等离子表面高铬高碳耐磨层的研究

采用等离子表面合金化技术,在20钢表面渗铬,并进行双辉等离子渗碳,形成高铬高碳合金层.利用GDS、XRD、OM、SEM研究了合金层成分、相组成及组织形貌,并通过摩擦试验对合金层耐磨性进行了分析.研究结果表明:表面高碳高铬层含铬量和含碳量以及碳化物的质量分数(40%以上)高于一般冶金高铬铸铁;渗层主要包含M23C6和M7C3型碳化物,这些碳化物均匀弥散分布,尺寸通常在1μm左右,并无共晶碳化物组织;合金层表面显微硬度达到1000～1600 HV,耐磨性比GCr15轴承钢提高8.6倍.     

深冷处理对碳钢表面Mo-Cr合金层摩擦性能的影响

介绍了一种在Q235钢表面进行等离子合金化及热处理工艺,获得表面高性能强化层的技术方法.通过该技术方法的处理,使Q235钢表面含有Mo,Cr,C合金元素,成分达到或接近冶金高速钢.该工艺技术的基本原理是在真空容器中,利用辉光放电的溅射现象,首先在Q235钢表面渗入合金元素Mo,Cr,表面含量分别达到12%(质量分数,下同)和4%左右,随后进行超饱和渗碳,使表面含碳量达到2.0%以上,合金化层成分接近钼系高速钢.合金层中的碳化物细小、均匀、弥散,无粗大的共晶莱氏体组织.Q235钢表面合金化后分别采用淬火 低温回火,淬火 2h深冷处理 低温回火两种工艺.结果发现,经深冷处理的试样表面硬度达到1600HV,明显高于未经过深冷处理试样的表面硬度.摩擦磨损实验表明,经深冷处理试样的滑动摩擦系数较未经深冷处理试样的要小,经深冷处理试样的耐磨性是未经深冷处理的1.6倍.     

急冷凝固FGH96合金粉末颗粒表面成分及预热处理对凝固组织的影响研究

对氩气雾化（AA）FGH96合金不同粒度急冷粉末颗粒表面进行俄歇电子能谱（AES）分析,对不同温度下进行预热处理粉末中碳化物的演变行为进行了研究,并讨论了粉末颗粒表面成分和预热处理时碳化物变化和转变的关系。结果表明：不同粒度FGH96合金原始粉末颗粒表面存在不同厚度C、O和Ti元素的污染层;经预热处理,粉末颗粒中MC＇型亚稳碳化物发生分解和转变,析出稳定MC、M23C6及M6C型碳化物,明显改变粉末颗粒内碳化物的稳定性和分布状态。     

Q235钢表面TiN陶瓷化与Cr-Mo共渗表面强化耐腐蚀性能研究

介绍了一种在Q235钢表面用等离子直接复合渗镀合成氮化钛的方法.该工艺方法形成的组织是Ti固溶体扩散层上分布弥散细小氮化钛颗粒和表面氮化钛沉积层,沉积层与渗层和基体为冶金结合,不会产生剥落.渗镀层表面硬度1600～3400HV.X射线衍射结果表明,渗镀层表面为纯氮化钛层,(200)晶面的衍射峰最强,具有明显的择优取向.在Q235钢表面进行双层辉光离子铬钼共渗,表面Mo含量达到4%(质量分数,下同),Cr含量达到12%.然后进行超饱和渗碳,表面含碳量达到2.0%以上,超过平衡碳计算值.随后进行淬火 低温回火热处理,使表面合金层获得马氏体基体上均匀分布的细小弥散碳化物组织,没有共晶莱氏体.经X射线衍射分析,渗层碳化物类型为M23C6,M6C和M2C,尺寸小于5μm.表面硬度达到1100HV.将等离子复合渗镀合成氮化钛试样与双层辉光离子渗铬试样,在10%硫酸、5%的盐酸、3.5%NaCl水溶液和H2S富液(含H2S 5～8g/L,NH3·H2O20g/L)中,进行电化学腐蚀实验.结果表明,渗镀试样比铬钼共渗试样耐蚀性能分别提高了84,11.67,1.15,21.15倍.     

Re对一种新型镍基高温合金组织稳定性的影响

为了解Re对一种新型镍基高温合金组织稳定性的影响,采用扫描电镜观察了合金经长期时效后的样品微观组织,并利用透射电镜分析长期时效后析出的新相.实验结果表明,质量分数为1%～4%Re的合金经热处理后,组织由γ相、γ’相和碳化物MC、M23C6组成,当Re含量达到4%时,晶内析出了针状的M23C6.经长期时效后,随Re含量增加,合金中γ'相长大速率下降,合金的组织稳定性恶化,900℃超过1 000 h时效的含4%Re合金中出现针状σ相.因此,所研究合金中Re的含量应低于4%.     

1050～1100℃大气下等温锻造用模具材料DM02合金研究

扫描电镜和能谱技术研究结果表明,DM02合金的组成相为γ相、γ′相、MC碳化物和M6C碳化物,合金中的Hf能减少大块尺寸的M6C碳化物,从而提高合金的强度和塑性.按照模具材料的使用要求,研究了DM02合金的高温拉伸、压缩、持久、冷热疲劳及抗氧化性能.结果表明,DM02的1050℃拉伸屈服强度为485MPa,1050℃压缩屈服强度达700MPa,1100℃持久性能比K21合金高约40%,1050℃冷热疲劳性能明显优于K21合金,1050℃/100h静态抗氧化性能达到完全抗氧化级,是适合于1050～1100℃大气下使用的模具材料,其使用温度比国内目前使用温度最高的模具材料K21合金高约50℃.     

20CrMo钢Co-Cr-W涂层激光合金化的组织与耐磨性

在20CrMo 钢表面等离子喷涂不同厚度的 Co-Cr-W 涂层,经激光重熔后,获得不同的表面合金成分。建立了计算表面合金化元素含量表达式。在17Co7Cr3W 与52Co22Cr9W 成分和相应的马氏体及γ-Co+M23C6组织状态下,发现随合金化元素 Co,Cr,W 含量增加,有两个硬度峰值。耐磨试验表明,表面合金17Co7Cr3W 在空气中具有较高的耐磨性,而表面合金52Co22Cr9W 在0.5mol/LH_2SO_4和1%NaCl 腐蚀介质中,高载荷时耐磨性显著改善。与等离子喷涂表面相比,两个合金化成分都显示出良好的耐磨性。     

等离子渗铬及复合强化处理提高耐磨性能的研究EI

利用铬与-αFe无限互溶,含铬的共晶碳化物与二次碳化物形成机理不同,首先在Q235钢和45钢表面渗入合金元素铬,形成高铬合金扩散层,表面含铬量达到40%(质量分数,下同)以上,并在一定范围内使表面合金层铬含量呈梯度分布。利用铬是碳化物形成元素,进行等离子渗碳,因为碳化物形成温度低,在高铬合金层中固体形核长大,所形成的含铬碳化物弥散、细小、均匀。虽表面含碳量达2.8%以上,但是没有共晶碳化物。经淬火及回火处理,表面硬度在HV1800以上。磨损实验表明:与对磨淬火GCr15钢相比,耐磨性能提高7倍以上。     

元素V对镍基柱状晶合金显微组织和高温蠕变性能的影响

采用定向凝固炉制备出含有不同V含量的柱状晶合金,进行了高温蠕变性能测试和微观组织形貌观察,研究合金化元素V对镍基柱状晶合金微观组织及高温蠕变性能的影响。结果表明:低V含量的合金中碳化物主要以棒状形式存在,而高V合金中碳化物主要以块状形式存在,棒状碳化物中的V含量低于块状碳化物。随V含量的增加,合金中碳化物由棒状向块状转变,当V含量达到1.04%(质量分数)时,碳化物的形貌已经完全转变成块状。铸态合金经固溶处理后,合金中的碳化物发生溶解,低V合金中的棒状碳化物溶解较多,而高V合金中碳化物溶解较少。在980℃/216 MPa和760℃/725 MPa条件下低V柱状晶合金持久寿命较短,高V合金持久寿命较长,提高合金中的V含量有利于提高合金的蠕变寿命。高V合金与低V合金相比,时效和蠕变期间在晶界析出M_(23)C_6型碳化物数量少。蠕变期间合金中的裂纹主要在晶内MC型碳化物及晶界析出的M_(23)C_6型碳化物处萌生和扩展。     

铸造过热度和热处理对CoCrMo合金显微组织的影响

研究了CoCrMo合金普通壳型铸造工艺下过热度和高温固溶热处理对显微组织的影响。结果表明:CoCrMo合金在铸态下碳化物主要以大块状共晶状M23C6碳化物存在;随着过热度的增加,碳化物共晶团的尺寸增大,导致室温拉伸性能降低。CoCrMo合金经过高温固溶热处理后,大部分大块状共晶碳化物发生溶解和分解,以细小的颗粒状M23C6碳化物析出并均匀分布于基体,抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率得到很大的提高。均匀细小分布的碳化物有利于提高CoCrMo合金的室温拉伸性能。     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

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