《基于谱元法的梁结构中Lamb波传播特性研究》

把谱元法应用于结构中弹性波的传播的模拟,建立基于二维谱元法的梁结构模型,提出模拟结构裂纹损伤的节点分离法;研究无损伤和含有损伤的铝合金梁结构中Lamb波的传播规律,通过和理论解对比,验证谱元法模拟结构中Lamb波传播的有效性;研究不同程度损伤对响应信号的影响,探讨了梁结构损伤识别方法。结果对基于Lamb波的结构损伤识别方法的研究具有借鉴意义。     

模态声发射在结构材料缺陷定位中的研究

针对在役结构材料中间时存在静态和动态缺陷时难于进行缺陷平面定位的问题，利用声发射技术实时记录声发射波形时域信号的特点，结合薄板中Lamb波的频散特性和Gabor小波时频分析方法，研究并提出了一种新的实用定位方法。该方法通过先后采用三角形和椭圆平面定位方法可分别反演动态缺陷、静态缺陷的位置，并利用低频时频散不明显的对称模态波速和同一时域信号的相对时差来避免波速变化与各传感器间灵敏度差异和门槛值不同对椭圆定位精度的影响。经过实验研究证明，应用这种方法反演得到的缺陷位置和实际缺陷位置一致。     

Lamb波结构损伤检测温度补偿方法仿真与实验研究

基于主动Lamb波的结构健康监测和损伤检测是目前研究的热点之一。由于环境温度的改变使得结构的材料性能发生变化，从而导致导波在结构中的传播也发生变化。因此对于需要利用完整结构的基准状态信号对比当前信号来判定结构损伤存在与否的Lamb波线性损伤检测方法来说，波动传播温度影响的补偿就显得尤为重要。本文基于压电激励Lamb波传播过程分析研究了信号扩展时域温度补偿方法，分别进行了不同温度下Lamb波传播与损伤检测的有限元数值仿真和实验，利用基准信号选择和基准信号扩展的温度补偿方法处理波动响应信号。仿真和实验结果表明了温度补偿方法的有效性，得到了基准信号集中最大温度间隔要求，能够有效识别环境温度变化下的结构损伤。     

基于谱元法的裂Lamb纹梁波传播特性研究

首次提出用一种无质量弹簧元来模拟含横向裂纹梁的轴弯耦合效应,并结合谱元法分析含裂纹梁内Lamb波的传播特性.由卡氏定理和断裂力学方法推导弹簧元的刚度,以此构建裂纹处的平衡条件和位移协调条件,建立损伤谱元模型.通过和传统的有限元模型进行比较,表明在显著提高计算效率的同时,所提出模型在分析结构固有特性和Lamb波传播特性上都具有较高的精度.在所提出模型的基础上又推导出基于谱元法的能量计算公式,通过裂纹处的能量守恒再次验证损伤模型的正确性和有效性,同时研究结果表明裂纹处转化生成的Lamb 波各模态能量随裂纹深度的变化具有单调性,该结论可以为结构健康监测中定量识别裂纹提供实用依据.     

基于Bayesian理论的无参考信号主动Lamb波损伤定位方法

目前主动Lamb波损伤检测方法大都基于健康状态下的参考信号以获取损伤散射信号,并采用确定性的方法进行损伤定位,在适用性方面受到较大影响。基于Lamb波的时间反转聚焦原理,考虑损伤定位过程中的不确定性因素,发展了一种基于Bayesian理论的无参考信号主动Lamb波损伤定位方法。根据时反聚焦信号中主、旁瓣波包峰值的相对时刻,提取各测量通道损伤散射信号传播时间与直达波传播的时间之差作为样本,并基于Bayesian理论,获得损伤位置、波速等未知参数的联合后验概率分布,再利用马尔科夫链蒙特卡洛(MCMC)方法在后验分布中对未知参数进行采样估计,得到马尔科夫链的极限分布即未知参数的后验分布。通过对一铝质矩形薄板的数值仿真和模型实验研究结果表明,该方法能够较为准确地识别出损伤位置、波传播速度及其不确定性。     

基于数据驱动的大体积结构裂缝深度反演EI北大核心CSCD

裂缝是混凝土结构的主要病害,查明裂缝的深度能够为结构的耐久性和安全性评价提供可靠的信息,但同时也是混凝土结构检测的难点之一。提出了一种基于数据驱动的学习算法,通过考察波经过带缝结构传播的信号预测裂缝深度,采用扩展有限元法(Extended finite element methods,XFEM)和边界吸收层模型模拟了带缝大体积混凝土结构中的波传播过程,将接收点的观测信号和裂缝信息配对。基于人工神经网络的机器学习模型建立了基于XFEM数据集的裂缝深度预测模型。对于含未知裂缝信息的混凝土结构,通过测得的观测点信号,利用建立的机器学习模型实现裂缝深度的实时预测。通过2个数值算例验证了该算法的性能,结果表明所提出的数据驱动算法能够准确预测裂缝深度。     

基于频率-波数分析的激光Lamb波传播特性试验研究

Lamb波的频散和多模态特性,使得利用Lamb波信号的时域或频域特征实现缺陷的定量检测具有一定的困难。提出了一种在频率-波数内分析激光Lamb波传播特性的方法。基于全光学型激光超声检测系统,脉冲激光在固定位置激励,连续激光一维线扫描接收,获得时间-空间波场信号,可直观地显示激光Lamb波信号的传播特性以及激光Lamb波与缺陷之间的作用规律。采用二维傅里叶变换将波场信号从时间-空间域转换到频率-波数域,可有效识别信号中包含的各模态信息。为了保留空间信息,借鉴短时傅里叶变换的思想,采用短空间二维傅里叶变换得到沿扫描路径上波数的分布,从中可直观看出缺陷的位置。采用带通滤波结合连续小波变换的方法对短空间二维傅里叶变换的结果进行了优化。分别在有、无缺陷铝板中进行了试验研究,试验结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

超声导波用于液层负载板损伤检测的数值模拟

液层负载薄板结构的损伤检测是结构无损检测和健康监测中的一个重要问题。为寻求合适的液层负载薄板结构损伤检测信号及分析损伤缺陷对检测信号的响应,求解了双侧液层负载薄板的频散方程,计算得到4 mm双侧水域负载铝板的频散曲线,并利用有限元模拟方法研究了缺陷位置、角度及大小对铝板中检测信号的影响。研究结果表明:中心频率小于100 kHz的S0模式漏Lamb波衰减因子趋近于0,适合长距离损伤检测。此外,当缺陷的存在造成板结构的不对称性时,声信号在缺陷处发生明显的模式转换,且转换出的A0模式信号的透射系数随缺陷位置到板厚中心距离的增加而减小,随缺陷与铝板中间面的角度和缺陷长度的增加先增大后减小,并随缺陷宽度的增加而增大。     

基于HHT的多模式Lamb波走时提取

薄板超声Lamb波层析成象研究中,走时是重要的信号特征,但多模式和频散特点给单一模式走时提取带来困难,一般信息提取技术对Lamb波分析较难有理想结果。该文提出利用HHT方法分析信号,先利用经验模式分解成本征模态函数,然后进行Hilbert变换分析边际谱并提取单一模式。与FFT、小波变换分析对比,HHT方法较好的反映了Lamb波信号多模式的随时间、频率分布。与小波变换提取走时数据结果相对比,HHT方法所得走时数据用来反演的图象更接近缺陷真实尺寸。     

基于主动Lamb波和小波变换的二维结构损伤定位研究

基于主动监测技术，将结构健康和损伤状态下的Lamb波激励响应信号进行对比，两者的差信号实际上是激励信号通过损伤折射后被接收到的类似声发射源产生的一种信号。该信号与激励响应信号比较将有时间延迟，通过Gabor小波变换确定时间延迟，从而获取损伤位置信息。实验证实这种位置信息是可靠的。     

Time-reversed Lamb waves

Lamb waves are extensively involved in plate structure inspection because of their guided nature. However, their dispersive nature often limits their use in flaw detection. In this paper we show that the use of a time-reversal mirror (TRM) allows to automatically compensate for the dispersive nature of Lamb waves. Experiments showing the spatial and temporal behavior of time-reversed Lamb waves, demonstrate the ability of TRMs to self-focus and to recompress dispersive pulses. This is demonstrated in a set of experiments in which a broadband ultrasonic laser source is used to simulate a point Lamb wave source and an optical interferometer is used to map the time reversed elastic field. We also show that TRM may work in pulse echo mode and allows to detect and to focus along large 2-D plates on any flaws located in the inspected area.     

Approach to Lamb Wave Lateral Crack Quantification in Elastic Plate Based on Reflection and Transmission Coefficients Surfaces

Ultrasonic guided wave is promising in structure integrity management, but there is still much to learn about it because of its complex mechanism. Defect sizing or quantification is very important for structure inspection using ultrasonic guided waves, and this inverse problem is also very difficult to solve. The work presented in this article aims to resolve the lateral crack quantification problem in the inspection of thin elastic plate using Lamb wave. First, two-dimensional (2D) boundary element method (BEM) simulation was used to study the interaction of one chosen pure mode Lamb wave with lateral crack defect, and this could be defined as the forward problem. Then reflection and transmission coefficients surfaces were built from the results of the numerical simulation. Finally, an approach for lateral crack quantification based on these reflection and transmission coefficients surfaces was proposed. The quantification examples show that the presented approach gives acceptable accuracy. Some limitations of this approach are also discussed.     

A sweeping window method for detection of flaws using an explicit dynamic XFEM and absorbing boundary layers

We present a sweeping window method in elastodynamics for detection of multiple flaws embedded in a large structure. The key idea is to measure the elastic wave propagation generated by a dynamic load within a smaller substructural detecting window domain, given a sufficient number of sensors. Hence, rather than solving the full structure, one solves a set of smaller dynamic problems quickly and efficiently. To this end, an explicit dynamic extended FEM with circular/elliptical void enrichments is implemented to model the propagation of elastic waves in the detecting window domain. To avoid wave reflections, we consider the window as an unbounded domain with the option of full‐infinite/semi‐infinite/quarter‐infinite domains and employ a simple multi‐dimensional absorbing boundary layer technique. A spatially varying Rayleigh damping is proposed to eliminate spurious wave reflections at the artificial model boundaries. In the process of flaw detection, two phases are proposed: (i) pre‐analysis—identification of rough damage regions through a data‐driven approach, and (ii) post‐analysis‐–identification of the true flaw parameters by a two‐stage optimization technique. The ‘pre‐analysis’ phase considers the information contained in the ‘pseudo’ healthy structure and the scattered wave signals, providing an admissible initial guess for the optimization process. Then a two‐stage optimization approach (the simplex method and a damped Gauss–Newton algorithm) is carried out in the ‘post‐analysis’ phase for convergence to the true flaw parameters. A weighted sum of the least squares, of the residuals between the measured and simulated waves, is used to construct the objective function for optimization. Several benchmark examples are numerically illustrated to test the performance of the proposed sweeping methodology for detection of multiple flaws in an unbounded elastic domain. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

应用非线性Lamb波识别三维铝板中的微裂纹方向的研究

针对结构中不同裂纹方向的检测问题,采用数值模拟的方法,通过有限元软件ABAQUS建立了一种包含人工粘弹性吸收边界的三维铝板模型,对Lamb波S0模态信号与微裂纹的非线性关系进行研究。在该模型中,将三维埋藏微裂纹嵌入到模型内部的固定位置,在相同激励条件下改变裂纹方向并对仿真获得的时域信号进行频谱分析,然后对不同裂纹方向的二次谐波与基波信号的幅值比指向性图的变化规律进行了比较和讨论。仿真结果表明,不同方向的裂纹对Lamb波在裂纹区的散射场分布有明显的影响,波的传播路径满足反射定律,且前向散射信号的幅值比普遍大于后向散射的幅值比。加上人工吸收边界后,前向散射与后向散射的幅值比差值随着裂纹方向角度的增大而增大。检测结果表明,该方法可以在误差允许范围内对任意裂纹方向的角度进行识别。     

Quantitative spectral analysis for flaw detection in concrete

The resonance method of transient stress wave propagation is employed for the detection of flaws in concrete. Quantitative analysis of the spectra identifies the resonance mode due to reflection from the flaw, and enables the exclusion of the flexural modes of the concrete plate above the flaw. Two-dimensional scanning of a test point provides the information about the depth of internal flaws. The test results of a large concrete block containing several types of artificial flaws are presented.     

Quantitative flaw reconstruction from ultrasonic surface wavefields measured by electronic speckle pattern interferometry

A new method for imaging flaws in plate and shell structures is presented. The method employs two-dimensional ultrasonic surface wave data obtained by optical electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) techniques. In the imaging method, the measured out-of-plane displacement field associated with an externally excited ultrasonic Lamb wave is processed to obtain the spatial frequency domain spectrum of the wavefield. A free space Green's function is then deconvolved from the wavefield to obtain quantitative images of effective scattering sources. Because the strength of these effective sources is directly dependent on local variations in sample thickness and material properties, these images provide a direct map of internal inhomogeneities. Simulation results show that the method accurately images flaws for a wide range of sizes and material contrast ratios. These results also demonstrate that flaw features much smaller than an acoustic wavelength can be imaged, consistent with the theoretical capability of the imaging method to employ scattered evanescent waves. Reconstructions are also obtained from ultrasonic Lamb wave displacement fields recorded by ESPI in a flawed aluminum plate. These reconstructions indicate that the present method has potential for imaging flaws in complex structures for which ESPI wavefield measurements cannot be straightforwardly interpreted     

板波特征及其特征提取器

在采用超声板波对薄板疵病进行检测的过程中,确保系统工作于极波模式是非常重要的。根据检测板波波型的特点,本文介绍了作者设计的一种板波特征提取器。该提取器不仅可对系统是否工作于板波模式可进行鉴别,而且可用于薄板疵病的检测。     

冷挤压变壁厚药筒件的超声兰姆波探伤

详细介绍了超声兰姆波的主要特点和多种传播模式,通过对小口径弹药筒壁厚尺寸与缺陷的分析和兰姆波特征曲线的求解,选择合理的药筒兰姆波探伤模式。采用3种标准伤样件验证了药筒管壁内、外表面探伤灵敏度的变化规律,内外表面探伤灵敏度差异,以及探伤灵敏度与标准伤刻痕深度的关系,论证了超声兰姆波单模式探伤的可行性和模式选择。