Energy policy shifts towards sustainable energy future for Malaysia

As a developing country, Malaysia’s prosperity and welfare depends heavily on having access to reliable and secure supplies of energy. As a result, the country’s future energy requirements have become a policy priority in recent years. Energy is essential for human life, and a secure and accessible supply of energy becomes important for the modern societies. Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas are currently the world’s primary energy sources and continue to provide energy source to the world. These energy sources have depleted in reserves in recent years and they can also cause irreparably damage to the environment such as global warming and climate change. These environmental concerns can be addressed, to some extent, through more sustainable solutions such as the use of renewable energy resources. In Malaysia, the economic and environmental impacts of fossil fuels use have become hard to ignore. The government has introduced and implemented policy measures to address concerns surrounding the use of fossil fuels and to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy use. In this paper, we review the historical evolution of Malaysian energy policies and initiatives designed to secure diverse energy sources and avoid over-reliance on fossil fuels. In recent years, Malaysia has been catching up with global call to shift to renewable energy use and is now putting a focus on renewable energy in its future energy mix. The paper also discusses challenges and concerns over the future of sustainable energy of the country.     

从美国AHRI标准210/240中季节能效比的测试计算方法看房间空调器节能技术

本文从美国AHRI标准210/240中对房间空调器季节能效比(SEER)的定义以及测试试验、计算方法入手,阐述房间空调器提高季节能效比的若干方法与方向,在大力提倡节能降耗的新形式下,为提高现有中低能效房间空调器的季节能效比提供设计参考.     

温湿独立控制空调系统设计综合能效比的分析

基于国家当前执行的公共建筑节能标准,以项目实际作为出发点,分析了温湿独立控制空调系统的设计综合能效比。分析发现,温湿独立控制空调系统的设计综合能效比大于3.3W/W,较常规空调系统节能20%左右。温湿控制空调系统设计综合能效比分析,将为新建建筑空调形式节能设计提供更多的选择方向。     

基于当前节能标准公共建筑空调综合能效比分析

基于国家当前执行的公共建筑节能标准,评价分析了当前节能标准对于中央空调系统综合能效比适用范围,通过计算分析得出：现行国家标准对于公共建筑中央空调系统最低能效比约束值为2．67W/W,本文对于评价新建筑建筑空调系统能效比和既有建筑空调系统节能运营提供了可靠的技术数据支撑。     

双压缩机房间空调器季节性能试验及分析评价

利用焓差法对具有相同最高制冷能力的普通空调器与双压缩机空调器进行了季节能效比的对比试验测试分析,结合我国具有气候代表性的6个城市的气象资料进行了实际能效分析计算,在此基础上对双压缩机型及普通单压缩机型房间空调器的节能及经济性在定量上进行分析.     

中央空调系统节能管理与能源优化的探讨

中央空调系统的节能与优化,对于减少无效能耗,减少热量排放,提高能源利用效率具有重要的经济效益和社会效益。中央空调的节能应当从主机、水系统的运行管理、建筑内温湿度的调节控制以及空调机组的能源优化等方面不断加以改进,才能达到节的效果。     

教学楼建筑节能改造

参照《公共建筑节能设计标准》，从提高建筑围护结构的保温隔热性能、提高采暖和空调系统的能效比以及提高照明设备的效率三方面对上世纪80年代建成的教学楼进行了节能改造，有效地降低了建筑能耗，实现了节能降耗的目标。     

空调节能设计先行——建立以节能为主导的设计模式

节能环保是我国国策，设计是制冷空调行业的龙头，建立以节能为主导的设计模式至关重要。     

The technical and economical feasibility study of offshore wind farms in Turkey

Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy - A large part of the electricity generation is from imported fossil fuels, which makes Turkey heavily dependent on fossil fuels. For this reason, Turkey...     

Research collaboration networks of two OIC nations: comparative study between Turkey and Malaysia in the field of ‘Energy Fuels’, 2009–2011

With the world in the midst of an energy crisis, recent research has placed considerable emphasis on harnessing renewable and sustainable energy while efficiently using fossil fuels. Researchers create and sustain academic societies as a result of social interactions. This study takes a social network perspective to understand researchers’ associations using two Organisation of Islamic Co-operation nations, Turkey and Malaysia, in the fast-developing field of ‘Energy Fuels’. The study found both similarities and differences in the scholarly networks of these two countries. The mean distance between the authors in the Turkey and Malaysia networks was 8.4 and 6.5, respectively, confirming the small world nature of these networks. The popularity, position, and prestige of the authors in the network, as determined through centrality measures, had a statistically significant effect on research performance. These measures, however, were far more correlated with the research performance of the authors in the Malaysia network than in the Turkey network. PageRank centrality was found to be the most efficient topological measure when it came to correlation with research performance. We used authors’ ‘degree’ to reach to the ‘core’ (‘Deg-Core’) of the network (in contrast to the K-Core method), which was found to capture more productive authors. A method to detect academic communities of productive authors by extracting motifs (large cliques) from the network is suggested. Finally, we visualize the cognitive structure of both countries using a 2-mode network representing research focus areas (RFAs) and prominent authors working in these RFAs.     

天然气是能源低碳化发展的重要阶段和趋势

随着经济和科技的发展,化石能源发展由低效走向高效,由高碳走向低碳。能源替代将是长期以化石能源为主体和新能源快速发展的过渡。天然气以其常规和非常规巨大资源和高储采比成为低碳化石能源发展的重要阶段,并将成为第一能源。利用化石能源中相对低碳的天然气已引起世界范围的热议和重视,天然气将成为走向能源低碳化的桥梁。天然气在中国也是"新"能源,具有很大的发展潜力。     

Rack shape and energy efficient operations in automated storage and retrieval systems

Energy efficiency has become a primary goal to be pursued for sustainable logistics. In automated storage and retrieval systems this leads to revise the traditional control policies aimed at picking time minimisation and to pay more attention to rack configuration, which has been not a research concern from the time-based perspective. Proper models for energy calculation should be developed by introducing new factors neglected in time analysis, such as the weight of unit loads and the differentiation of shifts along the horizontal and vertical axis as regard energy requirements, due to different contribution of gravity, inertia and friction. In this study, a classification of racks based on system height is proposed in order to select the proper crane specifications needed to compute the torque to be overcome by motors to serve a given location within a rack. An overall optimisation model based on Constraint Programming hybridised with Large Neighborhood Search is developed, allowing the joint application of the best control policies for storage assignment and sequencing both for time and energy-based optimisation, as well as the introduction of multiple weight unit loads and energy recovery. Simulations analysis is performed in order to assess the impact of the rack shape on energy saving. Results show how, regardless the demand curve and the optimisation objective, the best performances in terms of energy efficiency are reached by the intermediate height rack shapes, while the lower ones outperform when considering travel time performance.     

The potential of biomass supply for energetic utilization in a small Italian region: Basilicata

The European Union Directive 2009/28/EC (European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC, Directive 2009/28/EC) establishes a common framework for the use of energy from renewable sources in order to reduce both greenhouse gas emissions and reliance on fossil fuels from foreign markets; more specifically the EU has the ambitious goal of reaching a 20 % share of energy from renewable sources in the overall energy mix by 2020. These objectives could drive policies that offer substantial economic subsidies for the use of renewable energy, both in Italy and in many other European countries. For all these reasons, biomass (one of the major sources of renewable energy) plants are getting a lot of attention in Italy, but it is necessary to determine whether using of this type of energy is environmentally beneficial and economically feasible. In this study, we evaluate the energy and so the environmental aspects by considering both current and potential biomass supplies available for energy utilization in a small region in the South of Italy: Basilicata, as well as the consequences of this energy conversion at both the local and the global scale.     

Sustainability assessment of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ricinus communis</Emphasis> biodiesel using LCA Approach

Biofuels are considered as eco-friendly fuels and can readily replace fossil fuels while helping to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainable rural development. Although Algeria is an oil producer and exporter, the development of renewable energies is a strategic goal for public authorities, which are giving new impetus to this sector to replace the fossil energy resources of which are becoming increasingly scarce. In this context, the life-cycle assessment (LCA) of a second-generation biodiesel derived from Ricinus communis feedstock is undertaken. LCA is a tool that can be used effectively in evaluating various renewable energy sources for their sustainability and can help policy makers to choose the optimal energy source for specific purpose. The life cycle of Castor bean-based biodiesel production includes the stages of cultivation, oil extraction, and biodiesel production. The impact categories studied were global warming, Energy return-on-energy investment (EROEI), human health, and ecosystem. We have used the impact 2002 + evaluation method which is implemented in the SimaPro© software package. Moreover, it is the most useful method for identifying and measuring the impact of industrial products on the environment. Results show that among all the production stages, the cultivation process of Ricinus communis and the conversion of oil to biodiesel are the largest contributors to most of environmental impact categories. Life-cycle analysis revealed that the use of castor for biodiesel production could have many advantages like an energy return-on-energy investment (EROEI) of 2.60 and a positive contribution to climate-change reduction as revealed by a positive carbon balance.     

Analysis and Assessment of Wind Energy Potential of Al-Hodeidah in Yemen

Renewable energy is one of the essential elements of the social and economic development in any civilized country. The use of fossil fuels and the non-renewable form of energy has many adverse effects on the most of ecosystems. Given the high potential of renewable energy sources in Yemen and the absence of similar studies in the region, this study aimed to examine the wind energy potential of Hodeidah-Yemen Republic by analyzing wind characteristics and assessment, determining the available power density, and calculate the wind energy extracted at different heights. The average wind speed of Hodeidah was obtained only for the data currently available for the five years 2005–2009 (due to the current economic and the political situation in Yemen). The results show that the average wind speed in the five years is (25.2 W/m2 at 10 m, 93.9 W/m2 at 30 m, and 173.5 W/m2 at 50 m). The average yearly wind power density (25.2 W/m2 at 10 m, 93.9 W/m2 at 30 m and 173.5 W/m2 at 50m), and the average yearly energy density (220.8 KWh/m2/year at 10 m, 822.6 KWh/m2/year at 30 m and 1519.9 KWh/m2/year at 50 m). This research is a preliminary assessment of the potential of wind energy in Hodeidah, which provides useful information for developing wind energy and an efficient wind approach. According to the International Wind Energy Rating criteria, the region of Hodeidah falls under ‘Class 2’ and is classified as ‘Marginal’ for most of the year.     

Minimizing energy consumption via multiple installations aggregate production planning

As most of the energy in today’s scenario is still relied on fossil fuels and it causes a negative impact on the environment, hence energy saving should be considered as an important element of production planning. However, energy-efficient production planning should also be cost-efficient. There are technologies that are expected to become affordable in due time frame. Such affordability and expected technology advancements can be included in production planning using multiple installations of production facilities. In this paper, an insight-based graphical method is proposed for multiple installations aggregate production planning that minimizes energy consumption of production facilities. The methodology is capable of accounting capital cost affordability as well. Application of the proposed methodology on illustrative examples demonstrates that significant energy reduction can be achieved by multiple installations production planning.     

A model of energy management analysis,case study of a sugar factory in Turkey

This study presents a case study of energy management in a sugar factory in Turkey. The main idea of the study is to analyse energy consumption, the quantity of material production, and figure out a suitable energy efficiency for the case study of a sugar factory subsequently. Firstly, a material production and energy consumption audit were performed for the sugar factory. Secondly, energy efficiency was calculated from the energy data. The SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) statistical software was used to ensure the accuracy of the data. The factory’s energy consumption was calculated as 43,590.25 toe (tons of oil equivalent) over the last year. These results were used for CUSUM (Cumulative Sum Deviation Method) graphics. This research poses the consumption of energy, cost of energy and the relationship between energy usage and material production of sugar. The unit of energy cost was 688.22 [$/toe] for the last year. This result showed that the factory decreased the unit of energy by optimisation. The results indicated that the investigated sugar factory should pay attention to the energy management issue in order to comply with the Energy Efficiency of Turkish Law and Directives.     

Impact of including land-use change emissions from biofuels on meeting GHG emissions reduction targets: the example of Ireland

The greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions from land-use change are of particular concern for land-based biofuels. Emissions avoided by substituting fossil fuels with biofuels may be offset by emissions from direct and indirect land-use changes (LUC). There is an urgent need to investigate what impact land-use change emissions may have on the expansion of bioenergy and biofuels, in the context of EU mitigation policies. This paper focuses on Ireland, which faces a number of challenges in delivering its renewable energy and GHG reduction targets. The Irish TIMES energy systems model was used to assess the impact of a range of land-use change emissions’ levels on the evolution of Ireland’s low-carbon energy system. A reference scenario was developed where LUC is ignored and Ireland achieves a least-cost low-carbon energy system by 2050. If high indirect land-use change (ILUC) emissions are included, this results in a decrease by 30 % in bioenergy and a 68 % increase in marginal abatement costs by 2050. Hydrogen is used instead of bioenergy in the freight sector in this scenario, while private cars are fuelled by renewable electricity. If GHG emissions from ILUC were considered less severe, indigenous grass biomethane becomes the key biofuel representing 31 % of total bioenergy consumption. This is in line with recent research in Ireland of the key role that grass biomethane can play.     

Electrical power engineering systems: an assessment of their impacton global climatic change

Energy expenditure, energy utilization, fossil fuel reserves and reservoir depletion rates collectively disguise and distract attention from the impact of engineering practice on potential climate change. These diversions are further compounded by the attention paid to strategic economic policies which may be microfocused or, alternatively, may be on a wider scale encompassing gross domestic product studies on a continental basis. This paper addresses some of the critical issues     

欧洲冷库能效在线评估研究及分析

提高冷库能效是欧盟的一个研究项目,该项目利用互联网开发了能效在线评估工具/平台。本文介绍该在线评估软件的内容、设计思路与基本操作步骤以及该软件在欧洲3个冷库试用的初步结果,并对其在国内冷库的应用进行初步分析。结果表明,冷库能效在线评估是一种十分有效的节能工具。指出我国应借鉴其方法,开发适合我国冷库的能效在线评估工具。