TSM型全散射式细微颗粒测量仪

提出了一种新的，基于光散射原理的人散射测量法，并相应地发展了ＴＳＭ微粒测量仪，可用于亚微米或更小颗粒的测量，理论分析和实验研究指出，其测量下限可达０．０５μｍ或更小一些，而上限约为１０～２０μｍ。     

多晶氟化镁(MgF2)导弹整流罩内散射颗粒定量无损检测方法研究

将ＣＣＤ摄像技术与计算机数字图像处理技术用于散射颗粒的定量检测，设计制造了配套设备－ＳＧ－９５型散射颗粒定量检测系统，首次实现了多晶ＭｇＦ２导弹整流罩散射颗粒的工程定量检测与自动计数，检测精度优于１０μｍ。     

3D—PDA测量2相流场时散射粒子的选择

应用激光技术测量流体速度时，需要合适的散射粒子。本文研究了激光三维粒子动态分析仪（３Ｄ－ＰＤＡ）测量２相流场速度时，如何选择合适散射粒子的问题。研究结果表明，散射粒子的合理选择是保证测量精度的重要措施之一；测量湍流脉动较强流场时，应选用密度小、直径小、折射率大的粒子作散射粒子，并选择合适的粒子散播浓度。     

基于米氏散射及夫朗和费衍射的FAM激光测粒仪

提出了综合运用夫朗和费衍射和米氏散射，即在大粒径范围内采用夫朗和费衍射理论，而在小粒径范围内采用米氏散射理论，来改善小粒径范围内的测量精度，保证激光测粒仪在整个粒径范围内的测量精度。     

基于米氏散射及夫朗和费衍射的FAM激光测粒仪

提出了综合动用夫朗和费衍射和米氏散射，即在大粒径范围内采用夫朗和费衍射理论，而在小粒径范围内采用米氏散射理论，来改善小粒径范围内的测量精度，保证激光测粒仪在整个粒径范围的测量精度。     

非相干汤姆逊激光散射实验技术

非相干汤姆逊激光散射系统能绝对地测量等离子体的电子温度，是目前托卡马无实验的常规诊断仪器。本文介绍了这种散射系统的测量原理、实验布局、散射光收集与系统的校正、以及数据处理等方面的内容，最后给出了红宝石激光散射仪在ＨＬ－１Ｍ上的测量结果。     

超光滑表面粗糙度测量的研究

本文讨论了对积分散射测量的超光滑表面均方粗糙度进行修正的问题，得出结论：可以直接依赖于散射理论从积分散射测量确定表面粗糙度值。     

对低层大气后向散射特性的测量与分析

激光导引星的亮度是决定自适应光学的系统工作状态的重要参数之一，它与大气散射和透过率等因素密切相关。为正确设计激光是引星系统提出用大气后向散射特性参数作为描述大气散射等对导引星影响的综合参数，并于１９９６年１２月首次在云南天文台对低层大气进行了后向散射特必参数测量，获得了５３２ｎｍ光的低层大气后向散射特性参数数据，并对测量结果进行了分析。     

表面粗糙度Ra和光学散射特征值Sn关系的研究

本文以光散射法测量磨削表面 例，研究光散射法光学特征值Ｓｎ和表面粗糙度主要参数Ｒａ的对应关系；特别是针对研磨表面建立的Ｒａ－Ｓｎ关系曲线图，在较大的测量范围内，Ｒａ－Ｓｎ存在较好的线性对应关系，表明光散射非接触测量表面粗糙度更适合较光滑表面的粗糙度进行了无接触，快速检测。     

X小角散射中的干涉效应

在X小角散射中，多用Guinier近似法求粒度分布，一般都认为角度越小，则近似程度越高，但实际上这个近似是在忽略了粒子间干涉效应的前提下得到的，而角度越小则干涉效应就越大，因而不能认为角度越小越好。且随着测量技术的提高，可测的角度也越来越小，测得的干涉部分就越多，因而不能用最小角处的数据，而应用无干涉的稍大角区的测量信息，或设法将干涉部分去掉。     

Hydrocarbon vapor measurements in fuel sprays: a simplification of the infrared extinction technique

An equal optical thickness approximation that greatly simplifies the application and data reduction of the infrared extinction technique for measuring fuel vapor concentrations in sprays is investigated. A general approach is given, with specific results for a 3.39- and a 0.6328-μm-wavelength system. It is shown that the infrared (3.39-μm) drop optical thickness can be approximated by the use of the visible (0.6328-μm) optical thickness for drop size distributions with area mean diameters greater than 20 μm for hydrocarbon fuel sprays.     

Limits of agreement method for comparing TSD and FWD measurements

This article uses the limits of agreement (LOA) method to compare the falling weight deflectometer (FWD) and the traffic speed deflectometer (TSD), two pavement structural evaluation devices. The TSD measures deflection slope, whereas the FWD measures deflection. For this reason, measurements were converted to the surface curvature index (SCI) and the base damage index (BDI), which can be obtained from each device. The SCI and BDI agreement between the two devices was then evaluated. Although the relationship between the calculated SCI and BDI using both equipments is reasonably close to the line of equality, there is a significant variation and a bias in this relationship. For example, for an average SCI or BDI value of 300 μm, the bias was 30 μm (FWD values lower than TSD values), and the LOA was 380 μm.     

Faraday cup for measuring the electron beams of TWT guns

A compact Faraday cup reported in this paper is designed to investigate the current distributions of the electron beams of Traveling Wave Tube’s guns. It consists of a 0.06 mm thick molybdenum aperture plate and a copper shield with a graphite collector inside. There are plates with different laser-cut aperture holes that were 100 μm, 50 μm, 20 μm and 10 μm in diameter for measuring electron beams with different sizes. The thermal analysis of the Faraday cup with pulse beam heating was performed and discussed in this paper. The pulse test shows that this device has fast response and small dissipation. A 0.58 beam perveance (μP) electron gun with expected minimum beam radius 1.0 mm was measured with the Faraday cup and the three-dimensional current density distribution and beam envelope were presented. The experiment results show that the design is reasonable for measuring the electron beam with a high resolution.     

Al2O3微粒强化铝基金属复合材料的研究

用高压熔浸法及热挤压工艺制造了微粒(直径为0.15μm-3.0μm)强化Al-Al₂O₃(40-30Vol%)复合材料。并对其组织、强度、硬度、断口特征和空隙率进行了研究。发现材料硬度的对数值符合Goto等人的折线关系,而强化相粒子的增多使转折点的温度向高温区移动。材料的断口为韧窝状,其粗细程度与粒子尺寸、含量及拉伸实验的温度有关,而粒子的表面形态对强度很敏感。基于上述实验事实,对Al-Al₂O₃复合材料的断裂机理及强化的可能途径提出了初步设想。     

计量型扫描电子显微镜测控系统研究

为了解决扫描电子显微镜(SEM)在100 nm以下的微纳几何结构尺寸精确测量方面的不足,实现SEM测量值的量值传递与溯源,研制了一套计量型SEM测控系统。该系统主要由位移台运动控制模块、激光干涉位移测量模块和图像采集与处理模块组成,基于LabVIEW图形编程语言开发了测控系统上位机软件。对1μm×1μm二维栅格样品进行尺寸测量实验,结果表明,该计量型SEM测控系统运行稳定可靠,且在10μm测量范围内的测量值示值误差优于10 nm。     

Increased fatigue strength of partially stabilised zirconia achieved by shot peening

The effects of shot peening (SP) on the fatigue strength of partially stabilised zirconia were studied. Smooth specimens and specimens containing a surface pre-crack with depths in the range 35–110?μm were subjected to SP. The cyclic fatigue tests were performed using a three-point bending setup. SP introduced compressive residual stresses on the specimens and improved their fatigue strengths. The shot peened specimens with pre-crack depths?≤?50?μm fractured outside the pre-crack area and exhibited considerably high fatigue limits, equivalent to those of the shot peened smooth specimens. Therefore, the pre-cracks with depths?≤?50?μm could be rendered harmless by SP, which was confirmed by the theoretical estimations based on fracture mechanics.     

Ellipsometer measurements using focused and masked beams

While optical spectroscopic measurements using ellipsometry may be made in air and are non-destructive, the relatively large (> 2 mm) spot size has limited their use to surface regions greater than 2 mm in lateral extent. Recent developments in focusing instruments have made spot sizes on the order of 20 to 25 μm possible. The work to be presented explores the use of the 25 μm spot size to probe non-uniform nanostructured thin films. Measurements were performed on a highly non-uniform film (0 to 2 μm in thickness across 4 mm in lateral dimension) using such a 25 μm spot. Further reduction of the spot size is possible using mechanical masking with a slit. Measurements have been made to the range of a few microns in width. The practical resolution limits of beam masking may be decreased by increasing incident light intensity, improving slit alignment, and improving detection methods.     

用激光散射法测量大颗粒时使用衍射理论的误差

从实验数据，物理和几何光学的定性分析及Ｍｉｅ理论的严格计算等三个方面证明了即便是远远大于光波长的颗粒的散射光场，其实际光能分布与衍射理论给出的结果之间也有不可忽略的误差：表现为较大散射角上实际的散射光能远大于衍射理论光能。按照衍射理论的计算结果，这一误差等效于１μｍ左右的颗粒产生的光能分布。如果颗粒对光具有吸收性，则误差将显著减少。     

激光微型靶丸位置检测中的图像分析与精度测试

在高功率激光实验装置中,为了实现多路激光精确瞄准到实验靶上,需对实验靶进行高精度定位。根据检测装置需要,建立了一套基于视觉系统的实验靶位置测量模拟系统,从而实现高精度靶瞄准与靶定位检测。本文从利用改进的均值漂移(MeanShift)算法对靶丸图像进行预处理出发,分析光照变化对靶丸中心点检测的影响,并通过相关系数模板匹配方法对靶丸端面中心进行计算分析,利用图像聚焦度分析离焦量对靶丸中心位置检测的影响。实验结果表明,图像检测系统分辨率为0.4μm,最小位移测量精度为1.2μm;当靶面图像离焦量在-10～30μm范围内时,靶丸中心位置的漂移量小于1μm,能够满足靶丸位置检测误差不大于8μm的要求。