镍基高温合金定向凝固过程中雀斑缺陷研究进展

本文简述了近年来定向和单晶镍基高温合金凝固过程中雀斑缺陷的研究进展,具体论述了雀斑缺陷的形成机制以及雀斑的预判模型,并从合金成分、凝固参数(抽拉速率和温度梯度)、凝固界面形态以及试样形状和尺寸等方面分析和论述了这些因素对雀斑缺陷形成的影响,最后对未来镍基高温合金中雀斑缺陷的研究方向进行了探讨和展望。     

镍基单晶高温合金杂晶缺陷的研究进展

随着单晶涡轮叶片结构的不断优化和高温合金中难熔元素添加量的增大,镍基高温合金单晶叶片在凝固过程中更易出现杂晶、条纹晶、枝晶碎臂、小角度晶界等缺陷。其中,杂晶是单晶叶片制备过程中最常见的一类凝固缺陷,严重影响单晶叶片的成品率。为了减少该类凝固缺陷的产生,提高叶片的成品率,研究镍基单晶高温合金杂晶缺陷的形成机制、影响因素及其控制措施,对提高单晶叶片的服役性能具有重要意义。因此,关于定向凝固过程中杂晶缺陷的形成机制、影响因素及其控制措施的研究,引起了国内外研究者的广泛关注。本文综述了单晶叶片的制备技术,分析了籽晶法和选晶法制备单晶叶片过程中不同位置杂晶的形成机理,分别讨论了选晶段杂晶、籽晶回熔区杂晶、缘板杂晶的影响因素和控制措施,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

Ru对镍基单晶高温合金凝固特性、TCP相析出及蠕变性能影响的研究进展EI北大核心CSCD

镍基单晶高温合金因优异的高温力学性能而被广泛应用于航空发动机和地面燃气轮机的涡轮叶片等关键热端部件。Ru元素作为第四代、第五代镍基单晶高温合金的主要特征元素,其添加对合金从凝固特性到最终的服役性能都起到关键的影响。本文从镍基单晶高温合金的凝固特性、凝固组织、TCP相析出及蠕变性能等方面出发,综述了Ru元素对镍基单晶高温合金影响的研究进展,系统分析了Ru的添加对合金凝固路径、凝固特征温度、微观偏析等凝固特性及共晶、碳化物等凝固组织的影响规律,并重点探究了Ru的添加能抑制TCP相析出及提高合金蠕变性能的原因。目前由于多组元交互作用对组织与性能影响机理的复杂性,使得含Ru高温合金的成分设计与优化具有更高的挑战,建议未来含Ru高温合金的相关研究从富Ru新相的析出原因及抑制、Ru添加对凝固缺陷的影响及Ru与其他元素交互作用对“逆分配”效应及TCP相析出的影响机制等方面做进一步探究,为发展新型高性能含Ru高温合金的设计提供思路。     

难熔元素对镍基单晶高温合金凝固特性及组织的影响

镍基单晶高温合金的性能与难熔元素Re、W、Ta等的含量之间有着紧密的联系.总结了在镍基单晶高温合金的发展过程中难熔元素添加的特点,综述了难熔元素对镍基单晶高温合金的凝固特性与凝固组织的影响,并指出了其中存在的问题,展望了未来研究发展的方向.     

镍基单晶高温合金凝固组织特征的研究进展

镍基单晶高温合金的凝固组织对其最终的高温力学性能有着重要的影响,由于制造工艺条件限制,单晶高温合金的制备和加工中总会出现杂晶,保持单晶结构的完整性对提高单晶合金的冶金质量和降低维护成本具有重要意义.综述了镍基单晶高温合金在铸造、焊接、表面熔凝工艺条件下的凝固组织特征的研究现状,分析了工艺条件、工艺参数等对凝固组织和性能的影响,并展望了杂晶缺陷的控制、实现单晶叶片连接区的单晶化.     

单晶 Ni 基高温合金侧向约束条件下的凝固行为

研究了侧向约束条件下单晶 Ni 基高温合金的凝固行为及溶质再分配。实验结果表明:侧向约束条件对单晶 Ni 基高温合金的凝固组织、溶质偏析及溶质再分配均具有极为强烈的影响。侧向约束条件即试样断面变化对单晶 Ni 基高温合金凝固过程的影响,实质上是局部凝固工艺参数的影响。本文研究结果对实际单晶 Ni 基高温合金铸件凝固组织的控制和生产具有重要的指导意义。     

静磁场对定向凝固镍基高温合金组织影响的研究进展

综述了国内外静磁场对镍基高温合金组织影响的研究现状,重点分析了施加不同方式、强度的静磁场对定向凝固镍基高温合金枝晶组织、元素偏析、凝固缺陷及高温力学性能的影响规律,并从变截面处杂晶的控制、晶体取向偏离的控制以及对凝固特性的影响机制等方面提出了静磁场在定向凝固镍基高温合金研究中潜在的发展方向。     

定向凝固过程中温度参数对含Re镍基单晶高温合金铸态组织的影响

研究了一种含Re为4.0%～5.5%(质量分数)的实验型镍基单晶高温合金在不同定向凝固结晶条件下铸态的宏微观组织特征,分析了凝固结晶温度参数对单晶完整性、显微疏松与共晶含量、枝晶偏析等的影响。结果表明:高的熔体过热处理温度不仅促进合金元素分布的均匀化,同时降低了高Re和高难熔元素含量的单晶合金结晶缺陷的倾向性,提高了单晶完整性。合金熔体过热温度、铸型温度/浇注温度的适度提高有利于枝晶间的补缩,并减少显微疏松。     

不同元素对镍基合金铸态组织的影响

镍基单晶高温合金是一种应用于航空发动机涡轮叶片的重要合金,镍基单晶高温合金能够在航空发动机涡轮叶片工作时的恶劣工况条件下获得良好的使用性能。镍基单晶高温合金的性能与镍基单晶高温合金的凝固组织有着密切的联系,为获取更好的使用性能需要了解不同元素对镍基单晶高温合金铸态组织的影响,并以此为基础开发出性能更好的镍基单晶高温合金用,以提高航空发动机的性能。     

镍基单晶高温合金定向凝固的数值模拟

概述了目前国内外镍基单晶高温合金定向凝固数值模拟的研究进展,定向凝固过程的数值模拟由宏观向微观转变,详细介绍了微观组织数值模拟的几种主要方法：决定论方法、随机论方法和相场方法,评述了这几种方法的特点以及局限性,指出宏观和微观现象的完整耦合可以对镍基单晶高温合金凝固过程做出更加准确的模拟预测。     

低合金高强焊丝退火工艺研究

研究了一种铁基合金焊丝从铸态到焊丝最终成型的制备过程。分析了焊丝制备工艺以及制备过程中合金的组织和性能。采用各种不同温度对材料进行热处理,寻求最佳的处理方案,以降低材料的硬度,并初步探求材料在不同温度参数下去应力软化处理的效果。合金钢丝经1020℃×15min去应力软化处理（空冷）后,硬度由29．8HRC降至21．1HRC,满足了后续拉拔工艺的要求。     

Ti-3Al-2.5V钛合金精密铸造浇注系统优化研究

利用数值模拟方法,研究了重力场和立式离心场下,不同浇注系统（顶-底、螺旋、径向和树形系统）Ti-3Al-2.5V钛合金铸件的充型和凝固过程及缩孔缺陷分布规律,并通过实际铸造实验,对铸件的机械性能及缩孔缺陷进行了检测。结果表明,重力场下的顶-底浇注系统氧含量波动范围大,不同浇注系统对合金力学性能影响不大,缩孔的模拟结果与实际铸造情况都吻合较好。相比而言,重力场下由于金属液的紊流更容易形成夹杂、钛豆、缩孔等缺陷,而离心场下由于离心力的作用,形成缩孔等缺陷的数量相对较少。     

铝(镁)合金消失模铸造近净成形技术研究进展

阐述了铝(镁)合金消失模铸造技术的研究现状,着重介绍了铝(镁)合金消失模铸造在金属液充型、振动凝固、压力凝固以及消失模壳型铸造等技术方面的最新研究进展。研究表明,铝(镁)合金在消失模铸造过程中,需重点解决针孔、缩松等缺陷,提高液态合金的充型能力和铸件的力学性能;通过采用振动凝固和压力凝固的手段,可以提高金属液充型能力、细化组织、提高组织致密性,明显提高铸件力学性能。真空低压消失模壳型铸造技术,可以解决普通消失模铸造易于出现的孔洞和夹杂等缺陷以及浇不足和浇注温度高等问题,是一种生产复杂薄壁高质量铝、镁合金精密铸件的新方法。     

The microstructural control of cast and mechanical properties of zinc-aluminium alloys

The zinc-aluminium alloys containing 8, 12, and 27% aluminium are finding increasing applications in the casting industry. These alloys are stronger than most aluminium alloys. In addition, they possess high wear resistance and bearing properties. However, surface sinks and shrinkage defects are observed on the bottom faces of such castings, contrary to general foundry practice. In the present investigation, this problem observed in the Zn-8%Al, Zn-12%Al, Zn-27%Al alloys was tackled by controlling various casting parameters and also by additions of the master alloys of strontium and lithium into the molten alloys. It was found that the underside shrinkage problem was influenced by the aluminium content of the alloy, melt superheat, casting size and cooling conditions. The strontium and lithium additions were found to be beneficial in reducing the underside shrinkage problem. The ultimate tensile strength, fracture elongation and Vickers hardness were all increased with aluminium concentration and lithium addition. It was found also that the most problematical Zn-27%Al alloy, which provided the highest mechanical properties, was very suitable for the squeeze-casting technique. The mechanical properties were increased sharply in these squeeze-cast bars.     

铸造针孔和钠变质对ZL101铸铝合金组织和性能的影响

采用宏观检查和金相检验的方法，研究了铸造针孔和钠变质对ZL101铸铝合金组织和性能的影响。试验结果表明，在浇铸ZL101铸铝合金时，提高冷却速度，增加凝固压力，降低浇铸温度，同时进行钠变质处理，有利于铸造针孔的减少和组织的细化及力学性能的提高。     

消失模铸造AZ91镁合金的研究

研究了ZA91镁合金消失模铸造时铸件的厚度,位置和真空度对铸件质量,组织及力学性能的影响,真空度是决定铸件质量的一个关键的工艺因素,无真空时浇注铸件易产生浇不足缺陷,但真空度过大又会导致形成粘砂和气孔等缺陷,真空浇注射明显细化组织,但真空度进一步增大时细化效果野 不明显,铸件显微组织具有很大的壁厚效应,然 位置对组织的影响与是否采用抽真空措施有关,铸件壁厚较小时,铸件的力学性能总体较差,断裂源自Mg/Mg17Al12界面、且主要是以解决理形式的脆性断裂。     

Festigkeit und Verformungsverhalten von Magnesium-Druckgußlegierungen

Strength and deformation behaviour of magnesium die casting alloys Modern magnesium die casting alloys are used for the manufacturing of automotive parts due to their low density, fortunate mechanical and physical properties as well as good castability and machinability. However, in comparison to other materials the automotive application of these alloys is still low. The reasons for this are among other things the shortage of relevant materials values, insufficient knowledge concerning the correlation between the microstructure and the mechanical properties as well as deficits in relation to the die cast technology. This paper investigates the influence of the microstructure and manufacture-induced defects like micro-shrinkage and gas pores on the strength and deformability of the alloys AZ91, AM50 and AE42 under tensile and bend loading. To characterise the microstructure in the dependence on the wall thickness, the investigations are mainly carried out using in situ specimens obtained from die castings.     

Oxide bifilms in aluminium alloy castings – a review

Abstract

Aluminium alloy castings are most widely used in automobile industry because of their light weight, better castability and improved properties. The liquid aluminium surface easily oxidises during melting, transferring and pouring operation which may entrain oxide films into the casting. Research work has shown that the entrainment of this surface film and formation of bifilms in castings appear to be the source of most of the casting defects leading to a significant reduction in the mechanical properties of aluminium alloy castings. In this paper, the phenomenon of formation of oxide bifilms in aluminium alloy castings, effect of these bifilms on casting properties and their assessment techniques are discussed. For enhancing the quality of casting, research should focus towards development of process techniques for healing of bifilms in liquid metal during solidification.     

白铜铸锭生产中常见缺陷及工艺控制实践

白铜铸锭中缺陷包括偏析、裂纹、气孔、缩孔、疏松、冷隔和流爪等。本文通过对比不同工艺条件下铸锭中的缺陷,讨论了不同铸造温度、冷却水压、铸造速度对白铜铸锭铸造质量的影响。分析了铸造缺陷产生的原因,介绍了防止常见铸造缺陷的措施和工艺方法,制定了适宜工业化生产的工艺参数。     

Effect of hot isostatic pressing on mechanical properties and microstructure of 70–30 cupronickel castings

Abstract

The present work is part of an investigation into the use of hot isostatic pressing to recover 70–30 cupronickel castings. These alloys have particularly good corrosion resistance and, when strengthened with silicon and chromium, produce a material capable of use in very severe conditions of stress and massive corrosion. However, it is not possible to recover such castings by the application of repair welding, because of the possibility of reduced corrosion resistance in the vicinity of the weld. Hot isostatic pressing represents an alternative method of casting recovery. The results reported in the present work refer to the effect of hot isostatic pressing on mechanical properties, microstructure, and the level of segregation in the alloys. Hot isostatic pressing may be used to remove casting defects in the form of fine pores up to total porosity of 5%. However, in cases where porosity takes the form of very large defects, the mechanical properties of the recovered region are inferior to those of the originally sound material. This effect is probably associated with the presence of very finely distributed oxide particles in the originally defective parts of the casting. The optimum hot isostatic pressing temperature for the best overall combination of properties was 950°C.

MST/1732