长纤维增强聚合物注塑件翘曲变形数值模拟

基于长纤维增强聚合物注塑件的纤维分布,运用Mori-Tanaka复合材料性能均质化理论模型,采用耦合有限元方法,分别建立了长纤维增强聚合物材料的弹性、弹塑性本构关系,研究了材料本构对翘曲变形模拟结果的影响程度,分析了主要纤维参数对翘曲变形的影响规律.结果表明,基于弹性、弹塑性材料本构的翘曲变形形状均为"穹顶"结构,但弹塑性本构的翘曲变形更大;翘曲变形随初始纤维长度、初始纤维长径比及纤维含量的增加而减小.     

纤维增强复合材料本构模型研究进展

本文对纤维增强复合材料的本构模型最新研究成果进行简要阐述和归纳,并结合实例进行了相关数值模拟计算。文中阐述的复合材料为纤维增强树脂复合材料、纤维增强金属基复合材料和纤维编织复合材料。目前,关于纤维增强金属基复合材料的研究较少,大多数研究集中在纤维增强树脂复合材料和纤维编织复合材料。许多学者在经典弹性本构模型和连续介质力学基础上,推导出了一些弹塑性、粘弹性和考虑损伤的非线性本构模型。通过实例计算结果表明,考虑损伤导致刚度退化的复合材料弹塑性本构模型计算得到的拉伸应力应变曲线与测试结果基本一致。本文通过对复合材料本构模型的最新研究成果的归纳和数值模拟实例计算,为后续研究工作提供借鉴,推动其在实际工程中的应用。     

单向受拉状态下的钢纤维混凝土本构模型

在混凝土中添加随机分布的钢纤维能有效提高混凝土力学性能。为了更好地考虑纤维对单向受拉状态下钢纤维混凝土（SFRC）的增强作用，提出一个钢纤维混凝土的弥散开裂本构模型。在弹性阶段，纤维混凝土被视为简单复合材料，基于两相复合材料理论，对SFRC的弹性刚度矩阵进行修正；在受拉开裂后，混凝土的塑性变形量被视为纤维与混凝土界面脱粘过程中滑移量，利用粘结滑移模型计算纤维在混凝土开裂面上的桥接作用。该文通过有限元软件ABAQUS中子程序二次开发接口Umat，进行Fortran编程，在ABAQUS中实现该本构模型。通过数值模拟结果与受拉实验数据进行对比，验证了该本构模型的准确性。通过数值模拟分析，进一步探究钢纤维混凝土相关参数对抗拉性能的影响，为钢纤维混凝土在实际的工程中的应用提供建议。     

发泡废纸板纤维/LDPE复合材料的加工流变性及泡孔形态

以废弃瓦楞纸板纤维和低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)为基体辅以相应的相容剂、 润滑剂和发泡剂, 利用挤出发泡法制备了发泡废纸板纤维/LDPE木塑复合材料。通过熔融指数仪研究了废纸板纤维含量、 相容剂马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯(MAH-g-PE)的用量、 润滑剂的种类与用量以及发泡剂偶氮二甲酰胺(AC)的用量对该复合材料加工流变特性的影响; 并利用SEM观察不同熔融指数的复合材料对泡孔形态的影响。结果表明: 随着废纸板纤维含量的增加, 复合材料的熔融指数(MFI)迅速下降; MAH-g-PE增加了纤维填料与树脂基体之间的相互作用, 复合材料的熔融指数随着相容剂用量的增加先降低后升高, 其含量的转变点为15%; PE蜡对复合材料的综合润滑作用最明显, 复合材料的熔融指数随着PE蜡的含量呈近线性变化; AC发泡剂的加入降低了复合材料的熔融指数, AC发泡剂的含量超过5%将使复合材料产生明显的壁滑移; 随着熔融指数的增加, 复合发泡材料的泡孔逐渐变大, 当熔融指数为1.5时, 泡孔大小适中且分布均匀。     

纤维掺量对聚乙烯醇纤维增强水泥基复合材料动态压缩性能的影响

为探究超高韧性水泥基复合材料(UHTCC)的动态本构关系及纤维体积掺量对聚乙烯醇纤维增强水泥基复合材料(PVAFRCC)动态力学性能的影响,基于Φ80 mm霍普金森压杆(SHPB)装置分别对不同纤维体积分数(Ovol%、0.5vol%、1vol%、1.5vol%、2vol%)的PVAFRCC试件进行冲击压缩试验,得到各类型材料在不同应变率下的应力-应变曲线。结果表明:在约110～270 s~(-1)的应变率范围内,与纤维掺量0vol%的基体(PVAFRCC-0)相比PVA纤维的掺入对动态强度增强因子(μ_(DIF))、冲击韧性和抗破碎能力有明显提高作用,并随纤维掺量的增加而进一步增强;掺2vol%PVA纤维UHTCC(即PVAFRCC-2)试件的μ_(DIF)和冲击韧性与基体相比分别提高了约33%～37%和27%～33%,其破碎产物的平均粒径是基体破碎产物的5.9～6.8倍。基于Weibull分布理论提出了适用于掺2vol%PVA纤维UHTCC试件的动态压缩本构模型。     

复合材料充液管路流固耦合特性分析

为研究编织复合材料充液管道流固耦合特性,采用传递矩阵法,从各向异性材料本构方程、物理方程与边界条件出发,建立复合材料管道一维流固耦合动力学模型。将模型退化成各向同性管进行计算方法验证,并进一步开展复合材料管FEM软件流固耦合验证。计算结果表明：该计算结果与经典“4方程”模型及有限元三维模型结果一致。在证明了该模型及计算方法的正确性后,进一步研究复合材料管中的铺设角度与纤维体积分数对充液管路固有频率及波数的影响。研究结果表明：提高增强材料体积分数,管路固有频率增加,管路传播波数降低;铺设角度增加,固有频率降低,管壁中传播波数增加。该研究结果可为充液管路的设计与控制提供参考。     

可吸收壳聚糖纤维增强壳聚糖棒材

在采用原位沉析法制备壳聚糖棒材的同时,加入壳聚糖纤维作为增强材料,制成了壳聚糖纤维增强的壳聚糖棒材复合材料。研究了壳聚糖纤维的长度及添加量对壳聚糖棒材力学性能的影响,通过扫描电镜观察分析了材料的断面形貌。结果表明,壳聚糖纤维能显著提高壳聚糖棒材的力学性能,壳聚糖棒材的弯曲强度随壳聚糖纤维添加量的增加先增加而后下降,随着壳聚糖纤维长度的增加而增加。当壳聚糖纤维(17 mm)质量分数为5%时,壳聚糖棒材的弯曲强度达到134 MPa,与未增强的壳聚糖棒材相比,弯曲强度提高了55.7%。这种纯天然的复合材料在可吸收内固定材料方面将具有广阔的用途。      

玻璃长纤维增强树脂基复合材料的单轴时间相关棘轮行为实验研究

对玻璃长纤维增强树脂基复合材料(玻璃纤维体积分数为40%、50%)的室温单轴时间相关棘轮行为进行了较系统的单轴应力循环实验研究,讨论了该类复合材料在不同循环加载条件下的棘轮变形特征。结果表明：该类复合材料在非对称应力循环下将产生一定的棘轮变形,棘轮应变值随外加的应力幅值和平均应力的增加而增加;玻璃长纤维的引入使复合材料抵抗棘轮变形的能力明显强于未增强树脂基体材料,复合材料的棘轮变形量随玻璃长纤维含量的升高而下降;在室温下,复合材料的棘轮行为也具有明显的时间相关特性,棘轮应变值依赖于应力加载速率和峰值保持时间,随应力加载速率的下降和峰值保持时间的增加明显增加。     

发泡废纸板纤维/LDPE复合材料的加工流变性及泡孔形态

以废弃瓦楞纸板纤维和低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)为基体辅以相应的相容剂、润滑剂和发泡剂,利用挤出发泡法制备了发泡废纸板纤维/LDPE木塑复合材料.通过熔融指数仪研究了废纸板纤维含量、相容剂马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯(MAH-g-PE)的用量、润滑剂的种类与用量以及发泡剂偶氮二甲酰胺(AC)的用量对该复合材料加工流变特性的影响;并利用SEM观察不同熔融指数的复合材料对泡孔形态的影响.结果表明:随着废纸板纤维含量的增加,复合材料的熔融指数(MFI)迅速下降;MAH-g-PE增加了纤维填料与树脂基体之间的相互作用,复合材料的熔融指数随着相容剂用量的增加先降低后升高,其含量的转变点为15％;PE蜡对复合材料的综合润滑作用最明显,复合材料的熔融指数随着PE蜡的含量呈近线性变化;AC发泡剂的加入降低了复合材料的熔融指数,AC发泡剂的含量超过5％将使复合材料产生明显的壁滑移;随着熔融指数的增加,复合发泡材料的泡孔逐渐变大,当熔融指数为1.5时,泡孔大小适中且分布均匀.     

玄武岩格栅增强水泥基复合材料单轴拉伸力学性能试验及本构关系模型

考虑玄武岩纤维增强树脂合物基复合材料(BFRP)格栅层数和水泥基复合材料(ECC)配比等因素,对BFRP增强大掺量粉煤灰/矿粉ECC棒骨试件进行了静力单轴拉伸试验,研究掺加增强粉煤灰/矿粉ECC的抗拉力学性能。结合试验数据,基于Richard和Abbot的弹塑性应力-应变公式提出掺加增强ECC的应力-应变本构关系模型。试验结果表明:随着掺加层数的增加,格栅增强ECC的极限抗拉强度显著增大。同配合比掺矿粉制成的ECC抗压强度、开裂应变及应力高于掺粉煤灰制成的ECC。掺加增强掺矿粉ECC试件相对掺粉煤灰ECC试件具有较好的抗拉力学性能。计算结果表明,建立的单轴受拉本构关系模型可以有效地预测掺加增强ECC的应力-应变关系和极限抗拉强度。     

Determination of material fracture toughness by a computational/experimental approach for rapid crack propagation in PE pipe

Based on an investigation of the Small Scale Steady State (S4) test, an integrated computational/ experimental approach has been developed in order to assess the fracture behaviour of polyethylene (PE) gas distribution pipe material during rapid crack propagation (RCP). This paper describes the use of the results obtained from the S4 test and program modified from PFRAC (Pipeline Fracture Analysis Code) to evaluate the fracture toughness of the material, G _d, which could not be directly obtained from the test, and to predict critical pressure, p _c, for RCP in a full scale PE pipe. The contact algorithms are developed to consider the opening pipe wall impact against a series of containment rings and the capabilities of PFRAC are also extended. Since G _d is evaluated, the investigations are made on it to the effect of temperature and wall thickness. In addition, procedures to evaluate the critical pressure for the S4 test pipe are also discussed.     

A finite element model for crack arrestor design in gas pipelines

Steel rings are frequently used as crack arrestor devices in steel gas transmission pipelines to prevent the possibility of long running axial cracks. These arrestors have the effect of reducing the pipe opening as the crack propagates. This decreases the available crack driving force and, as a result, crack arrest can take place. This essentially is a second line of defence against catastrophic failure in the event that crack initiation cannot always be prevented. This paper describes a novel analysis methodology that has been developed to investigate the suitability of these crack arrestors. This is based on a fluid/structure/fracture interaction package, PFRAC. Here, a curved beam element has been implemented into PFRAC to simulate the behaviour of the arrestor. The contact conditions between the pipe wall and the arrestor, along with the various computational procedures, are described here. Several numerical results for a cracked pipe with arrestors are presented along with comparisons with pipes that do not have arrestors.     

A viscoelastic fracture mechanics assessment of slow crack growth in polyethylene gas distribution pipe materials

A substantial amount of the plastic gas distribution pipe currently in service, as well as that anticipated for future use, is polyethylene (PE). While this material has an excellent record, due to a variety of abnormal loadings that can arise in long time service, some slow crack growth (SCG) related field failures have occurred. Accelerated test procedures and analysis methodologies to predict accurately the long term performance of PE gas pipes are therefore required. One such procedure is the three-point bend test conducted on a pre-cracked pipe segment that is known as the SCG test. The research reported here examines the validity of this test through the application of advanced fracture mechanics principles. Specifically, considering the viscoelastic behavior of PE materials and using the region of dominance concept, the delimitation of a linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) interpretation of the SCG test was developed. Excluding the time spent in crack initiation, the long-term performance of the category of materials for which the assumptions of LEFM are valid can therefore be effectively predicted from SCG test results. Through illustrative examples, this paper demonstrates the veracity of the approach by comparing time to failure predictions for abnormal service loadings with actual gas distribution service experiences.     

Methods for determining the in-service life of polymer water pipes

A key requirement for polymer pipes, in having the ability to achieve a long in service life, is the retention by the polymeric material of its anti-oxidants. In dry air and other favourable environmental conditions the life-span of the polymer material can be many decades. However, when polymer pipes are transporting water and the pipes need to be installed in all kinds of ground conditions then the loss of anti-oxidant from the polymer can become more of a problem. To maintain integrity of water distribution networks, companies aim to plan for replacement of water pipes before they are likely to fail. This paper presents ways in which small scale evaluations of aged pipe material can be employed to assess remaining in-service life of water pipes. Small-scale chemical and physical evaluations have been devised to provide indicators of the ageing process with associated loss of mechanical properties. The presented studies were performed using MDPE and PE80 pipe materials. These materials were evaluated before and after ageing to identify which chemical and physical evaluations were the most appropriate to assess the remaining life of in service polymer pipes.     

A fracture mechanics concept for the accelerated characterization of creep crack growth in PE-HD pipe grades

For the lifetime prediction of pressurized polyethylene (PE) pipes based on methods of the linear elastic fracture mechanics the knowledge of the crack resistance and the kinetics of creep crack growth (CCG) is essential. In the present work a rather brittle nonpipe material was used to develop a methodology for an accelerated measurement of crack kinetics in fatigue tests on cracked round bar (CRB) specimens at ambient temperatures of 23 °C. A material and specimen specific compliance calibration curve was generated to detect the crack kinetics with only one single CRB test. Based on an already proposed concept the kinetics at different R-ratios (minimum/maximum load) was measured and extrapolated to the case of CCG. To demonstrate the transferability of this concept to pipe materials a PE 80 pipe grade was used. Although the necessary testing time increased considerably the concept still has the potential to reduce the overall testing time for new pipe materials to be certified significantly. With the presented procedure a characterization of CCG in modern PE pipe grades at room temperature and without the use of stress cracking liquids is possible within a few months.     

输送丙烷的中密度聚乙烯管材长期使用性能研究

介绍了国际上对输送天然气用中密度聚乙烯管材使用寿命的研究，对聚乙烯管材在天然气等方面的应用发展提出了建议。     

The recent development of analysis methodology for rapid crack propagation and arrest in gas pipelines

Several dynamic analysis issues relating to rapid crack propagation (RCP) and arrest in gas piplines were developed recently, and are presented in this paper. This is based on a fluid/structure/fracture interaction package, PFRAC. Some developments have been implemented into this finite element code to simulate the behavior of the fractured pipes. The criteria for crack initiation, propagation and arrest have been discussed. As the crack propagates along the pipeline, the gas pressure decompression ahead of the crack tip and an efficiency of a linear decay behind the crack have been used in the computation. For the calculation of crack driving force G, the numerical approaches using the nodal force release and energy balance methods are described. This paper also presents a novel analysis methodology that has been developed to investigate the suitability of crack arrestors. Several numerical results for the cracked steel pipes with arrestors are presented along with comparisons with pipes that do not have arrestors.     

能量平衡结合有限元数值计算分析天然气管道裂纹稳定扩展问题

本文提出了在天然气管道裂纹稳定扩展问题中，应用能量平衡方法结合有限元数值计算结果来分析计算裂纹驱动力。能量数值计算采用了可模拟动裂纹在管道上扩展的有限元程序ＰＦＲＡＣ，它包括了对未开裂管道和裂纹扩展管道的能量计算。通过分析外力作功和内部能量在裂纹扩展时的变化率，应用能量平衡方法计算了裂纹驱动力，并与在ＰＦＲＡＣ程序中应用节点力释放方法计算的裂纹驱动力的结果进行了比较     

Fracture toughness of multilayer pipes

Multilayer pipes composed of various materials improve partially the properties of a pipe system and are frequently used in service. To estimate the lifetime of these pipes the basic fracture parameters have to be measured. In the contribution a new approach to this estimation is presented. Special type of a C-shaped inhomogeneous fracture mechanics specimen machined directly from a pipe has been proposed, numerically analyzed and tested. The corresponding K values are calculated by finite-element method and fracture toughness values of polyethylene pipes material are obtained. __________ Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 1, pp. 146–149, January–February, 2008.     

Control of electrostatic charge on particles by impact charging

The control of electrostatic charge on particles in gas–solids pipe flow has been studied experimentally and theoretically. Alumina particles of 3.3 μm in count median diameter were dispersed in airflow and pneumatically transported in the dilute phase. Five different materials were used for the transport pipes, and the relationships between the particle charge and the pipe length were obtained. The polarity and the amount of particle charge were found to depend on the pipe material and the length. In order to control the particle charge, a system combining two different pipe materials was proposed depending on the particle-charging characteristics. The charge controlled by this method was in good agreement with the theoretical calculation. Furthermore, it was found that the distribution of particle charge as well as the average can be controlled.