等离子弧焊接熔池和小孔形成过程数值分析

目的 研究等离子弧焊接穿孔过程中熔池内部的金属流动情况和小孔动态变化过程。方法 通过“传热-熔池流动-小孔”之间的相互耦合关系,建立了等离子弧焊接穿孔过程的数值分析模型,通过VOF方法追踪了小孔界面,采用FLOW-3D软件模拟了等离子弧焊接熔池和小孔的形成过程,定量计算了等离子弧焊接温度场、熔池流场及小孔形状;分析了等离子弧焊接熔池和小孔行为;并通过等离子弧焊接实验数据验证了模拟结果。结果 当焊接时间为0~1.0 s时,小孔深度曲线与熔深曲线几乎相同,小孔底部紧贴熔池底部;在2.8 s以后,小孔深度曲线与熔深曲线有一定距离,小孔深度曲线在一定范围内波动,等离子弧焊接电弧挖掘作用到达极限,电弧压力与其他力达到平衡状态。模拟的焊缝熔深为8.04 mm、熔宽为13.20 mm,实验测得的焊缝熔深为8.00 mm、熔宽为13.42 mm。结论 构建的随小孔动态变化的曲面热源模型和电弧压力模型可以描述等离子弧焊接过程中的电弧热-力分布;模拟出了等离子弧焊接熔池和小孔动态演变过程;模拟得到的等离子弧焊接焊缝形貌与实验测得的焊缝形貌基本吻合。     

基于BP神经网络薄板P-PAW搭接的间隙自适应工艺参数优化

对大型LNG燃料薄膜舱中1.2 mm厚SUS304L不锈钢板薄板的搭接焊,存在的搭接间隙会带来焊缝成形不良等严重影响船舱安全性的问题。本文通过激光传感器检测搭接间隙变化,设计了不同的峰值电流和焊接速度在不同间隙下的工艺实验,研究了间隙对焊缝成形质量的影响机制;基于BP神经网络建立不同间隙下的脉冲等离子弧焊(P-PAW)的工艺参数和间隙及焊缝成形尺寸之间的拓扑关系模型,通过工艺实验获取模型的训练样本,实现了基于BP神经网络的间隙自适应工艺参数优化系统。结果表明,该系统实现了不同搭接间隙下进行实时工艺参数优化的功能,并对搭接间隙在0～0.6 mm变化时所带来的空洞等缺陷起到了有效的抑制作用,实现了良好的焊接成形一致性控制,提高了在LNG薄膜舱中不锈钢板焊接的自适应能力。     

TC4钛合金焊接工艺研究

对TCA钛合金进行A—TIG焊和TIG焊,分析不同的焊接方法和焊接工艺参数对焊后钛合金熔深、熔宽和焊缝熔池区域显微组织的影响,运用了光学显微镜等,对A—TIG焊接头的力学性能、显微组织进行了分析研究。试验结果表明,和常规TIG焊相比,在相同的焊接参数下,A—TIG焊能够有效减小熔宽,显著增加熔深;A—TIG焊能够有效减少焊缝气孔数量;对于TCA钛合金的焊接,A—T1G焊比常规TIG焊具有较明显优势。     

焊管CO2气体保护焊单面焊双面成形焊接工艺

焊管的单面焊双面成形焊接工艺是在接缝间隙处依靠控制熔池金属的操作技术来实现单面焊接,正、反双面成形。焊接时随着电弧热源的稳定,液态金属熔池沿前线熔化,沿后端线结晶,高温液态熔池处于悬空状态。选用100％C02气体保护焊,熔深好,焊缝成形美观,便于单面焊双面成形。焊管的单面焊双面成形焊接工艺焊缝质量好、焊接速度快、节省了焊接材料而且焊缝内部的质量容易达到探伤质量的求。     

CO气体保护焊单面焊双面成形工艺与应用

引言 焊管的单面焊双面成形焊接工艺是在接缝间隙处依靠控制熔池金属的操作技术来实现单面焊接,正、反双面成形。焊接时随着电弧热源的稳定,液态金属熔池沿前线熔化,沿后端线结晶,高温液态熔池处于悬空状态。选用100％CO2气体保护焊,熔深好,焊缝成形美观,便于单面焊双面成形。焊管的单面焊双面成形焊接工艺焊缝质量好、焊接速度快、节省了焊接材料而且焊缝内部的质量容易达到探伤质量的要求。     

CO2气体保护焊短路过渡控制技术的研究现状与展望

CO2气体保护焊因成本低、生产率高等特点,广泛应用于制造业。随着制造业节能减排的需求日益增加及汽车轻量化概念的推广,制造业对薄板焊接的要求不断提高,传统的焊接方式已不能满足其要求。CO2短路过渡焊相对于传统的焊接方式(钨极氩弧焊、熔化极氩弧焊、激光焊等),具有高热稳定性、低热输入、低熔深等特点,但其焊接飞溅大、焊缝成形差,从而限制了其广泛应用。CO2短路过渡焊接过程是由燃弧阶段与短路阶段组成的复杂的非线性时变系统,熔滴过渡过程决定了焊接过程的稳定性与焊缝成形的优劣。燃弧阶段熔滴在电磁收缩力、表面张力、等离子流力、金属蒸发反作用力等多种力的共同作用下长大并与熔池接触短路,同时形成稳定液桥。短路阶段,液桥在表面张力、电磁收缩力和粘滞力的作用下形成缩颈并断开。燃弧阶段的熔滴尺寸、振荡特性,短路阶段熔池的振荡特性、峰值电流都对熔滴过渡稳定性有十分重要的影响。针对短路过渡焊飞溅产生机制的研究表明,熔滴、熔池的氧化还原反应、短路前期产生的瞬时短路和短路末期液桥电爆炸是导致焊接过程不稳定及产生飞溅的主要因素。国内外众多焊接研究者针对CO2短路过渡焊熔滴过渡过程及控制技术进行了大量的研究与探索,研究工作主要分为四个方向:焊接材料成分的优化,基于焊接电源输出电信号的熔滴过渡建模及控制,基于视觉传感技术的熔滴过渡控制和基于磁控技术的CO2短路过渡焊接技术。活性焊丝和药性焊丝的推广可有效降低焊接飞溅;波控技术及衍生的CMT技术在使用小电流参数焊接时取得了优异的焊接效果;中、小电流参数条件下,磁控焊接技术可有效解决焊接飞溅和成形差问题。本文从焊丝、电源、外加磁场形式和工艺四个方面综述了国内外CO2气体保护焊短路过渡控制技术的研究现状,首先分析了CO2短路过渡焊焊接飞溅的产生机理,其次介绍了典型的CO2气体保护焊短路过渡控制技术的原理、特点和局限性,分析了不同短路过渡控制技术的特点,最后阐述了目前短路过渡控制技术在研究和应用过程中存在的问题及解决办法,并对该领域下一步发展趋势进行了展望。     

焊接参数对TC4薄板焊接过程的影响

目的 揭示焊接参数对TC4薄板焊接过程中温度场、位移场及应力场的影响规律。方法 基于有限元(FEM)模拟方法,运用Fortran语言对焊接热源及焊接参数进行定义,以模拟不同焊接参数下TC4薄板的TIG对接焊过程。结果 在稳弧阶段,温度场为一组以焊接方向为长轴的椭圆,且存在温度梯度,随着焊接速度的增大,温度场峰值、温度场温度梯度、熔池宽度和熔池体积逐渐减小,而焊接效率和焊接电流对温度场的影响与焊接速度刚好相反;随着焊接速度的增大,薄板最大变形量逐渐减小,焊接角变形及挠度变形逐渐得到改善,而焊接效率和焊接电流对位移场的影响与焊接速度刚好相反。在稳弧阶段,焊缝位置的残余应力为拉应力,两侧为压应力,随着焊接速度和焊接电流的增大,纵向残余拉应力逐渐增大,焊缝处高应力集中区的宽度逐渐减小,而焊接效率对应力场的影响与焊接速度刚好相反。在高焊接速度、中等焊接效率、低焊接电流参数条件下,可获得熔池体积小及熔池宽度窄的焊缝,有利于减小焊后残余应力与变形。结论 上述研究结果可为TC4薄板的焊接过程提供一定的理论指导。     

铝合金方波交流等离子弧立焊穿孔熔池动态稳定性研究

采用工频方波交流电源和相应自制设备研究了焊接工艺参数对穿孔熔池动态稳定性的影响规律。结果表明:间隙对穿孔熔池动态稳定存在影响较大。焊接电流一定范围内变化对穿孔熔池动态稳定性影响较小。虽然离子气流量的变化对穿孔熔池的孔径影响较小,但对熔池金属的流动性和焊缝成形影响较大。正确送丝可提高穿孔熔池动态稳定性。上述规律为铝台金方波交流等离子弧立焊过程焊接质量控制提供了依据。     

Alloy 20不锈钢薄板等离子弧焊接工艺研究

对Alloy 20不锈钢薄板进行了等离子弧焊接工艺试验研究。结果表明,采用等离子弧焊接方法、ERCr Ni Mo-3焊材及合理的焊接工艺参数,等离子弧焊接工艺可用于Alloy 20不锈钢薄板的焊接,焊接接头各项性能均能满足要求。     

焊剂片约束电弧焊接三明治板熔滴过渡与熔池波动研究

针对焊剂片约束电弧(FBCA)焊接高强钢三明治板熔池研究难点,采用侧边贴敷耐高温石英玻璃片方法,采集焊接动态过程信息,实现熔池边缘曲线的提取与特征参数的计算,研究不同参数下熔滴过渡模式及熔池边缘曲线波动情况,分析熔池振荡角与焊接稳定性及焊缝成形之间的关系。结果表明：不同参数下FBCA焊接存在短路过渡、粗滴过渡、排斥过渡、细滴过渡、射滴过渡、弧桥并存过渡六种过渡方式,对芯板内熔池边缘波动的影响依次减弱;随着熔池振荡角变化,熔池边缘曲线形状存在混合U形、深U形及浅U形,电弧燃烧稳定性依次增强;当焊接处于弧桥并存过渡模式、熔池边缘曲线为浅U形时,电弧稳定燃烧,电弧力作用均匀,焊接过程稳定,焊缝质量最好。     

Numerical simulation of fluid flow and temperature field in keyhole double‐sided arc welding process on stainless steel

Double‐sided arc welding process powered by a single supply is a type of novel high‐production process. In comparison with the conventional single‐sided arc welding, this process has remarkable advantages in enhancing penetration, minimizing distortion and improving welding production. In this paper, a three‐dimensional steady numerical model is developed for the heat transfer and fluid flow in plasma arc (PA)–gas tungsten arc (GTA) double‐sided keyhole welding process. The model considers the surface tension gradient, electromagnetic force and buoyancy force. A CCD camera is used to observe the size and shape of the keyhole and weld pool. The acquired images are analysed through image processing to obtain the surface diameters of the keyhole on the two sides. A double‐V‐shaped keyhole geometry is then proposed and its characteristic parameters are derived from the images and cross‐section of weld bead. In the numerical model, the keyhole cavum within the weld pool is treated as a whole quality, whose temperature is fixed at the boiling point of the workpiece material. The heat exchange between the keyhole and weld pool is treated as an interior boundary of the workpiece. Based on the numerical model, the distributions of the fluid flow and temperature field are calculated. A comparison of cross‐section of the weld bead with the experimental result shows that the numerical model's accuracy is reasonable. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

粉煤灰复合活性剂在A-TIG焊中增加熔深的机理研究

为实现对工业废弃物粉煤灰的剩余价值利用,尝试以粉煤灰作为主要原料制备焊接复合活性剂,并在AZ91镁合金板上进行A-TIG焊.利用焊缝的电特性实时采集、焊接温度场采集、电弧力测试等手段研究活性剂对电弧影响,通过熔池Bi粒子示踪实验探究活性剂对表面张力温度梯度影响.结果 表明:与常规TIG焊相比,粉煤灰复合活性剂可以使焊缝熔深增深1.4倍,熔宽减小,深宽比是常规TIG焊的1.43倍.粉煤灰复合活性剂中氟化物的解离和电离吸热过程、带电粒子的电子扩散和复合过程可以促进电弧收缩,使焊接电压升高,热输入量提高.而活性剂中的氧化物既可以通过对电弧的机械压缩作用强迫电弧收缩,又可以通过电离产生的氧元素实现对熔池液态金属表面张力温度梯度系数的改变,提高熔池中心热输入.A-TIG焊AZ91镁合金熔深增加是电弧收缩理论和表面张力温度梯度改变理论共同作用的结果.     

Numerical simulation of variable polarity vertical-up plasma arc welding process

Three-dimensional transient governing equations were developed based on conservation laws of energy, momentum and mass. These equations described physical phenomena of convection in weld pool and heat transfer in workpiece during variable polarity vertical-up plasma arc welding process. Boundary conditions for the developed governing equations were given. Welding energy input for variable polarity vertical-up plasma arc welding process was quantitatively expressed. Free surface deformation of the keyhole molten pool was coupled into calculation. Effect of wire filling on the geometry of molten pool and weld reinforcement was considered in the simulation. Correlations of temperature and thermophysical properties for aluminum alloy 2219 were quantitatively established. A control volume based finite difference method was used to solve the discrete governing equations. Moreover, dynamic evolutions of geometrical profile, dimension and fluid flow for the molten pool and keyhole were simulated through the developed computational routines, which achieved transient solution of fluid flow field coupling with thermophysical properties, temperature field and weld pool free surface deformation. Besides, the effect of the workpiece thickness on the moments of keyhole formation and stable keyhole establishment was analyzed, and thermal cycles for the main welding stage were calculated. In addition, experiments via variable polarity vertical-up plasma arc welding technique were conducted, and the established models were experimentally verified through weld cross-section profiles.     

粉末熔池耦合活性TIG焊接方法

提出了一种新型活性焊接方法——粉末熔池耦合活性TIG焊(Powder pool coupled activating TIG welding,PPCATIG)。该方法采用双层气体进行焊接,内层利用惰性气体保护钨极,外层通过自动送粉装置将活性剂粉末随保护气体送入电弧-熔池区域,增加熔深,提高焊接效率,实现机械化自动化焊接。针对SUS304不锈钢进行了直流正接PPCA-TIG表面熔深,通过与传统TIG焊对比,研究了SiO_2活性剂对电弧形态、焊缝成形、组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:SiO_2能使电弧等离子体收缩、熔池金属流态改变,并且焊缝熔深能达到传统TIG焊的3倍以上,焊接效率明显提高。焊缝组织主要为奥氏体和铁素体,铁素体形态以骨架状为主。焊缝抗拉强度略低于母材,但相比传统TIG焊,焊缝屈服强度略有提高,其焊缝低温冲击韧性达到了传统TIG焊的96.8%,表现出了良好的力学性能。同时,采用该方法可有效避免活性剂粉末对钨极的污染。     

变极性等离子弧穿孔熔池受力及焊缝成形稳定性

通过YB005-01型压力变送器测定相同参数条件下正极性等离子电弧力大于反极性等离子电弧力,并建立了铝合金VPPA焊接穿孔熔池受力模型,分析了在不对称正、反极性等离子电弧力的作用下,穿孔溶池稳定性及其焊缝成形机理.同时进一步分析铝合金VPPA力学特性,掌握了焊接电流和离子气流量等重要焊接参数对其影响.经穿孔焊工艺实验,...     

Modelling of arc welding: The importance of including the arc plasma in the computational domain

We present results of computational simulations of tungsten-inert-gas and metal-inert-gas welding. The arc plasma and the electrodes (including the molten weld pool when necessary) are included self-consistently in the computational domain. It is shown, using three examples, that it would be impossible to accurately estimate the boundary conditions on the weld-pool surface without including the arc plasma in the computational domain. First, we show that the shielding gas composition strongly affects the properties of the arc that influence the weld pool: heat flux density, current density, shear stress and arc pressure at the weld-pool surface. Demixing is found to be important in some cases. Second, the vaporization of the weld-pool metal and the diffusion of the metal vapour into the arc plasma are found to decrease the heat flux density and current density to the weld pool. Finally, we show that the shape of the wire electrode in metal-inert-gas welding has a strong influence on flow velocities in the arc and the pressure and shear stress at the weld-pool surface. In each case, we present evidence that the geometry and depth of the weld pool depend strongly on the properties of the arc.     

Optimization of Plasma Arc Welding Parameters by Using the Taguchi Method with the Grey Relational Analysis

The optimal parameters process of plasma arc welding (PAW) by the Taguchi method with Grey relational analysis is studied. The Grey relational grade is used to find optimal PAW parameters with multiple response performance characteristics. The welding parameters (welding current, welding speed, plasma gas flow rate, and torch stand-off) are optimized with consideration of the multiple response performance characteristics (the penetration of root, the weld groove width, and the weld pool undercut). As a result, the improvement percentage of the Grey relational grade with the multiple performance characteristics is 31.8%. It is shown that the multiple response performance characteristics are greatly improved through this study.     

Numerical Analysis of Two-Way Interaction between Weld-Pool and Arc for GTA Welding Process

［1］H.G.Fan, S.J.Na and Y.W.Shi: J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 1997, 30, 94. ［2］Y.P.Lei and Y.W.Shi: Numerical Heat Transfer B,1994, 26, 455. ［3］R.T.C.Choo, J.Szekely and R.C.Westhoff: Metall. Trans. B, 1992, 23B, 357.