Fatigue characteristics of SAE52100 steel via ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification technology

Ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM) technology is a novel surface modification technology that can improve the mechanical and tribological properties of interacting surfaces in relative motion. UNSM treatment was utilized to improve the wear resistance fatigue strength of slim bearing rings made of SAE52100 bearing steel without damaging the raceway surfaces. In this study, wear and fatigue results that were subjected to different impact loads of the UNSM treatment were investigated and compared with those of the untreated specimen. The microhardness of the UNSM-treated specimens increased by about 20%, higher than that of the untreated specimens. The X-ray diffraction analysis showed that a compressive residual stress of more than 1,000 MPa was induced after the UNSM treatment. Also, electron backscatter diffraction analysis was used to study the surface structure and nanograin refinement. The results showed that the rolling contact fatigue life and the rotary bending fatigue strength of the UNSM-treated specimens increased by about 80% and 31%, respectively, compared to those of the untreated specimen. These results might be attributed to the increased microhardness, the induced compressive residual stress, and the nanocrystal structure modification after the UNSM treatment. In addition, the fracture surface analysis showed that the fish eye crack initiation phenomenon was observed after the UNSM treatment.     

Einsatz von Hartstoffbeschichtungen bei Spindellagern

Application of hard surface coatings for spindle bearings The demands on modern Machine Tools ascends continuously with the requirements of the production for high quality and short‐time processings. Particularly the increase of the processing‐ and removal times of the last years dues to higher loads of the main spindle bearing. The bearing as a central machine component characterises the performance of the Machine Tool for the cutting process and defines the reliability of the main spindle. The majority of the applicated spindle bearings are ball bearings. A large amount of the spindle fall‐outs is caused by a non adequate or defecitive lubrication and is effected by the tribological properties of the bearing elements. For the reduction of friction and wear nowadays several materials, coatings and lubrication additives are applied. Actual researches focus on the development of hard surface coatings (a‐C:H:W) with a nano structure for the rolling contact of ball bearings to increase their reliability. In this article the test of nano structured hard surface coating systems for the reduction of friction, warming and wear are presented. Thus the coating systems are verificated for the application in spindle bearings by pretesting. According to the evaluation the inner and outer raceway of standard‐hybrid bearings are coated and the adhesion in reference to rotational speed, resistance and wear performance at high acceleration is analysed. Concluding the emergency running properties at dry‐running condition is evaluated to identify the field of application for the coatings.     

Wear behavior of Cu-Zn alloy by ultrasonic nanocrystalline surface modification

The ultrasonic nanocrystalline surface modification (UNSM) was applied to disk specimens made of Cu-Zn alloy in order to investigate the UNSM effects under five various conditions on wear of deformation twinning. In this paper, ball-on-disk test was conducted, and the results of UNSM-treated specimens showed that surface layer dislocation density and multi-directional twins were abruptly increased, and the grain size was altered into nano scale. UNSM delivers force onto the workpiece surface 20,000 times per second with 1,000 to 4,000 contact counts per square millimeter. The UNSM technology creates nanocrystalline and deformation twinning on the workpiece surface. One of the main concepts of this study is that defined phenomena of the UNSM technology, and the results revealed that nanocrystalline and deformation twinning depth might be controlled by means of impact energy of UNSM technology. EBSD and TEM analyses showed that deformation layer was increased up to 268 microm, and initial twin density was 0.001 x 10(6) cm(-2) and increased up to 0.343 x 10(6) cm(-2). Wear volume loss was also decreased from 703 x 10(3) mm3 to 387 x 10(3) mm3. Wear behavior according to deformation depth was observed under three different combinations. This is related to deformation depth which was created by UNSM technology.     

端羟基含苯基聚二甲基硅氧烷薄膜的制备和摩擦学性能研究

采用旋涂法在功能化基底上制备交联聚硅氧烷薄膜,用DF-PM型静-动摩擦试验机评价薄膜的摩擦学性能.在表面羟基化基上制备的聚硅氧烷薄膜同钢球对摩时,摩擦系数较低,耐磨寿命更长,适合作为低载荷下的减摩抗磨防护层.     

Effectiveness of high-frequency ultrasonic peening treatment on the tribological characteristics of Cu-based sintered materials on steel substrate

The effects of high-frequency ultrasonic peening (HFUP) on the tribological characteristics of Cu-based materials sintered on low carbon steel by a powder metallurgy (P/M) technique were investigated. The friction and wear properties of the Cu-based materials were studied using a pin-on-disk reciprocating tribotester sliding against a hardened steel ball under dry and oil-lubricated conditions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized to analyze the worn surfaces and to assess the wear mechanisms. Experimental results showed that the HFUP process led to a reduction in friction and wear of the Cu-based materials in both dry and oil-lubricated conditions. This was attributed to the increase in hardness of the HFUP treated specimen. It was also found that the friction coefficient was independent of the normal load but decreased with increasing sliding speed. In addition, inclusion of Fe in the Cu-based material was helpful in reduction of friction and wear. SEM analyses showed that abrasive wear was the dominant wear mechanism of the specimens. The results of this work demonstrate the effectiveness of HFUP in improving the tribological properties of Cu-based materials.     

Tribological response of sterilized and un-sterilized orthodontic wires

The aim of this work was first to study frictional forces between brackets and different arch wires, second to determine the influence of sterilization and surface treatment on the orthodontic arch wire friction coefficient. One type of bracket was chosen (stainless steel) and four kinds of wires were tested (NiTi and Ti–Mo alloys). Half of the wires were sterilized by autoclaving. Vickers hardness and roughness measurements were performed on each surface. The friction coefficient was calculated for various bracket/wire pairs at different times during the tribological test. EDX-SEM analysis was performed before and after friction tests on the surfaces and on wear debris.It was shown that TMA samples' friction coefficient and hardness are higher than those of NiTi whereas roughness is lower. The overall results highlighted two types of tribological response: abrasive and adhesive behavior. The sterilization process and surface treatment induced no significant modification of the tribological properties of any of the samples. Thus, it is important to encourage dental practitioners to practice autoclaving onto arch wires before clinical application; however, these results did not show clearly the advantage of using surface treated wires (no details available on the treatment process).     

各向同性磁流变橡胶材料的摩擦实验研究

分别从宏观和微观角度研究磁场对各向同性磁流变橡胶摩擦性能的影响.搭建了磁流变橡胶的摩擦实验平台,在外加磁场下进行滑动摩擦实验.实验结果表明,磁流变橡胶在轻载且低速条件下,摩擦系数随正压力增大呈减小趋势,而且磁场会使得磁流变橡胶表面的摩擦系数减小,且减小趋势随羰基铁粉体积比的增加呈现非线性变化,当羰基铁粉体积比为10％、正压力为0.25N、磁场强度为250 mT时,其摩擦系数变化最大,减小约25％.通过金相显微镜进一步观测施加磁场前后的磁流变橡胶表面,检测表明磁场使得羰基铁粉在磁流变橡胶表面产生聚集,从而使其表面材料属性及微结构发生变化,该变化是促使磁流变橡胶的摩擦性能发生改变的重要原因.     

惯性载荷对高速角接触球轴承最优预紧力的影响分析

高速角接触球轴承拟静力学模型是轴承内部载荷分布的有效分析手段,是动力学分析的基础.对受轴向载荷的高速角接触球轴承的具体算例进行了求解计算,得出了不同转速下钢球与沟道接触力随预紧力的变化规律.计算结果表明:在低转速范围内,钢球与外沟道接触力随着轴向预紧力的增大而线性增大;随着转速的升高,该接触力会呈现非线性变化,表现出先减小后增大的变化趋势.对这一变化规律进行了详细的分析,并从接触疲劳寿命和陀螺转动摩擦生热的角度,提出了确定高速角接触球轴承最佳预紧力的双重约束条件,为高速角接触球轴承的设计与使用提供参考依据.     

Microstructure evolution and tribological properties for new AlSi9Cu3/5%GrCu composite

A metallic matrix composite, with AlSi9Cu3 matrix reinforced with 5% copper coated graphite (Gr_Cu) was processed in semi solid state by centrifugal casting. This technique allows the uniform controlled distribution of the reinforcing material to provide improved tribological properties in certain area. The graphite particles were copper coated for a better embedding in the matrix. The microstructure evolution revealed compounds containing Mn, Si and Mg in the matrix alloy and the final composite and controlled distribution of the copper coated graphite as reinforcing material. The hardness measurement showed 48% improvement towards the matrix alloy and the Young modulus showed 27% improvement. The friction coefficient and wear rate obtained revealed a very good and promising behavior of the composite processed in semi solid state for ball bearings ring application.     

Tribological properties of polymers PI,PTFE and PEEK at cryogenic temperature in vacuum

The effects of temperature, sliding speed and load on the tribological properties of polyimide (PI), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) at cryogenic temperature in vacuum were investigated using a ball-on-disk tribometer. At cryogenic temperature, polymers show higher hardness which results in decreasing contact area between the friction pairs. Moreover, the real surface area in contact between steel ball and polymer disk determines the friction coefficient instead of the formation and adhesion of the transfer film. Thus, the friction coefficients at cryogenic temperatures are lower than at room temperature. On the other hand, wear rates of the three polymers decrease as temperature decreases since molecular mobility and migration are limited at cryogenic temperatures. For the visco-elasticity of PI, PTFE and PEEK, the friction coefficients fall as the load increases.     

On-line surveillance of lubricants in bearings by means of surface acoustic waves

The acoustic wave propagation in bearings filled with lubricants and driven by pulsed excitation of surface acoustic waves has been investigated with respect to the presence and the distribution of different lubricants. Experimental setups, which are based on the mode conversion between surface acoustic waves and compression waves at the interface between a solid substrate of the bearing and a lubricant are described. The results of preliminary measurements at linear friction bearings, rotation ball bearings and axial cylinder roller bearings are presented.     

Effect of ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification on the characteristics of AISI 310 stainless steel up to very high cycle fatigue

Effects of ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM) on the very high cycle fatigue response of AISI 310 stainless steel have been investigated. The higher impact force used in UNSM treatment showed a higher fatigue life improvement. The fatigue life improvement was higher in crack initiation from the surface of specimens. The subsurface crack initiation depth in the alloy increased with increase in the fatigue failure cycles. It was concluded that UNSM treatment can increase the life of the alloy significantly up to very high cycle fatigue.     

Analysis of plastic deformation in diamond like carbon films-steel substrate system with tribological tests

The influence of plastic deformation of the substrate on the tribological properties of diamond like carbon (DLC) films was investigated in DLC films-steel substrate system. The tribological properties of DLC films deposited on different hardness steel were evaluated by a ball on disk rotating-type friction tester at room temperature under different environments. In dry nitrogen, DLC films on soft steel exhibited excellent tribological properties, especially obvious under high load (such as 20 N and 50 N). However, DLC films on hard steel were worn out quickly at load of 20 N. Plastic deformation was observed on soft steel after tribological tests. The width and depth of plastic deformation track increased with increase of the experimental load. Super low friction and no measurable wear were kept in good condition even large plastic deformation under high load conditions in DLC films-soft steel system. In open air, DLC films on soft steel exhibited high coefficient of friction and DLC films on ball were worn out quickly. Plastic deformation was not observed on soft steel because the contact area increased and the thick hardened layer on contact surface were formed by DLC films and debris particles together on the steel substrate. The wear track on steel became deep and wide with increase of loads and DLC films were worn out. The experimental results showed that super low friction and high wear resistance of DLC films on soft steel can be attributed to the good adhesion and plastic deformation. Plastic deformation played an active role in the tribological properties of DLC films on soft steel in the present work.     

聚酰亚胺薄膜的制备及其摩擦学性能研究

通过浸渍得到了聚酰胺酸薄膜,采用适当的方法对薄膜进行处理之后再进行热亚胺化得到聚酰亚胺薄膜.用DF-PM型动静摩擦系数精密测定装置考察所得到的聚酰亚胺薄膜的摩擦学性能.用SEM考察了聚酰亚胺薄膜的磨痕形貌和对偶Si3N4陶瓷球表面的转移膜的形貌.结果表明,聚酰亚胺薄膜在与Si3N4陶瓷球对磨时,由于在摩擦过程中,聚酰亚胺能够在对偶面上形成均匀的并且低剪切强度的转移薄膜,因此表现出了优异的减摩与抗磨性能.聚酰亚胺薄膜的摩擦和磨损行为主要取决于薄膜的制备条件.     

弹性金属塑料轴承材料的摩擦磨损特性

用MM－200摩擦磨损试验机，对含有填充料的PTFE为瓦面、青铜丝为弹性层的弹性金属塑料（EMP）轴承材料在30号透平油润滑时的摩擦磨损特性进行了研究，通过称重法、表面原始粗糙度、磨损微粒分析技术及扫描电镜对其摩擦学性能进行了初步探讨。结果表明，油润滑时，含填充料弹性金属型料轴承材料的磨损量随负荷、对偶面表面原始粗糙度值增大而增加，但比纯PTFE材料的磨损量低。     

石墨化度对2.5D碳/碳复合材料在低能条件下的摩擦学性能影响

在MM-200型摩擦磨损实验机上,对2.5D编织结构的不同石墨化度的碳/碳(C/C)复合材料进行低能条件下的摩擦磨损实验,用扫描电子显微镜对其磨损表面形貌进行了观察分析.结果表明:石墨化温度升高到一定值之后,可使摩擦系数下降,而试样的摩擦系数不稳定,相应磨损量也会增大.在摩擦初始时,摩擦系数呈现交错变化,随时间的推移,摩擦系数出现分化,石墨化度高的试样摩擦系数较低,当石墨化度增加50%时,磨损率增加0.05%,磨损量变化不是很大.石墨化程度以及石墨化的均匀程度都对材料的摩擦磨损性能有很大影响.     

外滚道剥落的高速轴承转子非线性系统及其振动响应分析

为了建立符合工程实际的外滚道剥落高速轴承转子系统动力学模型,将滚道剥落引起的时变位移和时变冲击激励、油膜时变刚度和时变阻尼、钢球与滚道时变接触刚度和时变接触角、时变接触力等非线性因素综合考虑,结合JONES的高速球轴承动力学模型建立了外滚道剥落的高速轴承转子系统非线性动力学模型.基于该模型研究了剥落尺寸和转速变化时轴承...     

Lager wie geschmiert

Friction reduction in ball bearings by nanodyn® ‐plasma coating Without ball bearings engines wouldn't operate. On the other hand by friction and wear in bearings a certain amount of material and energy is lost. For bottling plants, packaging machines and machine tools such bearings are indispensable as well as for gears, and motors in pumps in the automotive and aviation areas. To minimize friction and wear in bearings different types of lubricants are in use. Nevertheless a part of the kinetic energy will be transformed in heat and wear and corrosion might happen. Enhanced friction properties are gained on bearings from the company of Cerobear after applying the nanodyn® coatings deposited on all parts of the bearings by the Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial engineering and Biotechnology. The friction is reduced by more than 50%. In addition the corrosion is reduced as well and cleaning becomes easier. In conclusion, this project contributes to resource efficient production in Germany by the development of plasma coatings for enhanced wetting of lubricants, reduced friction and wear and for minimized corrosion of ball bearings.     

纳米G/Fe3O4复合材料的制备及其摩擦学性能

以石墨烯和纳米Fe3O4为原料,采用化学修饰的方法制备石墨烯负载四氧化三铁(G/Fe3O4)复合材料。通过透射电镜、X射线衍射仪、傅里叶红外光谱仪对复合材料进行表征;在SN5W-30润滑油中添加G/Fe3O4复合材料,利用等离子体光谱仪和四球摩擦试验机研究复合材料在润滑油中的分散稳定性和摩擦学性能。结果表明:使用油酸和硅烷偶联剂KH570共同修饰生成的G/Fe3O4复合材料在石墨烯表面分散效果比单独使用油酸修饰的好;沉淀稳定性实验表明:放置10d后,未添加复合材料的润滑油铁元素含量下降了48.3%,添加采用油酸修饰的复合材料铁元素含量下降了39%,添加采用油酸和KH570共同修饰的复合材料铁元素含量下降了31.1%;四球摩擦实验表明G/Fe3O4复合材料作为润滑油添加剂具有良好的摩擦学性能,使用油酸和KH570共同修饰的效果要比单独使用油酸修饰的好,最大无卡咬负荷PB增大了6.5%,摩斑直径减小了4.4%,摩擦因数降低了4.8%。     

四列角接触球轴承振动特性研究

基于滚动轴承动力学理论,建立了四列角接触球轴承的动力学分析模型,并以某型号四列角接触球轴承为例,对不同结构参数与工况参数下的轴承振动特性进行理论分析。结果表明:对于四列角接触球轴承,根据使用工况选择大、小球列不同的内、外沟曲率半径系数与初始接触角更有利于轴承的减振降噪;对轴承施加一定的轴向预紧量可有效减小轴承振动;存在较为合理的轴向载荷、倾覆力矩及内圈转速范围使四列角接触球轴承在使用时的振动较小。