低浓度纳米流体比热容试验研究

分别以纳米级的CuO、Cu、Al2O3和Al粒子为分散相,以蒸馏水(DW)和丙二醇(PG)为基础液体,制备了体积份额为1～4%的低浓度纳米流体.采用比较量热法测试了不同温度下的纳米流体比热容.结果显示,低浓度纳米流体比热容比基础液体小,并随着粒子体积份额和粒径的增加而减小,随着温度的升高而增加.加和原理计算值小于试验值,不适合预测纳米流体的比热容.     

pH对水合Al2O3纳米流体的稳定性和导热性的影响

利用两步法制备了Al2O3水合纳米流体，测试了不同pH值下，不同体积分数的～203纳米流体的zeta电位和导热系数，研究pH值对Al2O3．H20纳米流体稳定性和导热性的影响，实验结果表明：对不同体积分数的Al2O3纳米流体，pH存在一个优化值对应zeta电位的绝对值最大，而电位的绝对值越大，纳米颗粒在流体中分散稳定性越好，因此对Al2O3纳米颗粒来说，要得到稳定分散的纳米流体pH值应在8～9之间为最佳；同样随着pH的变化，也存在一个最优值对应于Al2O3纳米流体的导热系数增加到一个最大的值，并且导热系数随纳米粒子体积分数增加而增大。实验结果表明纳米流体的稳定性和导热性与pH有密切的关系，此结论与文献[6]和[13]中的结论一致。     

γ-Fe_2O_3/EG纳米流体热输运性质的研究

选用乙二醇(EG)为基液,运用两步法制得稳定性良好的γ-Fe2O3纳米流体。测量并研究了γ-Fe2O3纳米流体的导热系数和粘度等热输运性质。结果表明,γ-Fe2O3纳米粒子的加入使得纳米流体的导热系数较基液提高了,纳米流体的粘度在低温下较大,并随着温度的升高而减小,纳米流体在强化传热领域有着潜在的应用前景。     

极低体积分数(Au-H2O)纳米流体导热机理研究

纳米流体热物性的研究作为一门新兴交叉学科一直受到关注,然而至今仍没有理论能够准确解释AuH2O这类体积分数极低的纳米流体导热系数极大增强的现象。因此,在前人理论的基础上,提出一种新的算法模型:利用分形理论模拟纳米颗粒分布来解释团聚物对纳米流体导热系数的影响;利用微对流模型以及颗粒扩散修正因子来还原导热系数的动态项。该算法模型充分考虑了团聚、颗粒分布、布朗运动形成的微对流、温度对颗粒和基液分子布朗运动的影响以及颗粒扩散等因素对纳米流体导热系数的影响,能够准确预测出Au-H2O纳米流体导热系数增强的趋势,理论预测值与绝大部分现有实验数据最大偏差不超过1.5%。研究发现,对这类极低浓度纳米流体而言,温度对其影响大于体积分数和粒径的影响,且呈指数形式增长。     

低浓度Al2O3-水纳米悬浮液粘度的研究

分别对粒径为40nm和65nm的Al2O3-水纳米悬浮液的粘度在不同浓度、温度下进行了实验研究.结果表明,Al2O3-水纳米悬浮液的粘度随浓度的增加而增加,随温度的升高而降低;在相同体积分数下,随颗粒尺寸的减小而增加.当Al2O3纳米颗粒体积分数为0.1%时,粒径为40nm和65nm的Al2O3-水纳米悬浮液的粘度比水分别提高了11.03%和0.83%;当Al2O3纳米颗粒体积分数为0.5%时,粘度比水分别提高了28.28%和17.50%.与粘度理论值比较发现,测量值远大于理论值,且测量值与体积分数呈非线性关系,而理论值与体积分数呈线性关系.     

SiO_2-EG纳米流体的制备及热物性能

将平均粒径为30nm和50nm的SiO2纳米颗粒添加到EG(乙二醇)的基液中制成SiO2-EG纳米流体,利用粒度分析法、吸光度分析法和Zeta电位分析法分析其悬浮稳定性,当超声时间为3h时,其分散性和稳定性最好。对SiO2-EG纳米流体的热物性能参数如黏度、表面张力、导热系数,在不同体积分数、粒度和温度条件下进行测试分析表明,SiO2-EG纳米流体的黏度高于基液的黏度,表面张力低于基液的表面张力,导热系数高于基液的导热系数。在常温下,体积分数为0.5%时,30nm和50nm两种粒径的SiO2-EG纳米流体的粘度比EG粘度分别提高了15.41%和13.17%,表面张力系数比EG分别降低了3.23%和2.54%,导热系数分别提高38.36%和31.47%。进一步研究发现温度的升高导致SiO2-EG纳米流体的粘度和表面张力系数均有所降低,而导热系数却增加。     

潜热型纳米流体粘度特性的实验研究

实验测量了潜热型纳米流体TiO2-BaCl2-H2O的粘度,分析了纳米粒子体积分数和温度对纳米流体粘度的影响.实验结果表明,在BaCl2水溶液中添加纳米TiO2会增加其粘度,且随着粒子浓度的增加,粘度增加越显著;粘度随温度降低而升高.潜热型纳米流体TiO2-BaCl2-H2O的粘度不随剪切应力的变化而变化,表现为牛顿型流体的流变特性.基于实验数据,建立了潜热型纳米流体TiO2-BaCl2-H2O粘度的计算模型,模型预测值与实验值的误差在2％以内.     

基液为丙醇/水的相变微胶囊悬浮液的制备、稳定性及热物性

相变微胶囊悬浮液是潜热型功能热流体中的一种,其性能稳定、储热密度高且适用温度范围广,在强化传热与储热领域有着较大的应用潜力。制备了以丙醇/水溶液为基液的相变微胶囊悬浮液,研究了丙醇/水的配比对悬浮稳定性的影响。进而测定了相变微胶囊悬浮液中粒子的微观形态、粒径分布、悬浮液粘度及流变特性、相变潜热、比热容和导热系数等热物性参数,分析了温度和质量浓度等因素对其热物性的影响。结果表明,所制备的微胶囊悬浮液在浓度高达40%时仍表现出牛顿流体的特性且粘度较低,拥有较高的储热密度且稳定性较好。导热系数则随浓度的升高而线性减小,且在相变区间内呈现随温度先升高后降低的趋势。     

金属氧化物纳米流体的导热性能研究

采用瞬态热线法测量了4种不同种类、不同体积份额配比的纳米流体的导热系数,分析了纳米颗粒属性、体积分数、悬浮稳定性及温度等因素对纳米流体导热系数的影响.实验结果表明,在流体中加入纳米颗粒将显著提高流体的导热系数.     

不同层数和尺寸的石墨烯对润滑油热物性能的影响

石墨烯在结构及性能上的独特优势赋予了其在现代科学和技术领域不可替代的作用.石墨烯的许多物理化学性质对石墨烯的层数和结构尺寸十分敏感.本研究选取了三种典型的石墨烯纳米颗粒,分别是极少层石墨烯(1#)、少层石墨烯(2#)和多层石墨烯(3#),将它们分别添加在现有的润滑油中,制备了不同质量分数的纳米流体,并对其导热系数、比热容和粘度进行实验测量.结果表明,采用两步法制备的石墨烯纳米流体具有很好的稳定性,通过高速离心机测试发现,其分散性较好,无团聚现象.在温度相同、石墨烯颗粒质量分数也相同的情况下,1#石墨烯所制备的纳米流体具有最优的热物性能,其导热系数较基液最大可以提高143.63％,比热容较基液可以提高23.58％.2#石墨烯所制备的纳米流体热物性能次之,3#石墨烯最差.     

Study of viscosity and specific heat capacity characteristics of water-based Al2O3 nanofluids at low particle concentrations

In this paper, the specific heat capacity and viscosity properties of water-based nanofluids containing alumina nanoparticles of 47 nm average particle diameter at low concentrations are studied. Nanofluids were prepared with deionised water as base fluid at room temperature by adding nanoparticles at low volume concentration in the range of 0.01%–1% to measure viscosity. The effect of temperature on viscosity of the nanofluid was determined based on the experiments conducted in the temperature range of 25°C to 45°C. The results indicate a nonlinear increase of viscosity with particle concentration due to aggregation of particles. The estimated specific heat capacity of the nanofluid decreased with increase of particle concentration due to increase in thermal diffusivity. Generalised regression equations for estimating the viscosity and specific heat capacity of nanofluids for a particular range of particle concentration, particle diameter and temperature are established.     

Experimental investigation on thermophysical properties of solar glycol dispersed with multi-walled carbon nanotubes

This article deals with well-dispersed solar glycol-based nanofluids containing multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) nanoparticles with different particle volume concentrations of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.4% prepared by typical two-step method. Thermal conductivity, viscosity and specific heat capacity of solar glycol (SG)-based MWCNT nanofluids, in the temperature range of 30°C–70°C were measured. The values of density showed a noticeable deviation from the predictions of Pak and Cho correlation. Hence, correlations are developed for thermal conductivity and viscosity from the experimental results obtained from the various range parameters of interest. The presence of MWCNT enhanced the thermal conductivity of the nanofluids by 17.26% at 0.4 vol.% particle concentration at 70°C. The relative viscosity of MWCNT nanofluids depends on the nanoparticles percentage concentration and decreases significantly with increase in temperature for higher concentrations. The presence of MWCNT enhances the specific heat of the nanofluids significantly, and this enrichment decreases with the increase of the MWCNT concentration. MWCNT/SG represents a new and innovative class of heat-transfer fluid, which possesses excellent thermophysical properties. The MWCNT/SG-based nanofluids could be suitable working fluids for solar thermal and automobile applications.     

Synthesis and thermal transport studies of nanofluids based on metal decorated photochemically oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes

Nanoparticle fluid suspensions were prepared using photochemically functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes in polar base fluids. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes prepared by catalytic chemical vapour deposition technique have been functionalized by irradiating with ultraviolet light of wavelength 254 nm. The photochemical oxidation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes under UV irradiation introduces oxygen containing functional groups onto the surface of the nanotubes, generating new defects on their structure. Silver nanoparticles have been deposited over multiwalled carbon nanotubes by chemical method. The enhancement in thermal conductivity of the prepared nanofluids using functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes and Ag nanoparticles deposited functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes with volume fraction, temperature and aspect ratio has been demonstrated. Silver deposited functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes based nanofluids in DI water with 0.02% volume fraction exhibit a thermal conductivity enhancement of 9.9% and 47% at room temperature and at 50 degrees C respectively.     

Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity Measurements of Water-Based TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Nanofluids

In this study, the thermal conductivity and viscosity of TiO₂ nanoparticles in deionized water were investigated up to a volume fraction of 3% of particles. The nanofluid was prepared by dispersing TiO₂ nanoparticles in deionized water by using ultrasonic equipment. The mean diameter of TiO₂ nanoparticles was 21 nm. While the thermal conductivity of nanofluids has been measured in general using conventional techniques such as the transient hot-wire method, this work presents the application of the 3ω method for measuring the thermal conductivity. The 3ω method was validated by measuring the thermal conductivity of pure fluids (water, methanol, ethanol, and ethylene glycol), yielding accurate values within 2%. Following this validation, the effective thermal conductivity of TiO₂ nanoparticles in deionized water was measured at temperatures of 13 °C, 23 °C, 40 °C, and 55 °C. The experimental results showed that the thermal conductivity increases with an increase of particle volume fraction, and the enhancement was observed to be 7.4% over the base fluid for a nanofluid with 3% volume fraction of TiO₂ nanoparticles at 13 °C. The increase in viscosity with the increase of particle volume fraction was much more than predicted by the Einstein model. From this research, it seems that the increase in the nanofluid viscosity is larger than the enhancement in the thermal conductivity.     

The effects of temperature, volume fraction and vibration time on the thermo-physical properties of a carbon nanotube suspension (carbon nanofluid)

In this investigation, nanofluids of carbon nanotubes are prepared and the thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity of these fluids are measured using a thin layer technique as a function of time of ultrasonication, temperature, and volume fraction. It has been observed that after using the ultrasonic disrupter, the size of agglomerated particles and number of primary particles in a particle cluster was significantly decreased and that the thermal conductivity increased with elapsed ultrasonication time. The clustering of carbon nanotubes was also confirmed microscopically. The strong dependence of the effective thermal conductivity on temperature and volume fraction of nanofluids was attributed to Brownian motion and the interparticle potential, which influences the particle motion. The effect of temperature will become much more evident with an increase in the volume fraction and the agglomeration of the nanoparticles, as observed experimentally. The data obtained from this work have been compared with those of other studies and also with mathematical models at present proven for suspensions. Using a 2.5% volumetric concentration of carbon nanotubes resulted in a 20% increase in the thermal conductivity of the base fluid (ethylene glycol).The volumetric heat capacity also showed a pronounced increase with respect to that of the pure base fluid.     

Preparation,characterization, viscosity,and thermal conductivity of nitrogen-doped graphene aqueous nanofluids

Nanofluids perform a crucial role in the development of newer technologies ideal for industrial purposes. In this study, Nitrogen-doped graphene (NDG) nanofluids, with varying concentrations of nanoparticles (0.01, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06 wt%) were prepared using the two-step method in a 0.025 wt% Triton X-100 (as a surfactant) aqueous solution as a base. Stability, zeta potential, thermal conductivity, viscosity, specific heat, and electrical conductivity of nanofluids containing NDG particles were studied. The stability of the nanofluids was investigated by UV–vis over a time span of 6 months and concentrations remain relatively constant while the maximum relative concentration reduction was 20 %. The thermal conductivity of nanofluids was increased with the particle concentration and temperature, while the maximum enhancement was about 36.78 % for a nanoparticle loading of 0.06 wt%. These experimental results compared with some theoretical models including Maxwell and Nan’s models and observed a good agreement between Nan’s model and the experimental results. Study of the rheological properties of NDG nanofluids reveals that it followed the Newtonian behaviors, where viscosity decreased linearly with the rise of temperature. It has been observed that the specific heat of NDG nanofluid reduced gradually with the increase of concentration of nanoparticles and temperature. The electrical conductivity of the NDG nanofluids enhanced significantly due to the dispersion of NDG in the base fluid. This novel type of fluids demonstrates an outstanding potential for use as innovative heat transfer fluids in medium-temperature systems such as solar collectors.     

Transport properties of alumina nanofluids

Recent studies have showed that nanofluids have significantly greater thermal conductivity compared to their base fluids. Large surface area to volume ratio and certain effects of Brownian motion of nanoparticles are believed to be the main factors for the significant increase in the thermal conductivity of nanofluids. In this paper all three transport properties, namely thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity and viscosity, were studied for alumina nanofluid (aluminum oxide nanoparticles in water). Experiments were performed both as a function of volumetric concentration (3-8%) and temperature (2-50?°C). Alumina nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 36?nm were dispersed in water. The effect of particle size was not studied. The transient hot wire method as described by Nagaska and Nagashima for electrically conducting fluids was used to test the thermal conductivity. In this work, an insulated platinum wire of 0.003?inch diameter was used. Initial calibration was performed using de-ionized water and the resulting data was within 2.5% of standard thermal conductivity values for water. The thermal conductivity of alumina nanofluid increased with both increase in temperature and concentration. A maximum thermal conductivity of 0.7351?W?m(-1)?K(-1) was recorded for an 8.47% volume concentration of alumina nanoparticles at 46.6?°C. The effective thermal conductivity at this concentration and temperature was observed to be 1.1501, which translates to an increase in thermal conductivity by 22% when compared to water at room temperature. Alumina being a good conductor of electricity, alumina nanofluid displays an increasing trend in electrical conductivity as volumetric concentration increases. A microprocessor-based conductivity/TDS meter was used to perform the electrical conductivity experiments. After carefully calibrating the conductivity meter's glass probe with platinum tip, using a standard potassium chloride solution, readings were taken at various volumetric concentrations. A 3457.1% increase in the electrical conductivity was measured for a small 1.44% volumetric concentration of alumina nanoparticles in water. The highest value of electrical conductivity, 314?μS?cm(-1), was recorded for a volumetric concentration of 8.47%. In the determination of the kinematic viscosity of alumina nanofluid, a standard kinematic viscometer with constant temperature bath was used. Calibrated capillary viscometers were used to measure flow under gravity at precisely controlled temperatures. The capillary viscometers were calibrated with de-ionized water at different temperatures, and the resulting kinematic viscosity values were found to be within 3% of the standard published values. An increase of 35.5% in the kinematic viscosity was observed for an 8.47% volumetric concentration of alumina nanoparticles in water. The maximum kinematic viscosity of alumina nanofluid, 2.901?42?mm(2)?s(-1), was obtained at 0?°C for an 8.47% volumetric concentration of alumina nanoparticles. The experimental results of the present work will help researchers arrive at better theoretical models.     

Particle shape effect on the viscosity and thermal conductivity of ZnO nanofluids

The viscosity and thermal conductivity of ZnO nanofluids with nanoparticle shapes of nearly rectangular and of sphere, were experimentally investigated under various volume concentrations of the nanoparticles, ranging from 0.05 to 5.0 vol.%. The viscosity of the nanofluids increased with increases in the volume concentration by up to 69%. In addition, the enhancement of the viscosity of the nearly rectangular shape nanoparticles was found to be greater by 7.7%, than that of the spherical nanoparticles. The thermal conductivity of the ZnO nanofluids increased by up to 12% and 18% at 5.0 vol.% for the spherical and the nearly rectangular shape nanoparticles, respectively, compared to that of the base fluid (water). The shape of the particles is found to have a significant effect on the viscosity and thermal conductivity enhancements.     

MgO nanofluids: higher thermal conductivity and lower viscosity among ethylene glycol-based nanofluids containing oxide nanoparticles

Five kinds of oxides, including MgO, TiO₂, ZnO, Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ nanoparticles were selected as additives and ethylene glycol (EG) was used as base fluid to prepare stable nanofluids. Thermal transport property investigation demonstrated substantial increments in the thermal conductivity and viscosity of all these nanofluids with oxide nanoparticle addition in EG. Among all the studied nanofluids, MgO–EG nanofluid was found to have superior features, with the highest thermal conductivity and lowest viscosity. The thermal conductivity enhancement ratio of MgO–EG nanofluid increases nonlinearly with the volume fraction of nanoparticles. In the experimental temperature range of 10–60°C, thermal conductivity enhancement ratio of MgO–EG nanofluids appears to have a weak dependence on the temperature. Viscosity measurements showed that MgO–EG nanofluids demonstrated Newtonian rheological behaviour, and the viscosity significantly decreases with the temperature. The thermal conductivity and viscosity increments of the nanofluids are much higher than the corresponding values predicted by the existing classical models for the solid–liquid mixture.