热红外偏振成像的目标探测技术研究

当目标与背景辐射强度接近时,传统的热红外成像系统无法有效区分背景与目标.基于光的偏振信息的目标探测技术国外已进行大量研究,在国内也越来越受重视,但尚处于初步研究阶段.采用非制冷热红外焦平面阵列,搭建热红外偏振成像系统,对特定场景中的典型目标开展了偏振成像实验,对图像进行了配准并对偏振度图像和强度图进行了融合.结果表明:热红外偏振成像较传统热红外成像对目标的探测有明显优势；采用基于HSI的偏振信息融合算法能综合反应目标特征,有利于提高图像质量,有利于远距离目标的探测与识别.     

新型偏振特性因子及其传递关系的研究

偏振遥感图像通常可以采用强度、偏振度、偏振角或HIS柱形彩色空间表征目标偏振特性.本文通过建立光束在多层介质中传递的简单模型,找到一种新型偏振特性因子.此偏振特性因子所成图像是偏振度图像和偏振角图像信息复合的结果,其实质反映了偏振光束中的线偏振光的光强相对含量及它的偏振角方向.对伪装过的车牌进行偏振成像,实验表明此偏振特性因子可以用于特定环境下的伪装辨别.     

金属板热红外偏振的方向特性研究

热红外偏振探测有利于从背景中识别金属目标.通过分析热红外偏振探测方法,根据现有条件研制了一种热红外成像偏振探测仪.利用该系统,研究了金属板热红外偏振度和观测角之间的关系.实验中采用的金属板分别为铝质和钢质,表面都进行了抛光处理.实验结果表明,金属目标板热红外偏振度和其自身的热辐射亮温值没有直接的关系.在观测角大于20°时,随着观测角度的增大,金属目标板热红外偏振度的数值也增大.但在观测角小于20°时测量,金属目标板热红外偏振度和观测角之间的关系并不遵循上述原则.     

基于偏振图像融合的长波红外人脸图像增强技术

针对非制冷型长波红外相机人脸成像模糊的缺点,提出一种基于偏振的红外图像增强方法,该方法在支持度变换基础上有效地将人脸红外偏振信息和红外强度信息相融合.搭建分时偏振成像系统获取红外偏振图像,求解得到红外强度和红外偏振度图像;对它们使用支持度变换方法进行多尺度分解后,采取相应的融合规则进行融合得到最终融合增强图像.实验结果从主观人眼评价和客观参数评价两方面表明,增强图像拥有比红外图像更加丰富的人脸轮廓信息.     

一种基于人眼视觉特性的偏振图像融合方法

根据偏振参量图像之间存在的信息冗余性和互补性,提出了一种基于人眼视觉特性的偏振图像融合方法.该方法首先对线偏振度图像和偏振角图像进行基于能量特征的融合,得到偏振特征图像;然后,利用五株采样提升小波变换实现偏振特征图像和合成强度图像的融合;最后,根据人眼对局部对比度敏感的特点,采用偏振度图像对融合结果进行对比度增强处理.实验结果表明,融合后的图像不仅突出了场景的偏振信息,而且包含了丰富的强度信息,目标与背景的对比度也得到了显著增强.     

基于各向异性二维Ge Se的无偏振器偏振图像传感器

偏振是光的一个重要信息,偏振探测可以把信息量从三维(光强、光谱和空间)扩充到七维(光强、光谱、空间、偏振度、光偏振等),为成像物体提供关键的视觉信息(如表面粗糙度、几何形状或方向),因此偏振成像技术在目标检测等领域有着巨大的潜力.然而这些领域往往需要复杂的偏振编码,现有的复杂透镜系统和偏振器限制了集成成像传感器的小型化能力.本文通过二维各向异性α-Ge Se半导体,成功实现了无偏振器的偏振敏感可见-近红外光电探测器/成像仪.作为传感器系统的关键部件,该原型Au/GeSe/Au光电探测器具有灵敏度高、光谱响应宽、响应速度快(~10³A W^-1, 400–1050 nm, 22.7/49.5μs)等优点.此外,该器件在690–1050 nm光谱范围内表现出独特的偏振灵敏度,并且对沿y方向的偏振光吸收最强,这一点通过分析α-Ge Se的光跃迁行为也得到了证实.最后,将2D-Ge Se器件应用到成像系统中进行偏振成像,在808 nm近红外波段处,在不同的偏振方向上,辐射目标的对比度为3.45.这种成像仪在没有偏振器的情况下,能够在场景中感知双频偏振信号,为偏振成像传感器阵列的广泛应用奠定了基础.     

基于AOTF的高光谱偏振成像系统设计

为获得目标和场景的偏振信息,提高目标识别和地物探测的准确度,设计了基于液晶相位可变延迟器(LCVR)和声光可调滤波器(AOTF)的高光谱偏振成像探测系统。首先介绍了偏振成像探测的原理,然后给出了探测系统的结构,并对其光学系统的各元件进行了合理的参数分配,最后利用编制的信息处理软件对系统采集的高光谱偏振图像进行了处理,处理结果能够反映出目标的光谱特性和偏振特性,对于复杂背景下的目标探测与识别具有重要的应用价值。     

基于边缘信息的偏振图像融合算法及评价

偏振遥感图像通常都采用强度、偏振度、偏振角来表征目标偏振特性.本文提出的基于边缘信息的偏振图像融合算法是将三幅偏振图像利用离散小波变换把图像分解成不同尺度的低频和高频部分,采用小波区域窗口和子区域窗口统计把小波系数分类成边缘和非边缘系数,通过这些方法进行有效的边缘细节信息提取.在融合处理中,低频图像的小波系数平均值作为融合后的低频系数,高频细节系数根据不同区域特征选择方法以及对应输入图像小波系数的窗口区域方差来确定融合后高频小波系数.仿真实验结果表明,这样使得融合后的图像细节更真实更丰富,图像的偏振特性体现更为充分,同时减少对源图像的预处理要求,使图像在整体上有较好的视觉效果.从而证明这种方法能够在保留图像微小细节方面获得满意的结果,且算法有效性优于其他的图像融合方法.     

一种基于声呐信息融合的水下图像增强方法

由于光在水中传输时的衰减和散射效应,使得光学成像细节丢失、对比度下降以及颜色偏移失真,导致水下图像雾化。因此在光线条件较为恶劣情况下,水下高性能相机对目标的有效捕捉范围较小,水下光学成像系统通常很难达到令人满意的成像效果。而声呐利用声波在水中传播衰减较小的特点可以进行更远距离的探测。因此,当水下目标距离光学探测设备较远而不能进行准确光学成像来捕捉目标时,可利用声呐采集得到的信息与光学图像进行融合,实现图像增强,提高成像效果。文章提出了一种基于声呐信息融合的水下图像增强方法,首先对水下光学图像分两步进行预处理,即基于暗通道先验模型的去雾增强和自适应图像增强,再使用声呐信息对水下图像进行局部增强,明显提高水下环境中所要探测目标的对比度与可识别度。     

空间目标的光学偏振特性研究

偏振特性是光与物质相互作用所表现的重要特性之一,与物质的性质密切相关.空间目标偏振特性可能会因为特定空间目标组成材料和空间目标轨道不同而存在差异,因此为空间目标的探测和识别提供了科学依据.本文通过空间目标材料以及典型空间目标模型的多角度偏振成像特性试验测量,分析了空间目标偏振特性及其变化机理.结果表明,空间目标表面材料的偏振特性对于目标的识别具有很重要的作用,太阳能电池板的姿态对卫星的偏振特性影响尤为明显.本文研究可以为空间目标光学偏振探测与识别提供应用基础研究支持.     

Polarimetric imaging method for target enhancement in haze based on polarimetric retrieval

Polarimetric imaging has been proven to be an effective way in detecting the targets of interest in complicated surroundings by analyzing the polarization property, instead of the intensity, of the light emanating from the objects. Unfortunately, polarimetric imaging encounters difficulty when the surroundings are very scattered, where on the one hand the polarization property of the object light usually becomes very faint after a strong depolarized scattering process; on the other hand, the object light will be blended with the atmospheric light scattered by haze particles (airlight). In this paper, we propose a polarimetric imaging retrieval method that can be used for such challenging conditions. Firstly, the airlight radiance is estimated precisely. Then, the airlight is removed from the hazy images. Finally, the residual polarization property of the object light is regained, which ensures the validity of the polarimetric imaging method in these conditions. The experiments confirm that the proposed method is useful in enhancing polarimetric imaging detection in haze.     

Target detection with a liquid-crystal-based passive Stokes polarimeter

We present an imaging system that measures the polarimetric state of the light coming from each point of a scene. This system, which determines the four components of the Stokes vector at each spatial location, is based on a liquid-crystal polarization modulator, which makes it possible to acquire four-dimensional Stokes parameter images at a standard video rate. We show that using such polarimetric images instead of simple intensity images can improve target detection and segmentation performance.     

Adaptive target detection with a polarization-sensitive optical system

We developed an adaptive polarimetric target detector (APTD) to determine the optimum combination strategy for a multichannel polarization-sensitive optical system. The proposed algorithm is based on scene-derived polarization properties of the target and background, and it seeks to find an optimum multichannel combination of linear polarizing filters that maximizes the signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR) in intensity and Stokes parameter images. The algorithm is validated by performing RX anomaly detection and a generalized likelihood ratio test on both synthetic and real imagery. The experimental results are analyzed through calculated SCR and receiver operating characteristic curves. Compared with several conventional operation methods, we find that better target detection performance is achieved with the APTD algorithm.     

Multifusion Multispectral Lightwave Polarimetric Detection Principles and Systems

The objective of this paper is to present novel detection principles based on all active multispectral polarimetric subtraction imaging principles of targets embedded in scattering media. The novelty of this contribution consists in the formation of multispectral Stokes' parameter image differences, degree of linear polarization image differences, and Mueller-matrix image differences. As a result, high-contrast high-specificity images can be obtained by removing the background from the target. Further contrast enhancement of the target with light beam steering capabilities can be obtained by doping the background surrounding the target or the target itself with high-index-of-refraction polar molecules/nanoparticles. The presented optical principles can be successfully applied to a variety of applications, such as cancer detection and treatment, molecular imaging, and development of photonics and nanophotonic devices, for a widespread group of applications, such as defense and advanced medical diagnostic and analytical devices     

When is polarimetric imaging preferable to intensity imaging for target detection?

We consider target detection in images perturbed with additive noise. We determine the conditions in which polarimetric imaging, which consists of analyzing of the polarization of the light scattered by the scene before forming the image, yields better performance than classical intensity imaging. These results give important information to assess the interest of polarimetric imaging in a given application.     

Statistical algorithms for target detection in coherent active polarimetric images.

We address the problem of small-target detection with a polarimetric imager that provides orthogonal state contrast images. Such active systems allow one to measure the degree of polarization of the light backscattered by purely depolarizing isotropic materials. To be independent of the spatial nonuniformities of the illumination beam, small-target detection on the orthogonal state contrast image must be performed without using the image of backscattered intensity. We thus propose and develop a simple and efficient target detection algorithm based on a nonlinear pointwise transformation of the orthogonal state contrast image followed by a maximum-likelihood algorithm optimal for additive Gaussian perturbations. We demonstrate the efficiency of this suboptimal technique in comparison with the optimal one, which, however, assumes a priori knowledge about the scene that is not available in practice. We illustrate the performance of this approach on both simulated and real polarimetric images.     

Increased Visibility of Targets Submerged in Scattering Opaque Media and Polarimetric Techniques

The novelty of this paper is indicated by a series of experimental measurements aimed at enhancing the detectability of targets immersed in scattered solutions. The experimental results clearly show that polarimetric images of superior quality can be obtained by doping the background surrounding the target with polar or high-dielectric molecules, yielding an enhanced contrast and specificity of the target. In addition, it is observed that degree of linear polarization (DOLP) images exhibit superior image characteristics with respect to total intensity $(S_{0})$ images with the increase in the concentration of the optical scattering agents.      

Clustering of polarization-encoded images

Polarization-encoded imaging consists of the distributed measurements of polarization parameters for each pixel of an image. We address clustering of multidimensional polarization-encoded images. The spatial coherence of polarization information is considered. Two methods of analysis are proposed: polarization contrast enhancement and a more-sophisticated image-processing algorithm based on a Markovian model. The proposed algorithms are applied and validated with two different Mueller images acquired by a fully polarimetric imaging system.     

Effects of turbid media optical properties on object visibility in subsurface polarization imaging

We studied the effectiveness of using polarized illumination and detection to enhance the visibility of targets buried in highly scattering media. The effects of background optical properties including scattering coefficient, absorption coefficient, and anisotropy on image visibility were examined. Both linearly and circularly polarized light were used in the imaging. Three different types of target were investigated: scattering, absorption, and reflection. The experimental results indicate that target visibility improvement achieved by a specific polarization method depends on both the background optical properties and the target type. By analyzing all polarization images, it is possible to reveal certain information about target or the scattering background.