Study on pilot-scale centrifugal separator for low-grade diatomite purification using response surface methodology

This study investigated the performance and optimal operating conditions of a pilot-scale centrifugal separator for low-grade diatomite purification using response surface methodology (RSM). The individual and interactive effects of the feeding concentration (mass concentration of solids in the feeding slurry), centrifugal speed, feeding rate, and feeding time on the mass concentrations of centrifugal overflow and the SiO₂ contents of centrifugal concentrate was investigated by RSM. Two second-order polynomial equations between the response and independent variables were proposed to describe the influence of different variables on the mass concentrations of the centrifugal overflow and SiO₂ contents of centrifugal concentrate. It is indicated that the feeding concentration has the greatest influence on the tailing concentration. The operating conditions of the centrifugal separator were further optimized and the SiO₂ content of purified diatomite was increased from 80.17% to 86.89% under the optimal conditions. Compared with raw minerals, the purity and porosity of diatomite were significantly improved after purification from chemical, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. It is concluded that this type of pilot-scale centrifugal separator is a potentially reliable instrument for low-grade diatomite purification at low cost in the industry.     

螺旋离心泵转子系统动态响应数值分析

为研究螺旋离心泵转子对流固耦合作用的动态响应信息,以ZJ200-25型双叶片螺旋离心泵为研究对象,利用CFD软件CFX12.1和有限元软件ANSYS Workbench对其进行了考虑流场变载荷和结构相互作用的两场交替联合求解。得到转子受到的激励力以及位移响应频谱特点,结果表明：叶轮受到流场变载荷激励,发生了弯曲及拉伸振动;叶轮径向位移随流量增大而减小,其主频率与径向力主频率同为48.3Hz,轴向力以低频随机波动为主,但轴向位移仅在200Hz以内有较明显的响应,且振幅随频率增加而减小;叶轮质心位移在低阶频率处的振幅不高,高阶频率的振幅逐渐减小,轴向及径向位移均没有振幅过大的情况出现,说明螺旋离心泵转子正常工作时未发生共振,稳定性良好。本文研究结果对螺旋离心泵转子系统的设计改良及振动分析具有一定的参考意义。     

Liquid flow through holes in the wall of a direct-flow centrifugal component

Theoretical and experimental researches are reported for characteristics affecting the liquid flow during separation from a spiral gas-liquid stream in a centrifugal separator. Formulas are derived for the flow coefficient and pressure difference at the inner and outer sides of the wall.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 82–87, July, 1991.     

离心铸造液态金属充型流动过程中气泡的形核规律

对离心力场作用下液态金属充型流动过程中气体的溶解度、气泡的形核条件、形核功、临界形核半径以及形核率进行了定量研究.结果表明,在离心力场作用下气体的溶解度是一个梯度量,随着离心半径和离心角速度的增大而增大;气泡的形核功和临界形核半径也随着离心半径和离心角速度的增大而增大,而气泡的形核率相应地减小;离心半径和离心角速度越大,对气体溶解度和气泡形核的影响越明显;因此,在离心力场作用下可通过提高离心旋转角速度和离心半径减少气孔缺陷.     

运行工况对离心泵振动影响的试验研究

船用设备的特点是多工况运行,为研究变工况对船用离心泵振动的影响,对离心泵组进行试验研究,从转速、流量等参数变化进行综合分析,试验结果验证转速-振动经验公式,并总结出离心泵振动水平与转速的4～9次幂成正比;流量变化对低、高频振动的影响比中频段的影响更为明显,在特征频率叶频处表现得尤为突出;在需要小流量工况时,应采用调节降低转速代替阀门调节等对离心泵低噪声运行的有利措施。     

离心泵流噪声实验研究

搭建了离心泵流噪声测试系统,并对离心泵的流噪声进行实验研究。利用水听器测量了原型叶轮和四种改型叶轮在不同转速下的流噪声,发现水 泵流噪声随着转速的增加而增加,随轮舌间隙的减小而增加。实验结果还表明,水泵下游的流噪声声压级要高于上游。观察水泵两端声压级差随转速以 及叶轮半径的变化关系,并探讨其产生的原因。     

Evaluation of natural gas dehydration in supersonic swirling separators applying the Discrete Particle Method

The natural gas flow fields and particles separation characteristics were numerically calculated with the RNG k ? ε turbulence model and Discrete Particle Method (DPM) in the supersonic swirling separator. An experimental system was set up for testing the separation efficiency of three new designed separators with wet air. The numerical results showed that the new annular nozzle not only expanded the natural gas to supersonic velocity with resulting in low temperature (?72 °C), but also strengthened the swirling flow with the centrifugal field of 640 000g (g is the acceleration of gravity), both of which created good conditions for natural gas dehydration. Under the strong swirling flow field, most particles collided with the walls or entered into the liquid-collection space directly, while only few particles escaped together with the gas flow. The separation efficiency reached over 95%, when the length of the cyclone separation section was about 10 times of the diameter of the wall at throat. The experimental results indicated that the water can be efficiently removed from the wet air. The numerical results were in good agreements with the experimental findings, which demonstrated that the Discrete Particle Method (DPM) was accurate and stable enough to evaluate the dehydration characteristics of the supersonic swirling separator.     

离心泵空化下的转速瞬变特性试验研究

通过安装轴编码器获取了离心泵空化过程的转速瞬变信号,利用时域和频域分析手段进一步探索在不同空化程度下转速瞬变的特点和规律。分析结果表明:当离心泵内刚发生空化时,离心泵的转速变化范围最大,以标准差衡量转速的波动程度也最大,严重空化时转速的波动程度高于未空化时的波动程度;在频域上,试验用离心泵—电机系统的转速的固有频率为2.9 Hz,空化条件下泵转速的主频也是轴频,不随流量和空化程度的改变而改变,但是同一流量下,空化初生时主频的幅值最高,严重空化时次之,未空化时最小;而不同流量下空化初生主频处的幅值则随着流量的增加先增大后减小,在设计流量下空化初生时主频处的幅值达到最大;在时频域上,通过小波分析的方法对转速的特征进行了分析,发现在空化下转速的能量主要集中在39~46.9 Hz,并且在空化初生时转速的能量最大。     

高压静电分选技术在回收废旧电路板中的研究进展

高压静电分选是利用物质的导电特性、介电常数差异,使静电力、重力、离心力等有效地作用在所有粒子上而实现分选,具有高效、低耗、环境友好等显著优点,是废旧电路板无害化处理和资源化利用的先进技术之一。分析了高压静电分选机的工作原理,结合对电场及空间电荷分布的研究和颗粒荷电及动力学过程研究的新进展,总结了应用于废旧电路板回收的高压电选机设备及工艺流程,并提出了该技术在废旧电路板回收再利用方面的一些新动向。     

PM2.5细颗粒物分离技术的数值模拟和性能改进

旋风切割器是分离细颗粒物的主流技术,为了提高其分离效率并减少能耗,本文分析了切割器参数对粒子分离的影响.基于计算流体动力学数值模拟的方法,分析了VSCC型旋风切割器的内部湍流流场,比较15~25L/min范围内不同流速下的涡流变化情况;基于"逃逸率"概念,模拟1~6μm内不同粒径的细小粒子逃逸率随流速的变化曲线,考察临界粒径dc并结合气溶胶实验进行验证,分析流速对分离性能的影响程度;之后考察了流速对压降的影响,提出一种几何参数改进方案,在避免压降升高的前提下提高分离性能.研究表明:流速影响旋风切割器内的湍流分布,随着流速增大,临界粒径变小,分离性能得到提升,模拟结果在16 L/min的流速下,临界粒径约为2.5μm,与实验结果基本一致,并且利用曲线给出计算总分离效率的思路;调节几何参数可以实现在低能耗的前提下,将临界粒径进一步降低为1.1μm,收集效率更高.研究结果可为PM2.5切割器的商业选择或工程设计提供理论参考.     

制冷剂分液器分配特性的实验研究

分液器是制冷系统中重要的辅助设备,分液不均会引起换热器面积不能充分利用,制冷能力下降,蒸发器出风温度不均,膨胀阀阀芯振动等问题,合理选择和设计分液器对制冷系统高效运行有着重要的意义。文中介绍了压降式、离心式和贮液式三种分液器的工作原理,并且通过实验定量地研究了质量流量50~110 kg/h,入口干度0.1~0.3工作条件下,质量流量和入口干度对三种分液器分配特性的影响,引入各支路间质量和干度的标准偏差STDm和STDx评估分液均匀性。实验结果表明,当质量流量从50 kg/h增大到110 kg/h时,三种分液器的STDm减小,质量流量的均匀性得到改善。其中对压降型和离心式的影响较大,STDm分别降低了77%和51%,而对贮液型的影响较小,STDm降低了21%。当入口干度增大时,分液均匀性有所下降。     

Experimental investigation of processes in acoustic cyclone separator

This paper presents air flow velocity profiles obtained in conventional and acoustic cyclone separators. It is shown that vortex air flow is created in acoustical cyclone separator in presence of secondary countercurrent air flow. It is obtained that in acoustic cyclone separator air pressure pulses occur at frequency of 8 kHz and pressure amplitude reaches a value of 170 dB. Separation efficiency of acoustic cyclone separator was established experimentally.     

叶轮隔舌间隙对离心泵性能和流动噪声影响的试验研究

搭建了离心泵流动诱导噪声测试台,采用四端网络法声学测试模型,试验研究了离心泵性能和流动噪声随流量的变化规律,分析了空化发生时的流动噪声特性。通过研究不同叶轮切割量对模型泵外特性、流动噪声声压级和空化性能的影响,提出叶轮和隔舌之间的最佳间隙值。研究结果表明：在高效区运行时,模型泵进出口流动诱导噪声均随流量先减小,至效率最高工况点达到最小,然后上升;各流量下,随着空化余量的减小,模型泵进口噪声总声压级先缓慢增加,再迅速上升,达到极值后缓慢下降;随着叶轮切割量的增加,模型泵扬程跟叶轮直径的平方成正比,最高效率点向小流量工况偏移,临界空化余量变小;综和性能和流动噪声考虑,模型泵叶轮和隔舌的最佳间隙率为15%;在间隙值小于最佳值时,切割叶轮能显著降低噪声并提高模型泵的临界空化余量,并且对模型泵出口流动噪声的影响比进口明显。     

出口结构对双蜗壳式旋风分离器内流场的影响

用智能七孔球探针测试仪对不同出口结构的双蜗壳式旋风分离器内不同位置的三维速度及压力进行测量,从而获得不同结构参数对流场的影响。实验结果表明,排尘锥结构具有一定的稳流作用,有利于分离器的分离;分流型芯管的开缝有分流的作用,降低了芯管内的气流旋转强度,使上下行流都有所减少,旋风管中心附近以及边壁附近的切向速度都有所减小;分流型芯管的特有的缩口结构使不同截面上的切向速度的最大值都有所增加,距离缩口越近增加越强烈。     

一种精馏型油分离器的实验研究

精馏是利用气液混合物中各组分挥发度的差异进行分离.本文研制的精馏型油分离器结合了传统油分离器的分离原理和精馏原理,以塔内恒定压力1000 kPa、入口温度62℃、R134a和PAG的质量比为7:3的进料条件用Aspen软件进行模拟,模拟可得通过精馏过程可除去二元混合物中的润滑油.为验证该油分离器的实际可行性,搭建了测试...     

供液压头和蒸发温度对再循环蒸发器循环倍率的影响

在重力供液系统中,供液压头大于蒸发器对冷媒的阻力,液体冷媒就可以在蒸发器与汽液分离器的回路中再循环,再循环作用的强弱用循环倍率表示。循环倍率与供液压头和蒸发温度有关。这里推导了运用均相流模型计算蒸发回路各种阻力的计算公式,针对一小型制冷系统和专门设计的再循环蒸发器,进行阻力平衡计算。在此基础上,用空气侧热平衡法对该制冷系统进行了供液压头与蒸发温度和循环倍率的相互影响实验。结果表明:所推导的阻力计算式具有工程应用精度;蒸发温度升高循环倍率减小,且蒸发温度较低时循环倍率的变化率较小,反之亦然;供液压头增大循环倍率增大,而单位供液压头引起的循环倍率变化却随压头的增大而减小,该变化率还随蒸发温度的升高不断缩小;循环倍率有最优值,推荐的循环倍率应在4~5之间。     

Characteristics of the double inlet pulse tube

The performance of the double inlet pulse tube (DIPT) is analyzed using a linearized model that takes account of the void volume of the regenerator. The maximum rate of refrigeration obtainable with the regenerator is determined as a function of frequency and void volume. This rate can be achieved by a DIPT with infinitely large reservoir volume. Corrections resulting from a finite reservoir volume are important only at low frequency. The coefficient of performance of a DIPT with optimized rate of refrigeration is less than half of the thermodynamic maximum. The results obtained for the DIPT are compared with corresponding results for the optimized orifice pulse tube refrigerator (OPTR). The large improvements in performance obtained with the DIPT over the OPTR are due primarily to an increase in the pulse tube pressure. The maximum rate of refrigeration decreases as the temperature at the cold side decreases. This is caused primarily from the resulting decrease in cold side flow rate. At given temperature ratio, addition of the second inlet reduces the flow rate through the regenerator over a range of intermediate frequencies.     

Development of new models of performance correction factors of centrifugal pumps as a function of Reynolds number and specific speed

The performance characteristics of a small centrifugal pump having a specific speed of 20 min^?1 are measured when pumping two industrial Newtonian oils of viscosities 75 and 646 cSt, at value of Reynolds number near 10³. The diminishing of the performance in the case of these oils compared to water is about 50 to 80 %. It decreases with the reduction of Reynolds number. The correction factors of head, of flow rate and efficiency, are determined depending on Reynolds number, and they are compared with those obtained using the European KSB empirical method, the American method ANSI/HI and the semi-empirical method based on the analysis of power losses. For centrifugal pumps of a specific speed below 50 min^?1, the fall in performance increases with the decrease of Reynolds number and specific speed. The fall in efficiency is more important than the fall of the other performance parameters. A good agreement is obtained between experimental results and predicted results using the three above mentioned methods, with the exception of the efficiency correction factor obtained by the method of power losses analysis, in the range of Reynolds numbers between 10³ and 10⁵. The expression of correction performance factors based on the Reynolds number is universal. It allows to distinguish the ranges of correction factors falls, and to know the economic limitations of the use of centrifugal pumps. A fall of head and flow rate correction factors of over 10 % occurs at values of Reynolds number below 10⁴. But, the fall of efficiency correction factor of over 10 % occurs at values of Reynolds number below 10⁵. To facilitate to the professionals the calculation of the performance correction factors of centrifugal pumps, new models are proposed in this study according to Reynolds number and specific speed.     

Development of a miniature cyclone separator operating at low Reynolds numbers as a pre-separator for portable black carbon monitors

In this study, a cyclone separator that can be used as a sampling inlet for portable black carbon (BC) monitors operating at a flow rate of less than 200 mL/min was developed. A prototype was fabricated to evaluate its performance by experiments, and the cut-off size of the cyclone separator was predicted through numerical analysis by applying various turbulence models. The RNG k–ε model was found to be suitable for the analysis of the cyclone separator operating at Reynolds numbers of less than 1000. Cyclone separators were designed through simulation and fabricated for each operating flow rate (50, 100, 150, and 200 mL/min) of a BC monitor, and their performances were experimentally verified. Meanwhile, when the non-dimensional analysis method of the previous study conducted at Reynolds numbers of 1000 or higher was used, the cyclone separator operating at Reynolds numbers of less than 1000 also exhibited a similar linear tendency.     

Pneumatic flow switching on centrifugal microfluidic platforms in motion

This paper describes a flow switching technique applicable to centrifugal microfluidic platforms, using a regulated stream of compressed gas. This pneumatic flow switching technique allows for flow control at a T-shaped junction between one inlet channel and two outlet channels. This technique provides a noncontact, robust, and efficient method for switching the direction of fluid flow while a disk is rotating at relatively low frequencies. The switching operation can be implemented reproducibly with applied gas flow rates between 17 and 58 L min(-1) and rotational frequencies between 400 rpm (6.6 Hz) and 1200 rpm (20 Hz).