发泡聚乙烯醇产业化及其应用分析

介绍了聚乙烯醇的生产及应用现状,分析了目前国内发泡聚乙烯醇的生产工艺技术及市场情况,并对其在清洁美容材料、医用材料、过滤材料、生物载体材料以及包装材料领域的应用现状进行了综述,为探索其在液态产品的缓冲吸液包装上的可用性和可行性提供参考。     

光致变色材料的研究与应用

变色材料在变色眼镜、光学信息存储、光分子开关等方面具有广泛的应用.主要分析了螺吡喃、俘精酸酐、二芳基乙烯以及二氧化钛、卤化银等有机和无机光致变色材料的研究现状及其变色机理,最后介绍了光致变色材料在国防以及信息存储材料等方面的应用前景.     

金属-有机框架(MOFs)衍生材料及其在储能器件和电催化领域的应用

金属-有机框架(MOFs)是一类由金属离子/团簇和有机配体通过配位形成的具有多孔结构的无机-有机杂化材料。MOFs具有比表面积高、孔径均一、结构可调等优点,受到了人们的广泛关注。然而,MOFs的导电性和稳定性较差,制约了其应用的进一步拓展。以MOFs作为前驱体,通过水热反应或煅烧得到组成、形貌、结构可调的MOFs衍生材料,既能够保持MOFs材料结构多样性和多孔性的特点,又能有效提高其导电性和稳定性,近年来已成为该领域的研究热点。然而,MOFs衍生材料单一的组成和结构,使其能够提供的性能(如电容性能、催化性能)有限,极大地限制了其相关应用的发展。因此,近几年除了研究制备各种不同MOFs衍生材料外,研究者们主要从MOFs衍生材料的组成和结构方面出发,制备出多样化且在各方面应用中(如储能器件、催化)表现出优异性能的材料。MOFs衍生材料作为性能优异的应用型材料,其研究较为成熟的组成和结构分别主要包括多孔碳、金属氧化物、金属硫化物、金属磷化物、金属氢氧化物以及纤维状结构、中空结构、核壳结构等。MOFs衍生材料不仅具有高的比表面积、均一的孔径分布,通常还结合了衍生多孔碳的高导电性及其他衍生材料(金属化合物或掺杂的金属原子及杂原子,如N、P、S等)的优异性能(如电容性能、催化性能),从而发挥出更加优异的性能。其中,MOFs衍生金属化合物材料具备多孔结构,能够提供优异的容量性能及催化性能等,且其性能通常优于通过其他方法制备得到的同种材料。从结构方面出发,近几年,研究者们通过调控前驱体结构亦或是反应条件,制备得到多种不同结构的MOFs衍生材料。一方面,部分制备得到的结构(如核壳结构、中空结构)可以缓解MOFs衍生材料在使用过程中所受到的冲击,从而表现出优异的循环性能。另一方面,通过调控MOFs衍生材料的结构,使其活性位点得到充分的暴露,从而使其性能得到最大化的发挥。本文综述了MOFs衍生材料的研究进展,包括组成特点、结构调控,及其在储能器件、催化领域的应用,最后阐述了MOFs衍生材料研究领域当前面临的挑战以及未来的发展前景。     

Beyond solvents and electrolytes: Ionic liquids-based advanced functional materials

Instead of being seen as alternative solvents and electrolytes for organic reactions, catalysis, separation, electrochemistry, and so on, ionic liquids (ILs) consisting of discrete cations and anions have recently emerged as versatile building blocks for advanced functional materials. A number of functional ILs and IL-containing composite materials have been realized by either chemical modification (covalent functionalization or ion-exchange metathesis) or physical integration of ILs and traditional materials. The unique structure and behavior of ILs as a platform not only provides additional opportunities to adjust the physicochemical properties of these ionic materials for task-specific applications, but also offers other attractive features such as intrinsic ionic conductivity and high thermal, chemical, and electrochemical stability. These soft materials combine the favorable features of ILs and the original chemistries of the functional groups or materials; some even possess unexpected functions resulting from synergetic interaction between these two components. Materialization of ILs is truly a novel, promising research direction for both IL chemistry and materials science. In this article, we review recent advances in IL-based functional materials, focusing on smart and sensitive materials, optical materials, energetic materials, and IL/carbon hybrid materials.     

新型轻质雷达吸波材料的应用研究及进展

综述了目前国内外轻质雷达吸波材料的研究动态,详细介绍了具有发展前景的空心微珠吸波材料、碳纳米管吸波材料、导电高聚物吸波材料、纳米吸波材料和智能隐身材料等新型轻质雷达吸波材料的隐身机理及最新研究状况,并对雷达隐身材料应用技术的未来做了展望.     

Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Effects on the Optical Process in Advanced Materials and Devices

Piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials have shown great potential for control of the optical process in emerging materials. There are three ways for them to impact on the optical process in various materials. They can act as external perturbations, such as ferroelectric gating and piezoelectric strain, to tune the optical properties of the materials and devices. Second, ferroelectricity and piezoelectricity as innate attributes may exist in some optoelectronic materials, which can couple with other functional features (e.g., semiconductor transport, photoexcitation, and photovoltaics) in the materials giving rise to unprecedented device characteristics. The last way is artificially introducing optical functionalities into ferroelectric and piezoelectric materials and devices, which provides an opportunity for investigating the intriguing interplay between the parameters (e.g., electric field, temperature, and strain) and the introduced optical properties. Here, the tuning strategies, fundamental mechanisms, and recent progress in ferroelectric and piezoelectric effects modulating the optical properties of a wide spectrum of materials, including lanthanide‐doped phosphors, quantum dots, 2D materials, wurtzite‐type semiconductors, and hybrid perovskites, are presented. Finally, the future outlook and challenges of this exciting field are suggested.     

Cherenkov辐射材料的研究历史和现状

追溯了Cherenkov效应和Cherenkov辐射材料的研究历史,重点介绍了曾成功用作Cherenkov辐射探测器的铅玻璃和立方氟化铅晶体的性能特点,并对目前正在研究的钨酸铋钠和重掺杂钨酸铅晶体进行了评述和讨论.     

铝合金功能薄膜与溅射靶材

近年来 ,铝合金广泛用于生产多种功能薄膜。作为制备高性能溅射薄膜用的铝合金靶材也得到了相应的应用。本文重点介绍应用于不同领域的几种铝合金功能薄膜 ,简述了铝合金薄膜与溅射靶材的制备工艺、铝合金靶材的显微结构及其对溅射薄膜性能的影响 ,最后指出了铝合金薄膜及溅射靶材的发展趋势     

Degradable piezoelectric biomaterials for wearable and implantable bioelectronics

Current bioelectronics are facing a paradigm shift from old-fashioned unrecyclable materials to green and degradable functional materials with desired biocompatibility. As an essential electromechanical coupling component in many bioelectronics, new piezoelectric materials are being developed with biodegradability, as well as desired mechanical and electromechanical properties for the next generation implantable and wearable bioelectronics. In this review, we provide an overview of the major advancements in biodegradable piezoelectric materials. Different natural (such as peptide, amino acids, proteins, cellulose, chitin, silk, collagen, and M13 phage) and synthetic piezoelectric materials (such as polylactic acid) are discussed to reveal the underlying electromechanical coupling mechanism at the molecular level, together with typical approaches to the alignment of orientation and polarization to boost their electromechanical performance. Meanwhile, in vivo and in vitro degradation manners of those piezoelectric materials are summarized and compared. Representative developments of typical electronic prototypes leveraging these materials are also discussed. At last, challenges toward practical applications are pointed out together with potential research opportunities that might be critical in this new materials research area.     

中子及伽马射线复合屏蔽材料的研究进展

原子能工业的日益发展带来了核泄漏、核污染等安全隐患,人们必须采取严密的防护措施来保障涉核人员的身体健康和环境安全。众多核辐射类型中,中子和γ射线穿透性最强,屏蔽难度最大。然而,传统的中子屏蔽材料如硼、水、聚乙烯和伽马屏蔽材料如铅、铁、钨等屏蔽功能单一,屏蔽性能有限,有的热力学性能不佳,难以满足现代辐射防护的要求。在这方面,复合材料可以集中各原材料的优点,取长补短,使得综合性能和应用范围优于各原材料。目前,已有大量复合屏蔽材料被开发和应用。按照基体不同可分为:(1)聚合物基复合屏蔽材料;(2)金属基复合屏蔽材料;(3)屏蔽混凝土;(4)玻璃基复合屏蔽材料;(5)陶瓷基复合屏蔽材料。根据国内外复合屏蔽材料的研究现状,综述了近几年来复合屏蔽材料的研究进展,简要概述了中子和伽马射线与原子相互作用的原理,总结了每种类型的复合屏蔽材料的研究内容和特点,分析了目前复合屏蔽材料研究中有待解决的问题并展望了未来的研究趋势。     

Theoretical and computational hierarchical nanomechanics of protein materials: Deformation and fracture

Proteins constitute the building blocks of biological materials such as tendon, bone, skin, spider silk or cells. An important trait of these materials is that they display highly characteristic hierarchical structures, across multiple scales, from nano to macro. Protein materials are intriguing examples of materials that balance multiple tasks, representing some of the most sustainable material solutions that integrate structure and function. Here we review progress in understanding the deformation and fracture mechanisms of hierarchical protein materials by using a materials science approach to develop structure-process-property relations, an effort defined as materiomics. Deformation processes begin with an erratic motion of individual atoms around flaws or defects that quickly evolve into formation of macroscopic fractures as chemical bonds rupture rapidly, eventually compromising the integrity of the structure or the biological system leading to failure. The combination of large-scale atomistic simulation, multi-scale modeling methods, theoretical analyses combined with experimental validation provides a powerful approach in studying deformation and failure phenomena in protein materials. Here we review studies focused on the molecular origin of deformation and fracture processes of three types of protein materials. The review includes studies of collagen - Nature’s super-glue; beta-sheet rich protein structures as found in spider silk - a natural fiber that can reach the strength of a steel cable; as well as intermediate filaments - a class of alpha-helix based structural proteins responsible for the mechanical integrity of eukaryotic cells. The article concludes with a discussion of the significance of universally found structural patterns such as the staggered collagen fibril architecture or the alpha-helical protein motif.     

光子学材料及其发展

信息技术的基础正在经历从电子学、光电子学到光子学的发展，二十一世纪将是光子信息时代。由于信息技术要求高速度，因此光子学材料要求有短的时间响应，宏观上要求低维，易于光集成，微观上希望是纳米尺寸的复合。本文综述了几种光子学材料的发展，重点介绍了激光材料和光子存储材料。     

Developments and perspectives of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) on organic materials systems

In this paper recent developments in scanning probe microscopy ( SPM ) on organic materials are reviewed with selected examples. Presented subjects include instrumentation and particularities in connection with SPM imaging on soft organic materials. Exemplary cases of structure-properties investigations with SPM in organic materials science including amorphous polymers, polymer crystal growth effects, interface structure and stability, spinodal decomposition effects, copolymer and liquid crystal (LC) nanophase separation, LC phase transitions on a molecular scale, molecular manipulation as well as structure and properties of other organic materials are presented. Naturally, this paper cannot review all papers published about SPM on organic materials. Rather, main principles and problems as well as the strategy of probe microscopy on organic materials is elucidated with selected examples. SPM is shown to be an effective and forceful organic materials analytic tool for the materials scientist.     

Science and technology of polymeric ablative materials for thermal protection systems and propulsion devices: A review

Ablative materials are at the base of entire aerospace industry; these sacrificial materials are used to manage the heat shielding of propulsion devices (such as liquid and Solid Rocket Motors (SRMs)) or to protect vehicles and probes during the hypersonic flight through a planetary atmosphere. Accordingly they are also known as Thermal Protection System (TPS) materials. Some non-polymeric materials have been successfully used as ablatives; however, due to their versatility, Polymeric Ablatives (PAs) represent the widest family of sacrificial TPS materials. In fact, when compared to non-polymeric ablatives such as high melting point metals, inorganic polymers (or metal oxides or carbides), PAs have some intrinsic advantages such as: tunable density, lower cost, and higher heat shock resistance. This review covers all main topics related to the science and technology of ablative materials with current and potential applications in the aerospace industry. After a short, yet comprehensive, introduction on non-ablative materials, this review paper summarizes fifty years of research efforts on polymeric ablatives, starting from the state of the art solutions currently used as TPS, up to covering the most recent efforts for nanostructuring their formulations.     

可降解材料现状及其在海洋领域的研究进展

目的 综述可降解材料（光降解材料、生物降解材料和光-生物降解材料）的研究现状,探讨可降解材料在海洋领域的研究进展和未来研究方向。方法 综述各类可降解材料的特性、应用及其降解机理,并从材料降解机理的角度讨论可降解材料在海水中的降解可行性及相应的材料改性方法。结果 由于海水环境存在特殊性,各类可降解材料在海水中的降解性能大幅下降,降解过程受诸多因素影响,为了使材料能在海水环境下降解,针对降解材料改性研究方面提出了建议。结论 可降解材料虽是目前材料领域的研究热点,但可降解材料在海洋领域的应用仍处于起步阶段,因此,开发出具有良好水降解性能的可降解材料是解决海洋污染问题的重点,也是未来研究的难点和热点。     

An overview of fruit and vegetable edible packaging materials

Various edible fruit and vegetable materials, including purees, residues, extracts, and juices, have been investigated in terms of their matrix‐forming properties to produce edible packaging materials to be applied to food products influencing their overall quality and improving the efficiency of synthetic packaging, thus leading to the reduction in amount of synthetic polymers used for each application. The potential of fruit and vegetables to be used as components of edible packaging materials is discussed. Such application of fruits and vegetables is possible thanks to the presence of matrix‐forming polysaccharides and proteins in their composition while the presence of bioactive compounds such as vitamins and polyphenols may confer, eg, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of active packaging materials. The development of edible fruit and vegetable packaging materials is a promising way of combining the barrier and mechanical properties of biopolymers with the nutritional and sensory properties. The application of fruit and vegetables as a component of edible packaging materials enables the utilization of raw materials with low commercial value. Edible packaging materials are a new method of their utilizing. There is also the possibility of just decreasing the amount of synthetic packaging waste by application of fruit and vegetable packaging materials simply as a passive or active layer partially replacing the non‐renewable materials.     

微波吸收剂的研究现状与发展趋势

介绍了微波吸收剂吸收雷达波的基本原理以及多种吸波材料的优异吸波性能.对目前存在的微波吸收剂进行分类,并综述了石墨、乙炔炭黑、碳纤维、碳化硅纤维、铁氧体等作为常见吸波材料损耗介质的国内外最新研究进展及发展趋势.展望了纳米吸收剂、导电高分子、视黄基席夫碱等新型微波吸收剂的发展前景.     

水滑石类化合物及其制备、应用的研究进展

介绍了水滑石类化合物的结构和性质,综述了水滑石类化合物的制备方法及其在催化材料、红外吸收材料、紫外阻隔材料、阻燃抑烟材料、热稳定剂、生物医药材料、分离与吸附材料等方面的应用研究进展,并指出了当前水滑石类化合物制备与应用研究中存在的问题。     

智能响应型聚合物微粒及其与细胞的相互作用

智能响应型材料能够感受来自外界的刺激,导致某些物理或者化学性能发生显著的变化,因而有着广泛的研究和应用,尤其是在生物医用材料领域。除传统的温度、光、pH、磁响应方式以外,主要综述了几种生物信号响应型材料,例如生物分子、酶、葡萄糖,以及多重响应型材料;着重介绍用作基因或药物载体的材料。关注不同响应方式的智能材料与细胞之间的相互作用,包括智能响应型微粒的胞吞、胞内转运、细胞内的分布以及响应,和微粒的响应性变化过程比如体积的膨胀收缩,而非材料本身性质与细胞的相互作用。这些结果有利于在细胞和亚细胞层次上理解响应性材料在基因和药物控释中的生物相容性等问题,从而更好地设计载体材料。     

先进复合材料与航空航天

复合化是新材料的重要发展方向, 先进复合材料已经成为航空航天结构的基本材料之一。本文中阐述了先进复合材料在航空航天领域的应用需求和现状, 介绍了诸如点阵、 纳米、 多功能复合材料与结构等研发热点和前沿技术, 并讨论了其研发与应用趋势。最后, 重点讨论了复合材料的原材料技术、 低成本技术、 设计/评价一体化技术等亟待解决的问题。