无机纳滤膜的应用

无机纳滤膜具有良好的热稳定性和化学稳定性、机械强度高、易再生、抗微生物侵蚀等优点,已成为膜分离技术中一类引人瞩目的膜材料.文章介绍了无机纳滤膜的结构、组成和分离性能;综述了无机纳滤膜在水处理、食品、制药及化工领域的应用;并展望了无机纳滤膜的研究目标和发展前景.     

面向饮用水制备过程的纳滤膜分离技术

纳滤膜分离技术在饮用水制备方面具有独特的作用，是制备优质饮用水的有效方法．依据电荷效应，纳滤膜可以降低水质硬度，去除饮用水中对人体有害的硝酸盐、砷、氟化物和重金属等无机污染物；依据筛分效应，纳滤膜可以有效地去除农药残留物、三氯甲烷及其中问体、激素以及天然有机物等有机污染物．文章详细综述了国内外纳滤膜技术在饮用水制备中应用研究的最新进展，纳滤膜对地表水或地下水中存在的各种无机、有机污染物的分离特性及饮用水制备过程中的纳滤膜污染与防治对策．     

有机-无机杂化纳滤膜的制备研究进展

作为一种新型纳滤膜,有机-无机杂化纳滤膜结合了传统有机纳滤膜和无机纳滤膜的优点,具有良好的物化稳定性和优异的分离性能,引起了研究者的广泛关注。介绍了近年来有机-无机杂化纳滤膜的原料、制备方法及产品分离性能,展望了这种新型纳滤膜的应用前景。     

计算流体力学在纳滤膜分离技术研究中应用

介绍了计算流体力学(CFD)在膜分离过程模拟中的基本原理,探讨了CFD在膜隔网优化设计、纳滤膜污染机理研究、纳滤膜对无机离子截留等领域中的应用,并对CFD在纳滤膜分离技术研究中的应用前景进行了展望.     

面向软化水处理的纳滤膜分离技术

很多领域需要软化水而并非脱盐水.利用纳滤膜对二价离子(Ca2 ,Mg2 ,SO42-)高截留和对单价离子(K ,Na ,Cl-)的低截留特性,可实现软化而不是完全脱盐,以适应各种领域对软化水的要求.阐述了纳滤膜的软水原理、软水用纳滤膜的性能与选用原则;介绍了水质、操作压力及产水率对纳滤膜软水性能的影响以及纳滤膜在制取软化的饮用水、工业软化水以及海水淡化等方面的应用;通过与石灰软化和离子交换软化的比较,分析了纳滤膜软水法的经济性.指出纳滤膜软水法是一种先进的经济的水软化技术,可克服反渗透的高能耗以及石灰软化和离子交换软化产生的废渣和废水对环境的污染.因此纳滤膜软水法具有很强的竞争力,广泛采用纳滤技术制取各种用途的软化水具有十分广阔的前景.     

纳滤膜材质对高含盐体系中有机物截留性能的影响研究

为获得纳滤膜材质对高含盐体系中有机物截留性能的影响规律,采用截留分子量相近的有机纳滤膜和陶瓷纳滤膜对模拟高含盐体系中有机物的截留性能进行研究比较,考察运行时间、盐浓度、跨膜压差、有机物浓度等因素对截留效果的影响.结果表明,两种纳滤膜运行30 min后截留性能即可稳定;随着盐浓度的增加,膜的渗透通量和膜对有机物的截留率都下降,其中陶瓷纳滤膜对有机物的截留效果优于有机纳滤膜;有机物浓度和跨膜压差对两种膜的截留性能影响较小.因此,在高含盐体系中,截留分子量相近的陶瓷纳滤膜相比于有机纳滤膜,前者具有更大的通量和更高的有机物截留率.     

纳滤膜系统优化设计模式探讨

纳滤膜技术在水处理领域中的规模化应用正在受到广泛关注.而纳滤膜的筛选与膜系统的优化设计是应用过程中首要解决的关键问题之一.由于纳滤膜种类繁多、对溶质截留范围宽、分离机理复杂等多变因素决定了纳滤膜系统应该采用多元化的设计模式,而不是简单模拟反渗透膜系统.选择NF270芳香族聚酰胺材料纳滤膜为例,论述了不同类型的无机盐溶液在不同压力、流量、盐度、温度、pH值等条件下,浓差极化因子对商品化纳滤膜性能的影响;并与反渗透膜性能变化规律和系统设计进行对比,给出了此类纳滤膜在一定盐度进水条件下的合理化设计建议:1)设计压力与进水盐度无关;2)系统回收率与流程长度无关;3)盐的截留率只取决于系统收率.试图为纳滤膜选择及纳滤膜系统设计新模式提供理论依据,并为提出完整的纳滤膜系统设计新模式做出初步的探索.     

纳滤膜在高盐废水处理中的应用研究进展

高盐废水的处理是目前环境领域研究的重点和难点.纳滤膜可以高效截留水中有机污染物,具有较好的离子选择性,在高盐废水的处理和资源化中具有较好的应用前景.本文总结了近年来纳滤膜技术在高盐废水处理工艺中的应用进展,包括纳滤膜用于预处理、深度处理、组分分离和浓缩4个方面;讨论了纳滤膜处理高盐废水中的难点问题,包括纳滤分离的选择性...     

基于碳纳米管的纳滤膜研究进展

碳纳米管具有原子级光滑的内表面及纳米尺寸的孔道结构,应用于纳滤膜有望获得极高的输运速率和选择性.在综合分析几种典型碳纳米管纳滤膜(巴基纸纳滤膜、无序碳纳米管/聚合物混合滤膜和垂直排列碳纳米管复合滤膜)的制备、过滤性能及优缺点的基础上,提出垂直排列碳纳米管复合滤膜有利于充分发挥碳纳米管自身的优势,代表了该领域未来的发展方向.     

壳聚糖荷正电纳滤膜的研究进展

目前商业化的纳滤膜多为荷负电,然而在某些特定领域,荷负电膜因污染严重而不能胜任,因此荷正电纳滤膜的研究越来越受到关注和重视。壳聚糖是一种资源丰富、价格低廉的天然高分子化合物,具有良好的成膜性,并且壳聚糖分子链中具有大量氨基,它所形成的纳滤膜带有正电荷,如果能够利用这种材料制备荷正电纳滤膜,在工业上将具有重要意义。目前,壳聚糖荷正电纳滤膜得到了广泛研究。对复合法、界面聚合法、共混法、化学接枝法、等离子体法制备荷正电壳聚糖纳滤膜进行了综述。同时相关应用研究表明,壳聚糖荷正电纳滤膜可以用于单多价离子分离、海水淡化预处理、降低废水硬度等领域,应用前景广阔。最后对壳聚糖荷正电纳滤膜未来的发展趋势进行了展望,通过关键问题的突破,期待壳聚糖荷正电纳滤膜早日实现商业化。     

Polycrystalline Advanced Microporous Framework Membranes for Efficient Separation of Small Molecules and Ions

Advanced porous framework membranes with excellent selectivity and high permeability of small molecules and ions are highly desirable for many important industrial separation applications. There has been significant progress in the fabrication of polycrystalline microporous framework membranes (PMFMs) in recent years, such as metal–organic framework and covalent organic framework membranes. These membranes possess small pore sizes, which are comparable to the kinetic diameter of small molecules and ions on the angstrom scale, very low thickness, down to tens to hundreds of nanometers, highly oriented crystalline structures, hybrid membrane structures, and specific functional groups for enhancing membrane selectivity and permeability. Recent advances in the fabrication methods of advanced PMFMs are summarized. Following this, four emerging separation applications of these advanced microporous framework membranes, including gas separation, water desalination, ion separation, and chiral separation, are highlighted and discussed in detail. Finally, a summary and some perspectives of future developments and challenges in this exciting research field are presented.     

Free-standing graphene oxide-poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes self-assembled at liquid/air interface

Graphene-based composites are appealing as a new class of materials that hold great promise for many applications. In this paper, highly ordered, homogeneous graphene oxide-poly(vinyl alcohol) (GO-PVA) with different content of PVA membranes and reduced graphene oxide-poly(vinyl alcohol) (RGO-PVA) membrane at 75% loading of PVA in the presence of hydrazine hydrate solution are prepared by the self-assemble process at liquid/air interface. The as-prepared membranes were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy and four-probe resistance measurements. It was shown that the free-standing GO-PVA and RGO-PVA membranes are thickness controlled and area adjustable. The GO-PVA membranes have excellent transparent. The electrical conductivity of RGO-PVA membranes was up to 0.6 S/m by the chemical reduction of hydrazine hydrate. The membranes would be promising for practical applications in future nanotechnology.     

Graphynes for Water Desalination and Gas Separation

Selective transport of mass through membranes, so‐called separation, is fundamental to many industrial applications, e.g., water desalination and gas separation. Graphynes, graphene analogs yet containing intrinsic uniformly distributed pores, are excellent candidates for highly permeable and selective membranes owing to their extreme thinness and high porosity. Graphynes exhibit computationally determined separation performance far beyond experimentally measured values of commercial state‐of‐the‐art polyamide membranes; they also offer advantages over other atomically thin membranes like porous graphene in terms of controllability in pore geometry. Here, recent progress in proof‐of‐concept computational research into various graphynes for water desalination and gas separation is discussed, and their theoretically predicted outstanding permeability and selectivity are highlighted. Challenges associated with the future development of graphyne‐based membranes are further analyzed, concentrating on controlled synthesis of graphyne, maintenance of high structural stability to withstand loading pressures, as well asthe demand for accurate computational characterization of separation performance. Finally, possible directions are discussed to align future efforts in order to push graphynes and other 2D material membranes toward practical separation applications.     

聚酰亚胺基气体分离膜的改性方法及其最新进展

综述了近年来聚酰亚胺气体分离膜的主要改性方法和最新进展,其中重点介绍了交联和共混改性方法,并对聚酰亚胺气体分离膜材料今后发展方向进行了展望.     

超疏水表面的制备技术及其应用

就超疏水膜的制备技术及其应用的最新成果进行了概括.利用含氟材料极低的表面能,将掺杂技术、气相沉积、溶液凝胶、等离子刻蚀、等离子沉积、碳纳米管阵列排布等技术有机结合,可获得适宜的表面粗糙度和微观构造,能显著提高材料的超疏水性能.其独特超疏水的性质,在国防、工农业生产和日常生活中有着广泛的应用前景.     

表面光接枝技术及其在分离膜中的应用

与其它方法相比,膜分离因具有分离效率高、操作过程简单、能耗低、没有环境污染等特点而成为各个行业不可缺少的技术．随着科学技术的进步及分离膜应用范围的拓宽,对分离膜的性能要求越来越高;一些不单以分离为目的的膜技术的出现,则要求有与之相适应的功能性分离膜,所有这些问题都急需解决．将表面光接枝方法引入到分离膜技术中,改善传统膜的性能,制备新型功能性复合分离膜,已成为一个具有很大希望的领域．     

Polyetherurethaneurea reinforced poly(vinyl alcohol) dialysis membranes: studies on permeability and mechanical strength

Poly(vinyl alcohol) is a hydrogel which is extensively studied for a variety of biomedical applications. Membranes developed from crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) is having excellent permeability to solutes. However its wet breaking strength is low. Polyetherurethaneurea (PEUU), having an excellent mechanical strength is blended with PVA as a reinforcement, and membranes developed are studied for its permeability and mechanical strength. The optimum membrane selected, is having permeability and wet breaking strength almost equal to the commercially available cellulose acetate membrane.     

Superwetting nanowire membranes for selective absorption

The construction of nanoporous membranes is of great technological importance for various applications, including catalyst supports, filters for biomolecule purification, environmental remediation and seawater desalination. A major challenge is the scalable fabrication of membranes with the desirable combination of good thermal stability, high selectivity and excellent recyclability. Here we present a self-assembly method for constructing thermally stable, free-standing nanowire membranes that exhibit controlled wetting behaviour ranging from superhydrophilic to superhydrophobic. These membranes can selectively absorb oils up to 20 times the material's weight in preference to water, through a combination of superhydrophobicity and capillary action. Moreover, the nanowires that form the membrane structure can be re-suspended in solutions and subsequently re-form the original paper-like morphology over many cycles. Our results suggest an innovative material that should find practical applications in the removal of organics, particularly in the field of oil spill cleanup.     

Superhigh and Robust Ion Selectivity in Membranes Assembled with Monolayer Clay Nanosheets

It is crucial to control the ion transport in membranes for various technological applications such as energy storage and conversion. The emerging functional two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets such as graphene oxide and MXenes show great potential for constructing ordered nanochannels, but the assembled membranes suffer from low ion selectivity and stability. Here a class of robust charge-selective membranes with superhigh cation/anion selectivity, which are assembled with monolayer nanosheets of cationic/anionic clays that inherently have permanent and uniform charges on each layer is reported. The transport number of cations/anions of cationic vermiculite nanosheet membranes (VNMs)/anionic Co-Al layered double hydroxide (CoAl-LDH) nanosheet membranes is over 0.90 in different NaCl concentration gradients, outperforming all the reported ion-selective membranes. Importantly, this excellent ion selectivity can persist at high-concentration salt solutions, under acidic and alkaline conditions, and for a wide range of ions of different sizes and charges. By coupling a pair of cation-selective vermiculite membrane and anion-selective CoAl-LDH membrane, a reverse electrodialysis device which shows an output power density of 0.7 W m⁻² and energy conversion efficiency of 45.5% is constructed. This work provides a new strategy to rationally design high-performance ion-selective membranes by using 2D nanosheets with inherent surface charges for controllable ion-transport applications.     

改善生物医用高分子膜表面血液相容性的PC技术

为提供解决生物材料血液相容性的有效途径,介绍了起源于细胞膜模拟思想的磷酰胆碱(PC,phosphorylcholine)技术,以及用PC技术来改善生物医用高分子膜表面血液相容性的最新方法,包括属于物理方法的共混改性、表面涂层,属于化学方法的表面接枝、半贯穿聚合物网络.此外,还介绍了两种与PC技术并行的提高生物医用高分子膜血液相容性的方法.