含裂纹混凝土的三维渗透性分析

该文假设含裂纹的混凝土材料是由孔隙基体和裂纹组成的二相复合材料,基于相互作用直推法（IDD）给出了三维周期裂纹渗透性的表达式。基于单元嵌入技术和弹性比拟的数值模拟新方法,解决了三维细观连续有限元实体模型的建模和网格划分问题,实现了含混凝土裂纹的三维渗透模拟。假设裂纹为圆盘状,引入周期性的概念并提出三维周期裂纹结构模型,分析裂纹直径、裂纹周期、裂纹倾角和裂纹间距等因素对整体等效渗透性能的影响。将得到的数值解和IDD理论解进行对比分析,结果表明:在裂纹密度较低时,数值解和理论解吻合得很好,但随着裂纹密度的增大,二者之间的误差逐渐增大;当裂纹趋于连通时,IDD解低估了裂纹之间的近场相互作用而偏离数值解;裂纹接近连通时,整体等效渗透率与裂纹密度呈对数关系,可用渐进对数表达式准确描述。     

不同裂纹分布的孔隙材料渗透系数

含裂纹孔隙材料渗透性由裂纹的微观结构决定,其研究对工程实践意义重大。该文假设含裂纹孔隙材料是由孔隙基体和裂纹组成的二相复合材料,基于细观均匀化理论给出了四种不同裂纹分布的渗透张量稀疏解、相互作用直推（IDD）解和修正的IDD解。基于单元嵌入技术和弹性比拟的数值模拟方法,采用不连通的离散裂纹模型,研究了裂纹数目对有效渗透系数数值解收敛性的影响及不同裂纹分布的孔隙材料渗透性,并将得到的数值解和理论解对比分析,结果表明:随着裂纹数目的增加,有效渗透系数的变化范围逐渐减小,并最终趋于稳定,而且选择合适的裂纹数目,能同时保证计算的随机收敛性和合理的计算效率;对于所研究的四种分布的裂纹,相比稀疏解,IDD解更接近数值解,但随着裂纹密度的增加,裂纹间的相互作用增强,IDD解会逐渐偏离数值解;修正的IDD解充分考虑了裂纹间的相互作用和边界效应,能更好地估计含裂纹孔隙材料的渗透性。     

基于变分渐近法预测饱和多孔介质流固耦合性能的细观力学模型

饱和岩土类多孔材料内固、液相不同属性产生的各向异性和多孔微结构的不均匀性使得材料的细观力学特性计算变得十分复杂。为准确预测岩土类材料的有效弹性性能和细观应力-应变场,基于Biot多孔弹性介质理论,建立可描述岩土类多孔材料固液相运动的能量泛函和相应的多孔弹性本构关系;利用细、宏观尺度比作为小参数将能量变分泛函渐近扩展为系列近似泛函;以场变量波动函数为未知量,通过解决近似泛函的最小化问题(驻值问题)得到波动函数的解析解,从而建立逼近物理和工程真实性的细观力学模型,并通过有限元技术得以数值实现。多孔介质材料细观力学特性算例表明:与经典均匀化理论(将液体类比为具有较高泊松比的固体材料)相比,基于变分渐近均匀化细观模型预测的多孔介质材料细观力学特性更精确,尤其是能准确重构多孔微结构内局部应力-应变场分布,为损伤破坏、局部断裂分析奠定了坚实基础。      

含微裂纹夹杂多向纤维复合材料的损伤及本构关系

利用细观力学的Ｅｓｈｅｌｂｙ和Ｍｏｒｉ－Ｔａｎａｋａ理论，考虑纤维和筒 裂纹之间的相互作用，研究了材料内部微裂纹的损伤演化规律及其材料力学性能的影响，导出了基本体开裂的 条件及多向复合材料的细观本构关系。     

陶瓷基复合材料基体随机开裂的损伤模拟

首先介绍了描述复合材料出现损伤时细观应力场的剪滞模型;给出了模拟陶瓷基复合材料基体随机开裂的有关公式;然后采用Monte Carlo方法模拟了基体随机开裂的过程;最后通过计算机模拟了陶瓷基复合材料基体裂纹的随机演化过程,分析了有关模型参数对基体裂纹演化的影响,并与文献模拟结果进行了对比。研究表明：最终裂纹间距主要分布在 1～2倍滑移长度之间;初始开裂应力越大,最终名义裂纹间距越小;Weibull 模量越大,最终名义裂纹间距越小;热残余应力越大,最终名义裂纹间距越大;模拟长度对裂纹演化影响很小;MonteCarlo方法可以有效地模拟陶瓷基复合材料的随机开裂过程。     

骨料级配对二维模型混凝土单轴抗拉强度影响的理论研究

混凝土尺寸效应及其宏观力学非线性根源于其材料细观组成的非均质性。结合混凝土细观结构形式,将混凝土看作由骨料颗粒、砂浆基质及界面过渡区组成的复合材料。采用双线性弹性损伤模型来描述砂浆基质及界面过渡区的力学行为,假定骨料颗粒为弹性体而不发生破坏,进而推导并获得了单轴拉伸条件下不同骨料颗粒级配混凝土断裂裂缝扩展路径长度及其抗拉强度的理论解。最后,对比了建立的理论公式结果与细观尺度数值模拟结果,验证了构建的关于裂缝长度及抗拉强度理论解的准确性和合理性。     

层合复合材料冲击损伤破坏过程研究(Ⅰ)——宏观破坏准则

本文对层合复合材料在冲击载荷作用下的细观损伤和宏观损伤(分层、基体开裂、纤维断裂)的破坏机理提出了一种分析模型.该模型假设材料的非线性是由于冲击过程中的细观损伤引起的,在单元本构方程中处理;采用最大应变分量准则,处理材料的宏观损伤,并考虑了相邻层(或单元)材料状态的影响,采用节点分裂的方法模拟上述宏观损伤机理.     

基于细观单元等效化方法的混凝土动态破坏行为分析

混凝土材料具有明显的应变率效应,对其力学性质增强机理的认识还不统一。在细观随机骨料模型基础上,采用特征单元尺度划分试件网格,推导了考虑材料拉/压强度应变率效应的细观单元等效本构关系,建立了非均质混凝土材料的细观单元等效化数值模型。基于二维模型对Dilger等混凝土动态压缩试验进行了数值模拟,获得的数值结果与试验数据及随机骨料模型结果吻合良好,证明了细观单元等效化方法的准确性;进而对三维混凝土试件动态单轴拉伸和压缩破坏模式及宏观力学性质的加载速率效应进行了研究。数值结果表明:随着加载速率的增加,混凝土裂纹(损伤)数量增大,混凝土破坏将耗散更多的能量,是混凝土动态强度提高的主要原因。     

基于小波内聚力模型的界面裂纹扩展

利用区间B样条小波良好的局部化性能,将内聚力模型（CZM）引入小波有限元法（WFEM）数值分析中,以区间B样条小波尺度函数作为插值函数,构造小波内聚力界面单元,推导了小波内聚力界面单元刚度矩阵,基于虚拟裂纹闭合技术（VCCT）计算界面裂纹应变能释放率（SERR）,采用β-Κ断裂准则,实现界面裂纹扩展准静态分析。将WFEM和传统有限元法（CFEM） 的SERR数值分析结果与理论解进行比较,结果表明:采用WFEM和CFEM计算的SERR分别为96.60 J/m2 和 101.43 J/m2,2种方法的SERR数值解与理论解相对误差分别为1.85%和3.06%,这明确表明WFEM在计算界面裂纹扩展方面能用较少单元和节点数获得较高的计算精度和效率。在此基础上,探讨了界面裂纹初始长度和双材料弹性模量比对界面裂纹扩展的影响,分析结果表明:界面裂纹尖端等效应力随界面裂纹初始长度的增加而增加;双材料弹性模量比相差越大,界面裂纹越易于扩展,且裂纹扩展长度也越大,因此可通过调节双材料弹性模量比来延缓界面裂纹扩展。      

梯度复合材料应力强度因子计算的梯度扩展单元法

推导了一种适用于梯度复合材料断裂特性分析的梯度扩展单元, 采用细观力学方法描述材料变化的物理属性, 通过线性插值位移场给出了4节点梯度扩展元随空间位置变化的刚度矩阵, 并建立了结构的连续梯度有限元模型。通过将梯度单元的计算结果与均匀单元以及已有文献结果进行对比, 证明了梯度扩展有限元(XFEM)的优越性, 并进一步讨论了材料参数对裂纹尖端应力强度因子(SIF)的影响规律。研究结果表明: 随着网格密度的增加, 梯度单元的计算结果能够迅速收敛于准确解, 均匀单元的计算误差不会随着网格细化而消失, 且随着裂纹长度和属性梯度的增大而增大; 属性梯度和涂层基体厚度比的增大导致涂覆型梯度材料的SIF增大; 裂纹长度的增加和连接层基体厚度比的减小均导致连接型梯度材料的SIF增大。     

Effect of crack density and connectivity on the permeability of microcracked solids

In composite theory microcracks in solid are usually treated as degenerated inclusions separately embedded in matrix. For heterogeneous engineering composites like concrete and rock, the real cracking patterns are more complicate and quite different from this assumption due to the natural clustering and inter-connection of microcracks. This paper investigates the permeability of solids containing a crack network with finite connectivity following both theoretical and numerical approaches. Firstly, no connectivity is assumed for cracks and the interaction direct derivative (IDD) method is employed to obtain the crack-altered permeability of solids. Then the amplification of permeability by crack connectivity is quantified for parallel crack cases and for general crack patterns. This amplification effect is modeled by a crack length augmentation factor. In this way the IDD method is extended to evaluate the permeability of cracked solids for a finite crack connectivity before total percolation of cracks. Afterwards, by a carefully designed Monte-Carlo algorithm, the representative volume element (RVE) is built numerically for cracked solids with cracks having random spatial locations and random lengths. The permeability of 2D cracked solids is solved by finite element method (FEM). Through this numerical tool, the effect of both crack density and connectivity on the permeability is solved, and especially the relation between crack connectivity and the geometrical coefficient of crack clustering is put into evidence. From this study it is showed that the extended IDD method can be adapted to a microcracked solid with finite connectivity and can provide good estimates for the permeability.     

再生骨料影响混凝土渗透性的数值模拟

出于环境保护及经济方面的考虑,再生骨料在混凝土生产中得到越来越多的应用。混凝土可认为是由天然或再生骨料、多孔基体和界面过渡区三相组成的复合材料。基于随机骨料结构生成算法,建立了三相混凝土数值模型并应用于气体渗透性的分析。对于混凝土二维数值模型的稳态渗透问题,应用有限单元法求解压力场,并基于压力-流量的宏观等效关系计算混凝土材料的总体渗透率。数值分析结果表明:1) 总体渗透率随过渡区厚度及其相对渗透率的增加而非线性地增长;2) 由于骨料的存在而导致的稀释效应及曲折度效应是影响混凝土总体渗透性的两个重要因素;3) 再生骨料渗透率对混凝土宏观渗透率的影响呈“S”形曲线的关系。出于控制回收骨料混凝土渗透性能的考虑,回收骨料的渗透率最好比砂浆基体的渗透率低一个数量级,同时回收骨料的掺量也需要合理选择确定。     

Interface Cohesive Elements to Model Matrix Crack Evolution in Composite Laminates

In this paper, the transverse matrix (resin) cracking developed in multidirectional composite laminates loaded in tension was numerically investigated by a finite element (FE) model implemented in the commercially available software Abaqus/Explicit 6.10. A theoretical solution using the equivalent constraint model (ECM) of the damaged laminate developed by Soutis et al. was employed to describe matrix cracking evolution and compared to the proposed numerical approach. In the numerical model, interface cohesive elements were inserted between neighbouring finite elements that run parallel to fibre orientation in each lamina to simulate matrix cracking with the assumption of equally spaced cracks (based on experimental measurements and observations). The stress based traction-separation law was introduced to simulate initiation of matrix cracking and propagation under mixed-mode loading. The numerically predicted crack density was found to depend on the mesh size of the model and the material fracture parameters defined for the cohesive elements. Numerical predictions of matrix crack density as a function of applied stress are in a good agreement to experimentally measured and theoretically (ECM) obtained values, but some further refinement will be required in near future work.     

Estimating the poroelastic properties of cracked materials

We present a comparative study of the ability of some micromechanics estimates to predict the overall properties of heterogeneous materials. We focus mainly on cracked materials, for which this task is difficult and many estimates fail. We study particularly the interaction direct derivative estimate, proposed by Zheng and Du, which is an approximation of the generalized self-consistent scheme, but has the very convenient property to be always explicit. A modified version of this estimate, called full-range IDD by Zheng and Du, yields good results when comparing all poromechanical coefficients predicted by the estimate to finite element simulations of a 2D cracked material in plane strain, up to crack density factors of 1 for aligned cracks and 0.60 for randomly oriented cracks. The accuracy of finite element computations of the overall moduli is also commented by plotting the convergence of the average of the properties as well as the confidence intervals on these averages.     

Health monitoring of cross-ply laminates: Modelling the correlation between damage evolution and electrical resistance change

In this work an analytical solution is developed to accurately predict the stiffness reduction in conductive cross-ply laminates, caused by matrix cracking in the transverse layers, as a function of the electrical resistance change of the laminate itself.To this end a closed form solution is initially developed with the aim to link the density of transverse cracks to the electric resistance of the cross-ply laminate. Such an expression is later used within a further model which allows the stiffness degradation associated to a given crack density to be estimated.The accuracy of the proposed model is verified by comparison with a bulk of FE analyses.     

Effect of hybrid fiber reinforcement on the cracking process in fiber reinforced cementitious composites

The simultaneous use of different types of fibers as reinforcement in cementitious matrix composites is typically motivated by the underlying principle of a multi-scale nature of the cracking processes in fiber reinforced cementitious composites. It has been hypothesized that while undergoing tensile deformations in the composite, the fibers with different geometrical and mechanical properties restrain the propagation and further development of cracking at different scales from the micro- to the macro-scale. The optimized design of the fiber reinforcing systems requires the objective assessment of the contribution of each type of fiber to the overall tensile response. Possible synergistic effects resulting from particular combinations of fibers need to be clearly identified. In the present study, the evaluation of the response of different fiber reinforced cementitious composite materials is carried out by assessing directly their tensile stress-crack opening behavior. The efficiency of hybrid fiber reinforcements and the multi-scale nature of cracking processes are discussed based on the experimental results obtained, as well as the micro-mechanisms underlying the contribution of different fibers to bridge cracks resulting from tensile loading.     

Cracking due to multiple indentations in silicon: effect of indentation spacing and relative orientations

The issue of multiple cracks in materials and their interaction is central in understanding the overall fracture behavior of materials. In the case of materials used in the microelectronics industry, indentation cracking has been extensively used for the measurement of fracture toughness due to its small sample size requirements as well as a relatively good correlation with values obtained from traditional fracture mechanics tests. The majority of these studies have focused on the fracture behavior of a single indent. The present study was aimed at understanding the effect of interaction between the cracks generated on Si from a pair of sequential indents as well as a set of four sequential indents placed at the corners of a square. The distance between the indents was varied from a level comparable to the crack size to a level where interaction could be ignored. This paper discusses the changes in the nature as well as the sizes of cracks due to interaction between the stress fields of the indents.     

Mechanical stresses and crack analysis of concrete under the hygrothermic effect

The hygrothermal process can change the porosity and the permeability of concrete, causing the initiation and the growth of the cracks, and thus deteriorating the integrity of the concrete structure. A numerical formulation based on the finite element method is developed to carry out the simulation of the initiation and the propagation of the cracks caused by the coupled field of thermal transfer and moisture transport. An original concept based on three-dimensional stress state of the integration points in each finite element is described. The global relative crack density is used to denote the cracking state of the entire concrete structure, which may serve as an appropriate index to evaluate the overall deterioration level of the structure.