反分析法确定钢纤维水泥砂浆拉应力与裂缝张开位移关系

在数值模拟钢纤维混凝土结构或构件和用基于断裂力学理论的设计方法设计钢纤维混凝土结构或构件时,钢纤维混凝土材料σ-w关系是一个重要的材料参数。该文根据三点弯曲缺口梁的荷载与裂缝张开位移(CMOD)曲线用反分析法确定了钢纤维水泥砂浆的σ-w关系。试验制作了五种不同体积含量的钢纤维水泥砂浆单轴拉伸试件、圆柱体压缩试件和梁试件,钢纤维体积含量分别为0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%和2.5%。试验发现,当钢纤维体积含量较小时,三点弯曲缺口梁的荷载与裂缝张开位移曲线呈现CMOD软化特性;而当钢纤维体积含量较大时,三点弯曲缺口梁的荷载与裂缝张开位移曲线呈现CMOD强化特性。对有CMOD软化特性的钢纤维水泥砂浆,可用三折线软化模型来模拟钢纤维水泥砂浆的σ-w关系;对有CMOD强化特性的钢纤维水泥砂浆,可用应力跌落-常残余强度模型来拟合。     

历史风貌建筑砖砌体加固试验及模拟计算分析

该文针对天津现存的历史风貌建筑普遍存在砂浆强度低的情况,进行了墙体结构加固试验与模拟计算分析。采用原材料制作了2片墙体试件、2片钢筋网水泥砂浆抹面加固试件,对其进行了低周反复加载试验,研究了砖砌体及加固砖砌体试件的抗震性能;应用等效体积单元(RVE)法模拟砖砌体,求得了砖砌体的等效参数,用ANSYS模拟了加固砖砌体试件的低周反复加载,并与试验结果进行了对比分析,验证了钢筋网水泥抹面加固低强度砖砌体的可行性,为历史风貌建筑的加固提供技术支撑。     

钢筋钢纤维混凝土梁柱节点模型化方法研究

为研究钢筋钢纤维混凝土梁柱节点抗震性能数值模拟方法,基于OpenSEES有限元平台中的梁柱节点单元(beam-column joint element, BCJE)模型,通过修正模型中剪切块和钢筋滑移弹簧的参数修正方法,提出适用于钢筋钢纤维混凝土梁柱节点的数值模型,并基于6个梁柱节点的拟静力试验结果进行模型验证分析,数值模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好,提出的数值模型能够较精确地反映节点滞回行为。在此基础上,分析了轴压比、钢纤维体积率和配箍量对梁柱节点抗震性能的影响规律,建立了节点受剪承载力的计算公式。结果表明:掺入钢纤维和增加配箍可明显改善梁柱节点的抗震性能,钢纤维体积率从0.5%增加到2.0%,极限荷载提高了18%;箍筋从1Φ8增加到3Φ8时,极限荷载提高了19.7%。     

SFRC细观数值建模方法及纤维方向对断裂性能影响的分析

基于钢纤维随机生成算法建立了钢纤维水泥砂浆(SFRC)细观有限元数值模型,将模型不同截面处的钢纤维数量进行统计,与试验统计结果进行了对比。采用粘聚裂纹模型,模拟了钢纤维水泥砂浆弯曲断裂全过程,得到了断裂全过程曲线,研究了纤维分布方向对钢纤维水泥砂浆断裂全过程的影响。结果表明:模型截面钢纤维含量与试验统计结果较为一致,提出的钢纤维随机生成算法较为合理;数值模拟得到的全曲线结果与试验结果对比较好;纤维分布方向与主拉应力方向的夹角超过60°时,对复合材料弯曲失效的峰值荷载的增强效果不明显。     

纤维布加固砖砌体墙平面内受力性能有限元模型

考虑一顺一丁的砌筑形式,针对纤维布加固前后砖砌体墙的特点,利用ABAQUS提供的零厚度粘结单元,建立纤维布加固砖砌体墙有限元分离模型,通过前期拟静力试验数据和相关规范公式计算结果,验证所建模型在单调荷载和往复荷载作用下的适用性。结果表明,有限元模型能有效模拟纤维布加固砖砌体墙的抗震性能,分析纤维布的加固效果,计算纤维布加固前后砖砌体墙在单调荷载作用下的受剪承载力。     

钢管钢纤维高强混凝土抗冲击压缩性能的试验研究与数值模拟

遮弹层的建成及优化对防护工程的发展尤为重要。钢管钢纤维高强混凝土蜂窝遮弹层是一种具有高强抗力的新型遮弹层,文章对其组成构件钢管钢纤维高强混凝土进行霍普金森压杆(SHPB)动态力学性能试验,并借助动力有限元分析软件LSDYNA进行数值模拟。冲击压缩试验中,试件的钢纤维掺量分别为0%、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%,钢管壁厚分别为2mm、3mm。结果表明钢管钢纤维高强混凝土具有应变率强化效应,应变率越高,试件的动态抗压强度越大。当气压为1.0 MPa时,壁厚3mm、钢纤维掺量1.5%的试件强度达258.3 MPa。与钢纤维高强混凝土相比,钢管钢纤维高强混凝土的抗冲击压缩性能更好,动态抗压强度最大增幅达35.4%,且具备承受多次冲击压缩作用的能力。数值模拟与试验结果吻合度高,表明数值模拟方法具有可行性。     

高延性混凝土加固蒸压加气混凝土砌体墙抗震性能试验研究

蒸压加气混凝土(AAC)砌块砌体墙自重轻,但其抗震性能较差,为提高该类墙体的抗震性能,提出采用高延性混凝土(HDC)面层和条带对其进行加固。设计制作了4个无筋砌体墙和2个构造柱约束墙体试件,其中2个试件采用HDC面层加固,2个试件采用HDC条带加固,通过拟静力试验,研究AAC砌体墙的破坏形态、滞回性能、承载力及变形能力等性能。试验结果表明:HDC面层可改变AAC墙体的破坏模式;对于无筋砌体墙,加固后试件的承载力、变形及耗能能力均得到了不同程度的提高,墙体裂缝数量明显减少,刚度退化较为平缓;对于构造柱约束墙体,单面HDC面层使加固试件的侧向刚度、水平承载力及耗能能力均大幅提高,且加固试件具有较高的残余承载力,墙体的开裂和损伤程度较小。基于试件的破坏形态,提出加固墙体的水平承载力计算方法,其计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,可为HDC加固AAC砌块墙体的承载力计算提供参考。     

负载条件下CFRP加固轴心受压钢管短柱受力性能研究

该文以试验、有限元与理论相结合的方法研究CFRP(碳纤维)布加固轴心受压钢管短柱构件;以不同负载百分比、不同CFRP粘贴方式为对比参数,研究了加固后构件的受力性能。主要讨论了对于不同负载程度、CFRP粘贴方式对加固后构件极限承载力和破坏形态的影响。通过试验与有限元数值模拟及参数分析,得到随着负载百分比的增大,加固后构件极限承载力呈下降趋势,在极限状态下,构件的破坏形态主要为端部局部屈曲破坏;在构件端部粘贴CFRP的加固效果优于中部加固效果;随着CFRP加固层数的增大,构件极限承载力随之增大,但增大百分比在达到一定程度后呈现下降趋势;随着构件厚度的增大,负载百分比和CFRP层数对构件承载力的影响呈下降的趋势,通过理论与试验和有限元结果的对比分析,得出采用该文所推导的理论可以用于负载条件下加固构件的承载力计算。     

负载下外包钢筋混凝土加固轴心受压钢柱受力性能研究

该文以试验研究、有限元模拟以及理论分析相结合的方法研究了负载下外包钢筋混凝土加固轴心受压钢柱的受力性能以及承载力计算方法。通过试验与有限元模拟分析,研究了轴心受压钢结构构件负载下外包钢筋混凝土加固后的性能,以及初始负载大小、混凝土强度和型钢强度对加固试件极限承载力的影响。研究表明,外包钢筋混凝土可以显著提高原钢构件的承载能力和刚度;加固后试件的极限承载力随着初始负载的增大而降低;随着型钢强度的提高而增大;混凝土强度是影响加固后试件极限承载力的最主要因素,加固后试件的极限承载力随着混凝土强度的提高而明显增大。根据分析试验数据和有限元分析结果,得到了混凝土强度对加固后试件极限承载力影响的量化结果。同时,通过分析加固时和破坏时构件各部分的应力应变状态,推导出负载下外包钢筋混凝土加固轴心受压钢柱的承载力计算公式,其计算结果与试验结果吻合良好。     

环口板加固T型方钢管节点在轴压作用下极限承载力研究

从理论分析、试验测试及有限元模拟三个方面对环口板加固T型方钢管节点的极限承载力进行了初步的研究工作。首先基于塑性铰线模型推导出了环口板加固T型方钢管节的极限承载力计算公式。然后对2 个环口板加固T型方钢管节点试件及2 个对应的未加固节点试件进行了在轴压作用下的承载力试验测试,结果表明环口板可以明显提高管节点的极限承载力。通过有限元法对试验试件进行了数值模拟,其结果与试验结果吻合较好,因而使用有限元法对9 个不同节点尺寸的加固模型及对应的9 个未加固节点模型进行了模拟,结果发现加固后节点的承载力均大于未加固节点的承载力。环口板加固T型方钢管节点的极限承载力计算公式在环口板有足够刚度,节点破坏模式为由局部屈曲导致形成塑性铰线破坏时可以获得较为精确的结果。     

CFRP加固砌体结构的试验研究

采用两种不同的加固方案,对四片砌体墙进行了试验研究,介绍了试验中对构件的加载控制过程,分析了用CFRP加固后砌体结构在水平低周反复荷载作用下的延性和水平承载能力,并对各种方案的试验结果及试验现象进行了分析研究,比较了不同的加固方案对砌体的抗剪承载力、抗震性能、延性等各方面的影响程度,根据试验结果提出了简易计算公式,计算值与试验数据吻合较好。理论与试验证明,采用CFRP加固后,砌体结构具有良好的抗震性能。因而,CFRP加固砌体结构的方法,不失为一种比较有效可行的方法。     

Strengthening of three-leaf stone masonry walls: an experimental research

The paper summarizes the results of an experimental research carried out on three-leaf masonry walls of typical granite stone constructions from the North of Portugal. The research aimed at studying the behaviour under compression of this wall typology, as well as the improvements introduced by common strengthening techniques applied for the structural rehabilitation of masonry heritage buildings. Ten masonry specimens were tested, plain or strengthened by transversal tying of the external leaves, with GFRP bars, or/and by injection of the inner leaf, with a lime-based grout. The results obtained showed that these strengthening techniques were successful in increasing the compressive strength of the walls and in improving their behaviour under compressive loads.     

组合材料加固砖砌体的有限元模拟方法

基于ABAQUS有限元软件,提出了组合材料加固砌体数值建模方法。该方法是在未加固砌体整体式模型的基础上,结合分离式思想建立组合材料加固砌体模型。通过对8片采用粘钢-聚合物砂浆组合材料加固的砖砌体墙体（其中,4片采用粘贴正交钢片,4片采用粘贴斜撑钢片）的拟静力试验结果进行了数值模拟对比分析,结果显示:模拟所得墙体滞回、骨架及刚度退化曲线与试验曲线基本吻合;仿真破坏形态与试验现象一致;计算所得荷载、位移、延性和耗能等全部指标中有81%的误差在20%以内。     

Effects of mortar layers in the delamination of GFRP bonded to historic masonry

Externally bonded fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs) used as strengthening for shear historic masonry walls increase tensile capacity so as to support combined compression and high shear forces released during earthquakes. The local and global capacity of FRP strengthened shear walls depends on delamination. This paper deals with the anchorage strength of GFRP strips bonded to historic masonry by analysing results obtained in pull–push shear tests carried out on GFRP-to-historic-brick bonded joints. The experimental research also foresaw the analysis of effects deriving from the presence of mortar layers in actual historic brickwork masonry, simulated through the creation of grooves on the surface of mortar filled clay bricks. The experimental results indicated brittle failure of joints due to delamination; results were processed to evaluate failure load values, strain vs. anchorage length diagrams and shear stress vs. slip relationships experimentally. Finally, the anchorage of GFRP-to-historic-brick was theoretically studied to improve the classic solution by incorporating adherent shear deformation. Discussion on the experimental and theoretical data was developed.     

Experimental FRP/SRP–historic masonry delamination

The preservation of the architectural heritage presents one of the important challenges in civil engineering due to the complexity of the geometry of the structures, the variability of the materials used and the loading history of the buildings. This objective increases for existing constructions in the seismic area. External bonding of fiber or, more recently, steel reinforced polymer composites has become a popular technique for strengthening historic monumental masonry buildings. The performance of the interface between composites and masonry is one of the key factors affecting the behaviour of strengthened structures: shear walls, arches and vaults. This paper aims to present the results of an experimental study to evaluate the bond between fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) – glass and carbonFRP – and steel reinforced polymer (SRP) with historic masonry: pull–push shear tests on FRP/SRP-to-historic brick bonded joints specimens were carried out. Modes of failure are discussed in detail and analytical results are compared with experimental data. Experimental strains recorded on FRP/SRP strips were processed to evaluate shear–slip laws of tested specimens; energy fracture and failure load values are compared with theoretical values by simplified models for shear stress–slip. Finally, a simple model of FRP/SRP design suitable for practical application to historic masonry is proposed.     

Fatigue strength of steel fibre reinforced concrete in flexure

The paper presents a study on the fatigue strength of steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC). An experimental programme was conducted to obtain the fatigue-lives of SFRC at various stress levels and stress ratios. Sixty seven SFRC beam specimens of size 500×100×100 mm were tested under four-point flexural fatigue loading. Fifty four static flexural tests were also conducted to determine the static flexural strength of SFRC prior to fatigue testing. The specimens incorporated 1.5% volume fraction of corrugated steel fibres of size 0.6×2.0×30 mm. Concept of equivalent fatigue-life, reported for plain concrete in literature, is applied to SFRC to incorporate the effects of stress level S, stress ratio R and survival probability L_R into the fatigue equation. The results indicate that the statistical distribution of equivalent fatigue-life of SFRC is in agreement with the two-parameter Weibull distribution. The coefficients of the fatigue equation have been determined corresponding to different survival probabilities so as to predict the flexural fatigue strength of SFRC for the desired level of survival probability.     

Out-of-plane flexural behavior of unreinforced red brick walls strengthened with FRP composites

This paper presents the results of a study focused on evaluating the out-of-plane flexural behavior of two fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite systems for strengthening unreinforced red brick masonry walls. The full-scale tests followed the International Code Council Evaluation Service (ICC-ES) AC 125 procedure. In the experimental program, a total of four full-scale destructive tests were conducted on UMR red brick walls. One wall specimen was used as control (as-built) specimen without composites, and the remaining three wall specimens were strengthened with either E-glass/epoxy or carbon/epoxy composite systems with different fiber architecture. The effect of applying a cross-ply laminate on the ultimate failure mode has been investigated. Full-scale experimental results confirmed the effectiveness of the FRP composite strengthening systems in upgrading the out-of-plane flexural structural performance of URM walls. In addition, an analytical model was developed to predict the ultimate load capacity of the retrofitted walls. The analytical modeling is based on deformation compatibility and force equilibrium using simple section analysis procedure. A good agreement between the experimental and theoretical results was obtained.     

Nonlinear finite element analysis of masonry wall strengthened with CFRP strips

In many experimental studies, it has been proved that unreinforced masonry (URM) brick walls have high strength against lateral forces acting in plane. However, out-of-plane strength of URM brick walls against lateral forces has found to be quite low. According to the experiences that were obtained from the major earthquakes, the low out-of-plane performance of URM brick walls resulted in excessive loss of human lives during an earthquake, hence the strengthening of URM brick walls with CFRP strips has been appeared to be a very important subject. However, very limited literature has been found. Especially, the data obtained from experimental studies must be increased for the true understanding of the behavior of strengthened brick walls under out-of-plane lateral forces. However, in most cases, this procedure required large number of expensive experiments. At this stage, numerical analysis can be an appropriate choice, thus in this paper a finite element model is presented for modeling URM brick walls that are strengthened with CFRP strips. The numerical results are compared with the experimental ones and consistent results are obtained from the finite element model. General purpose finite element analysis software ANSYS is used throughout this study. Contact elements are used along the masonry wall–CFRP strip interfaces for the investigation of the stress distribution and load – strain behavior.     

FRP strengthening of steel and steel-concrete composite structures: an analytical approach

A recent technique for strengthening steel and steel-concrete composite structures by the use of externally bonded Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) sheets, to increase the flexural capacity of the structural element, is described. Several researches developed FRP strengthening of reinforced concrete and masonry structures, but few experimental studies about steel and steel-concrete composite elements are available. Some examples of guidelines for the design and construction of externally bonded FRP systems for strengthening existing metal structures are available, but the method used to predict the flexural behaviour of FRP strengthened elements is usually based on the hypothesis of elastic behaviour of materials and FRP laminate is mainly considered only under the tensile flange. In this paper, an analytical procedure to predict the flexural behaviour of FRP strengthened steel and steel-concrete composite elements, based on cross-sectional behaviour and taking into account the non-linear behaviour of the materials with any configuration of FRP reinforcement, is given. Analytical predictions are compared with some experimental results available in the literature on the flexural behaviour of FRP strengthened steel and steel-concrete composite elements, showing good agreement of the results, even in the non-linear phase, until failure.