到聚醚三元醇中,以水为发泡剂,采用一步法原位聚合制备了聚氨酯(PU)/碳纳米管(CNTs)复合泡沫材料,研究了发泡剂水的添加量和碳纳米管的含量对复合材料密度和性能的影响.结果表明,随水添加量的增加,泡沫材料的密度、压缩模量、拉伸模量以及断裂伸长率呈下降的趋势;碳纳米管的加入大幅度提高了材料的压缩...     

Investigation and characterisation of aluminium alloy foams with TiH2 as a foaming agent

This article presents an account of experiments used to produce aluminium alloy foams by the melt route process using titanium hydride as a foaming agent. Powdered titanium hydride with content of 0.4–1.4% (mass fraction) was added to the molten pure aluminium and the foaming condition was controlled at 690°C (1274°F). In the process, homogeneous aluminium foams were produced with a calcium amount of 1.0–3.0% (mass fraction). The mechanical properties of the aluminium foams with diverse relative density were tested. The result indicates that the foaming agent is suitable for making small aperture aluminium foams with an average pore diameter of 1.2?mm.     

SiCP/ZL104泡沫复合材料的阻尼性能

对采用熔体直接发泡法制备的SiC_P /ZL104泡沫复合材料进行了阻尼性能和机理的分析。研究结果表明: 在孔径一定的条件下, SiC_P/ZL104泡沫复合材料室温下的阻尼性能表现为损耗因子随着孔隙率的增大呈非线性递增趋势, 且递增幅度越来越小; SiC_P/ZL104泡沫复合材料的阻尼性能好于相同孔隙率的泡沫铝、 SiC_P/ZL104复合材料和ZL104的阻尼性能; SiC_P/ZL104泡沫复合材料的损耗因子随着SiC_P含量的增加和SiC_P粒度的减小而增大。SiC_P/ZL104泡沫复合材料内部的气泡以及高密度位错对其阻尼性能的提高起主要作用。