基于用户偏好的信任网络随机游走推荐模型

为了提高推荐算法评分预测的准确度,解决冷启动用户推荐问题,在TrustWalker模型基础上提出一种基于用户偏好的随机游走模型——PtTrustWalker。首先,利用矩阵分解法对社会网络中的用户、项目相似度进行计算;其次,将项目进行聚类,通过用户评分计算用户对项目类的偏好和不同项目类下的用户相似度;最后,利用权威度和用户偏好将信任细化为不同类别下用户的信任,并在游走过程中利用信任用户最高偏好类中与目标物品相似的项目评分进行评分预测。该模型降低了噪声数据的影响,从而提高了推荐结果的稳定性。实验结果表明,PtTrustWalker模型在推荐质量和推荐速度方面相比现有随机游走模型有所提高。     

复杂网络环境下基于信任传递的推荐模型研究

针对推荐系统中普遍存在的数据稀疏和冷启动等问题,本文结合用户自身评分与用户的社会信任关系构建推荐模型,提出了一种基于信任关系传递的社会网络推荐算法（Trust transition recommendation model,TTRM）.该方法首先通过计算信任网络中节点的声望值与偏见值来发现信任网络中的不可信节点,并通过对其评分权重进行弱化来减轻其对信任网络产生的负面影响.其次,算法又利用朋友的信任矩阵对用户自身的特征向量进行修正,解决了用户特征向量的精准构建及信任传递问题.同时为了实现修正误差的最小化,算法利用推荐特性进行用户相似度计算并通过带有社会正则化约束的矩阵分解技术实现社会网络推荐.实验结果表明,TTRM算法较传统的社会网络推荐算法在性能上具有显著提高.     

一种基于耦合对象相似度的项目推荐算法

推荐系统根据用户的偏好为用户推荐个性化的信息、产品和服务等,能够帮助用户有效解决信息过载问题。基于内容的协同过滤算法缺少合适的度量指标用来计算项目之间的相似度。提出一种基于耦合对象相似度的项目推荐算法,即通过耦合对象相似度捕获项目特征频率分布相似性和特征依赖聚合相似度。首先从项目文本中抽取项目的关键特征,然后利用耦合对象相似度构建项目相似度模型,最后使用协同过滤的方法为活动用户推荐用户可能感兴趣的项目。在真实数据集上的实验结果表明,基于耦合对象相似度的推荐算法可以有效解决基于内容推荐系统的项目相似度度量问题,在缺失大量项目特征数据的情况下改进传统基于内容推荐系统的推荐质量。     

面向个性化网站的增量协同过滤推荐方法

为了解决个性化网站中很少考虑用户检索意图，检索效果较差的问题，提出了一种有效的增量协同过滤推荐方法。该增量协同过滤推荐模型改进了最流行的推荐算法之一的协同过滤算法，并应用到个性化网站中。通过分析Web日志提取用户的浏览行为，将其归一化为用户对项目的评分值，并利用改进的相似度计算方法得到用户之间的相似度值，从中选择能够表现用户偏好的最近邻集合进行评分预测后对结果排序，将排序后的结果作为推荐列表返回给用户。最后设计增量更新算法实时有效地更新用户的历史偏好数据。实验表明，增量协同过滤推荐模型适用于个性化网站，利用该方法可以使推荐结果更加符合用户意图。     

综合用户特征及专家信任的协作过滤推荐算法

协作过滤推荐算法是推荐系统中应用最广泛的算法之一。通过分析传统协作过滤算法中由数据稀疏性导致的推荐精度不高的问题,在基于专家信任的协作过滤推荐算法的基础上,提出了一种综合用户特征及专家信任的协作过滤推荐算法。该算法分析了用户的不同特征,比较了用户与专家的相似度,通过计算用户-专家相似度矩阵,有效降低了数据集的稀疏性,提高了预测的准确性。在MovieLens数据集上的实验结果表明,改进的算法能够有效缓解冷启动问题,明显提高了系统的推荐精度。     

融合信任和基于概率矩阵分解的推荐算法

针对推荐精度不准确、数据稀疏、恶意推荐的问题，提出融合信任基于概率矩阵分解（PMF）的新推荐模型。首先，通过建立基于信任的协同过滤模型（CFMTS）将改进的信任机制融入到协同过滤推荐算法中。信任值通过全局信任及局部信任计算获得，其中局部信任利用了信任传播机制计算用户的直接信任值和间接信任值得到，全局信任采用信任有向图的方式计算得到。然后，将信任值与评分相似度融合以解决数据稀疏、恶意推荐的问题。同时，将CFMTS融入到PMF模型中以建立新的推荐模型——融合信任基于概率矩阵分解模型（MPMFFT），通过梯度下降算法对用户特征向量和项目特征向量进行计算以产生预测评分值，进一步提高推荐系统的精准度。通过实验将提出的MPMFFT与经典的PMF、社交信息的矩阵分解（SocialMF）、社交信息的推荐（SoRec）、加权社交信息的推荐（RSTE）等模型进行了结果的对比和分析，在公开的真实数据集Epinions上MPMFFT的平均绝对误差（MAE）和均方根误差（RMSE）比最优的RSTE模型分别降低2.9%和1.5%，同时在公开的真实数据集Ciao上MPMFFT的MAE和RMSE比最优的SocialMF模型分别降低1.1%和1.8%，结果证实了模型能在一定程度上解决数据稀疏、恶意推荐问题，有效提高推荐质量。     

耦合辅助信息的矩阵分解推荐模型

近十年来，协同过滤（CF）推荐系统成功地为用户提供了个性化的产品和服务。然而，用户—物品矩阵的稀疏性、推荐精度不高等问题仍然是一个挑战。针对这些问题，在矩阵分解模型基础上，提出了耦合用户和物品辅助信息的矩阵分解混合协同过滤框架；然后，基于此框架又提出了耦合物品属性信息相似度（COS）的过滤模型。大规模真实数据集上的实验表明，该模型不但可以有效解决物品相似度度量问题，而且相比传统方法，尤其是在物品特征非常稀疏的情况下，推荐准确性得到有效改进。     

融入用户和项目特征的概率矩阵分解推荐算法

与传统的协同过滤推荐算法相比,概率矩阵分解(PMF)模型在大型、稀疏的数据集上表现良好,但其仅利用了用户对项目的评分信息,没有充分考虑用户和项目的特征,因此在推荐准确度等方面仍具有很大的提升空间.基于概率矩阵分解模型,融合用户属性特征、用户偏好特征和项目标签特征,提出一种新的推荐算法UFIF-PMF.首先,根据用户属性信息计算用户属性相似度,利用项目标签信息和用户评分信息计算用户偏好相似度,并通过加权构建用户相似度矩阵;然后,构建基于项目标签信息的项目相似度矩阵;接着,将用户相似度矩阵和项目相似度矩阵融入到概率矩阵分解模型中;最后,在电影公开数据集Movielens上进行模型训练和对比实验.实验结果表明,在训练集比例为90％、隐性特征维度为10的情况下,与PMF、基于用户偏好的概率矩阵分解推荐算法(USPMF)和融合物品相似度的概率矩阵分解推荐算法(ISPMF)相比,UFIF-PMF算法的均方根误差(RMSE)分别下降6.27％、3.65％和3.49％,平均绝对误差(MAE)分别下降8.46％、4.8％和4.67％,同时有效缓解了推荐系统的冷启动和数据稀疏问题,有较强的可扩展性.     

社会网络环境下基于信任传递的推荐模型研究

现有基于信任的推荐算法中没有充分挖掘用户间的信任关系,且缺乏合理的信任关系传递规则,极大地影响了推荐算法的可靠性和准确性。针对上述问题,通过用户评分数据与用户的社会关系建立信任传递模型,提出一种基于信任传递的推荐算法。该算法首先利用评分数据计算信任传递模型中用户的隐式直接信任关系,其次通过求解有序加权平均算子融合多条信任传递链的间接信任关系,最后将计算出的用户信任度与相似度融合为综合相似度进行预测推荐。实验结果证实了所提算法可有效提升系统的推荐质量。     

基于用户信任和兴趣的概率矩阵分解推荐方法

传统协同过滤推荐算法存在数据稀疏性、冷启动、新用户等问题.随着社交网络和电子商务的迅猛发展,利用用户间的信任关系和用户兴趣提供个性化推荐成为研究的热点.本文提出一种结合用户信任和兴趣的概率矩阵分解（STUIPMF）推荐方法.该方法首先从用户评分角度挖掘用户间的隐性信任关系和潜在兴趣标签,然后利用概率矩阵分解模型对用户评分信息、用户信任关系、用户兴趣标签信息进行矩阵分解,进一步挖掘用户潜在特征,缓解数据稀疏性.在Epinions数据集上进行实验验证,结果表明,该方法能够在一定程度上提高推荐精度,缓解冷启动和新用户问题,同时具有较好的可扩展性.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

View-based model-driven architecture for enhancing maintainability of data access services

In modern service-oriented architectures, database access is done by a special type of services, the so-called data access services (DAS). Though, particularly in data-intensive applications, using and developing DAS are very common today, the link between the DAS and their implementation, e.g. a layer of data access objects (DAOs) encapsulating the database queries, still is not sufficiently elaborated, yet. As a result, as the number of DAS grows, finding the desired DAS for reuse and/or associated documentation can become an impossible task. In this paper we focus on bridging this gap between the DAS and their implementation by presenting a view-based, model-driven data access architecture (VMDA) managing models of the DAS, DAOs and database queries in a queryable manner. Our models support tailored views of different stakeholders and are scalable with all types of DAS implementations. In this paper we show that our view-based and model driven architecture approach can enhance software development productivity and maintainability by improving DAS documentation. Moreover, our VMDA opens a wide range of applications such as evaluating DAS usage for DAS performance optimization. Furthermore, we provide tool support and illustrate the applicability of our VMDA in a large-scale case study. Finally, we quantitatively prove that our approach performs with acceptable response times.     

A pragmatic multi-method investigation of discrepant technological events: Coping,attributions, and ‘accidental’ learning

Discrepant technological events or situations that entail a problem, a misunderstanding or a difficulty with the Information Technology (IT) being employed, are common in the workplace, and can lead to frustration and avoidance behaviors. Little is known, however, about how individuals cope with these events. This paper examines these events by using a multi-method pragmatic approach informed by coping theory. The results of two studies – a critical incident study and an experiment – serve to build and test, respectively, a theoretical model that posits that individuals use a variety of strategies when dealing with these events: they experience negative emotions, make external attributions, and adopt engagement coping strategies directed at solving the event, eventually switching to a disengagement coping strategy when they feel they have no control over the situation. Furthermore, users’ efforts may result in ‘accidental’ learning as they try to overcome the discrepant IT events through engagement coping. The paper ends with a discussion of the results in light of existing literature, future opportunities for research, and implications for practice.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

The Distributed Time-Triggered Simulation Scheme: Core Principles and Supporting Execution Engine

Distributed real-time simulation is a young technology field but its practice is under increasing demands. In recent years the author and his collaborators have been establishing a new approach called the distributed time-triggered simulation (DTS) scheme which is conceptually simple and easy to use but widely applicable. The concept was initiated in the course of developing a new-generation object-oriented real-time programming scheme called the time-triggered message-triggered object (TMO) programming scheme. Some fundamental issues inherent in distributed real-time simulation that were learned during recent experimental studies are discussed along with some approaches for resolving the issues. An execution engine developed to support both the TMOs engaged in control computation and the TMOs engaged in DTS is also discussed along with its possible extensions that will enable significantly larger-scale DTSs.     

Software-Konfigurationsmanagement in großen Softwareprojekten

Zusammenfassung Mit zunehmender Größe der Softwaresysteme verschärfen sich die für die Software-Herstellung typischen Probleme: Beherrschen großer Objektmengen, Erhalten der Systemkonsistenz, Kontrolle der ständigen Änderungseinflüsse und Gewährleisten einer langen Lebensdauer. Die Disziplin Konfigurationsmanagement bildet den methodischen Ansatz, diese Probleme besser zu beherrschen. Software-Konfigurationsmanagement faßt die Herstellung von Softwaresystemen als eine Abfolge von kontrollierten Änderungen an gesicherten Zwischen- und Endergebnissen auf. Dargestellt werden die Objekte und Funktionen des Software-Konfigurationsmanagements sowie die hierfür in großen Software-Projekten benötigten Methoden, Instanzen und Hilfsmittel.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。