Colour image compression based on the measure of just noticeable colour difference

To the human vision, there exists in colour images a certain amount of perceptual redundancy since the human visual system (HVS) has limited sensitivity in discriminating colour signals of small differences. By measuring the perceptual redundancy inherent in colour images and shaping the coding distortion into the perceptual redundancy, colour images are expected to be represented more efficiently. Approaches to perceptually optimise the efficiency of image coders in compressing colour images with the perceptual redundancy estimated by a colour visual model are presented. The model estimates the perceptual redundancy for each colour pixel as a visibility threshold of colour difference in any colour space and in a spatial or frequency domain. Two existing image coders are modified to take advantage of the perceptual redundancy and simulated to inspect if their coding efficiency is improved. In the spatial domain, the JPEG-LS coder in the near-lossless compression mode is modified to make coding errors part of the perceptual redundancy in compressing colour images in the RGB space. In the wavelet domain, the JPEG2000 coder is refined by minimising the perceptible distortion involved in the rate control of the compressed image in the YC/sub b/C/sub r/space. Simulation results show that, in both cases, the performance of the perceptually tuned coder is superior to that of the un-tuned coder in terms of the bit rate required for achieving the same visual quality.     

具有人类视觉特性的可见水印算法

论文提出一种基于小波变换的可见水印算法,该算法利用人类视觉模型的亮度CSF和纹理敏感特性,根据主图像和水印图像的局部和全局特征,建立确定水印嵌入的拉伸系数数学模型。首先描述了人类视觉及小波分解系数分析,给出了小波系数视觉重要性权重值。把原图像和水印图像小波系数频率子带分成不同的块,基于视觉掩模对子块进行分类。利用人眼的纹理敏感特性,进一步增强了嵌入水印的图像视觉质量。仿真实验表明该算法结果良好。     

一种基于整数小波变换的医学图像半脆弱水印算法

提出一种应用于医学图像的半脆弱水印算法.首先时RGB图像进行可逆颜色转换,再对亮度分量进行一维整数harr小波变换,然后通过自适应地修改高频系数以嵌入水印.实验表明,该算法具有较高的透明性,对非恶意攻击具有一定鲁棒性,同时能较好地对恶意攻击进行检测与定位,能方便地应用于医学图像管理与保护.     

An HVS based adaptive quantization scheme for the compression of color images

In this paper a Human Visual System based adaptive quantization scheme is proposed. The proposed algorithm supports perceptually lossless as well as lossy compression. The algorithm uses a transform based compression approach using the wavelet transform, and has incorporated vision models for the compression of both luminance and chrominance components. The major strength of the coder is the incorporation of the vision model for the chrominance components and the optimum way in which the scales are distributed among the luminance and chrominance components to achieve higher compression ratios. The perceptual model developed for the color components gives flexibility for giving more compression for the color components without causing any color degradations. For each image the visual thresholds are evaluated and an optimum bit allocation is done in such a way that the quantization error is always less than the visual distortion for the given rate. To validate the strength of the proposed algorithm, the perceptual quality of the images reconstructed using the proposed coder is compared with the images reconstructed with JPEG2000 standard coder, for the same compression. To evaluate the perceptual quality of the compressed images latest perceptual quality matrices such as Structural Similarity Index, Visual Information Fidelity and Visual Signal-to-Noise Ratio are used. The results obtained reveal that the proposed structure gives excellent improvement in perceptual quality compared to the existing schemes, for both lossy as well as lossless compression. These advantages make the proposed algorithm a good candidate for replacing the quantizer stage of the current image compression standards.     

Wavelet-based copyright-protection scheme for digital images based on local features

A lossless, robust copyright-protection scheme for digital images based on cryptography and watermarking is proposed. In the proposed wavelet-based scheme, the logo image is not embedded into the protected image. The secret key is generated during the embedding process using local features extracted from the perceptually prominent components of the host image after the digital wavelet transform. Digital signature and time-stamping technologies are then used for further protection. With the secret key, the logo image extraction process can be completed without the host image. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme is effective and robust against common image processing and geometric distortions.     

Perceptual Digital Watermarking for Image Authentication in Electronic Commerce

Digital watermarking has been presented to protect the copyright of electronic multimedia data. The previous proposed watermarking algorithms mostly embed sequences of random numbers or binary images as the watermarks. In this paper, an image accreditation technique by embedding digital gray-level image watermarks in images is proposed. In the proposed method, the host image and the watermark are decomposed into wavelet coefficients. The contextual energies of the host-image wavelet coefficients are computed to select embedding coefficients. The watermark wavelet coefficients are sorted and then embedded in the selected host coefficients. The experiments show that the proposed method provides extra robustness against JPEG-compression, image-processing, and even composite attacks compared to the traditional embedding methods. Moreover, the proposed method has no need of the original image to extract the embedded watermarks. The proposed method facilitates electronic commerce application developers to select adequate digital watermarking techniques for their development systems.     

一种新的半脆弱彩色图像数字水印算法

提出了一种基于内容的半脆弱彩色图像数字水印嵌入算法, 该算法可同时用于彩色图像的版权保护和内容认证．首先将彩色载体图像从 RGB 空间转换到 YCrCb 空间．然后对亮度 (Y) 进行 L+1 级小波分解, 并将分解后的小波近似系数用混沌序列进行调制从而生成基于图像内容的数字水印信号．最后对亮度 (Y) 及色差 (Cr 和 Cb) 进行 L 级小波分解, 并结合视觉感知特性及局部系数相关特性, 通过分块量化措施将水印信号嵌入到载体图像 (Y、Cr和Cb) 的小波域中．仿真实验表明, 本文算法不仅具有较好的透明性, 对JPEG压缩、叠加噪声、平滑滤波等常规图像处理操作具有较好的鲁棒性, 而且能够对剪切、替换等恶意图像篡改作出报警并确定被篡改位置．同时常规图像处理下其误检率与漏检率均比较低．     

基于离散小波的数字水印在图像认证中的应用

该论文提出了一种新的水印方案来认证数字图像。即使图像已被基本图像处理操作退化,该方案也可以检测到对图像的恶意篡改。该文的系统基于小波包系数的量化,并在保持良好视觉不可见性的同时利用人类视觉系统的特征来最大化嵌入量。该文开发了一个图像相关的方法,它在离散小波域计算最优量化阶。多分辨率离散小波分解的性质使你们可以在空域和频域定位图像的篡改。实验结果显示该系统能够检测图像未授权改动,同时对图像压缩稳健。     

A robust logo watermarking technique in divisive normalization transform domain

In this paper, a novel image watermarking scheme has been presented, which is based on Divisive Normalization Transform, Discrete Wavelet Transform and Singular Value Decomposition. Through this paper an attempt has been made to solve the problem of statically and perceptually redundant wavelet coefficients, used during watermarking with the help of divisive normalization transform while maintaining the robustness and imperceptibility. Divisive Normalization Transform is an adaptive nonlinear image illustration in which all linear transform coefficient are divided by a weighted sum of coefficient amplitudes in a generalized neighbourhood. The idea of embedding the watermark image into singular values of divisively normalized coefficients of host image has been exploited. The proposed algorithm is providing the perceptually better-quality watermarked image and at the same time maintaining the robustness of watermarked algorithm. Thus the proposed watermarking algorithm is a semi-blind, image adaptive due to use of divisive normalization transform and suitable for rightful ownership. Various comparative results make the algorithm superior in terms of intentional and non-intentional attacks.     

图象小波域的水印嵌入方法

图象小波变换后获得的低频尺度子图携带了较多的信号能量，在这一分量上嵌入水印，可保证水印稳健性较好，也能提高图象对水印的容量，作者应用小波提升算法基础上获得的非线性小波变换方法来提高尺度小图系数的值，增强这些系数的感觉容量，实验结果表明使用这种方法可以获得稳健性更强制 小波水印嵌入算法。     

HVS-based scalable image watermarking

This paper proposes a novel human vision system based, spread spectrum method to scalable image watermarking. A scalable decomposition of the watermark is spread into the entire frequency sub-bands of the wavelet decomposed image. At each wavelet sub-band, the watermark data are inserted into the selected coefficients of the sub-band in a manner that the watermark embedding visual artifact occurs in the highly textured, highly contrasted and very dark/bright areas of the image. In the lowest frequency sub-band of wavelet transform, the coefficients are selected by independent analysis of texture, contrast and luminance information. In high frequency sub-bands, the coefficient selection is done by analyzing coefficients amplitude and local entropy. The experimental results show that the watermarked test images are highly transparent and robust against scalable wavelet-based image coding even at very low bit-rate coding. The proposed approach can guarantee content authentication for scalable coded images, especially on heterogeneous networks which different users with different process capabilities and network access bandwidth use unique multimedia sources.

     

一种新的基于图块分类的水印算法

提出了一种新的小波域鲁棒性水印算法,算法以图像块矩阵的熵和标准差等特征值为依据,对图像进行了光滑和纹理等4个区域的划分,并在此基础上结合小波域系数特征,自适应地选取最佳水印嵌入位置和嵌入强度,从而在保证算法鲁棒性的同时进一步提高水印的透明性。     

基于三重小波系数集的水印算法研究

本文提出了一种基于三重小波系数集的水印嵌入方法。定义了三重小波系数集，根据其元素间相互关系选择系数集并将其分成两类从而嵌入和提取水印。同时利用shuffle算法对水印序列进行置乱以提高系统的安全性。实验结果表明，该算法对原图像的影响极小，并且对于各种通用的图像操作和攻击具有极好的鲁棒性。     

基于提升方案小波的半脆弱水印图像认证算法

在小波变换域内,将水印嵌入在特定的小波系数中,对图像带来的失真影响很小,同时可以准确地检测和篡改定位,因此目前实现认证的脆弱水印和半脆弱水印大多在小波域内.提出了一种使用提升小波变换的半脆弱水印方法.在原始宿主图像经过提升小波变换之后的低频子带,根据水印和小波系数的特征自适应地修改小波系数,嵌入过程实现了很好的不可见性和鲁棒性,实现了盲提取,并能准确地实现篡改的检测和定位.     

A robust semi-blind watermarking for color images based on multiple decompositions

In this paper, a robust semi-blind watermarking scheme for color images, based on multiple decompositions is proposed to preserve the copyrights of the owner. Using multiple decompositions, the gray watermark is embedded into a host color image. Prior to that, to enhance security the gray watermark is encrypted with Arnold transform and SVD by generating secret keys. The luminance component of the given host image is subjected to discrete wavelet transform(DWT), contourlet transform(CT), Schur decomposition and singular value decomposition(SVD) in sequence and finally the watermark is embedded. In the semi-blind extraction process, the watermark is extracted without the help of the original host image. Experimental results show that the proposed watermarking scheme has better visual imperceptibility and high robustness against image & signal processing attacks compared to other methods.     

基于GHM和FCM的自适应图像水印算法

提出一种基于GHM多小波变换域上的模糊自适应水印算法。利用多小波系数块的能量、重要系数对小波块进行分类,结合图像自身的局部特性,在多小波系数中的两个相关的细节子图像中自适应地嵌入一幅二值水印图像;为了增强水印的鲁棒性,采用冗余嵌入方法;水印的提取不需要原始图像。实验结果证明,该算法对剪切、JPEG压缩、锐化等多种图像处理具有很好的鲁棒性。     

基于小波变换的图像水印嵌入方法

基于小波变换的数字水印技术是当前的一个研究热点。该文提出了将随机序列嵌入到小波图像的低频系数的方法。但从视觉效果的考虑,在小波图像的低频系数嵌入水印会降低图像质量。为克服这个问题,该文将水印嵌入到视觉不敏感的位置,并且根据视觉系统纹理掩蔽特性,将不同强度的水印分量嵌入到不同的小波系数中。实验结果表明水印是不可见的,对JPEG有损压缩、中值滤波、噪声干扰等有较强的鲁棒性。     

基于混沌序列和HVS的盲数字水印算法

提出一种针对彩色图像的基于混沌系统和人类视觉系统HVS(Human Visual System)的数字水印算法.通过该算法将二值水印经混沌系统加密后嵌入到彩色图像的蓝色分量B的小波系数中,在水印提取时根据密钥可以实现盲提取.实验结果表明,该算法对常用的图像处理如JPEG压缩、加噪、剪切和滤波等攻击具有较好的鲁棒性,取得了不可见性和鲁棒性的良好折中,同时盲检测使得水印检测的可靠性得到了很大的提高.     

基于小波视觉模型的乘性水印算法

虽然小波域加性水印算法具有较好的不可感知性,但其鲁棒性较弱。因此,结合小波域视觉模型,提出了一种基于小波视觉模型的乘性图像水印算法。在水印嵌入过程中,为平衡水印的不可感知性和鲁棒性,以中频子带作为水印嵌入空间,并根据图像的频域敏感度、亮度敏感度、纹理复杂度确定水印的嵌入强度。在水印检测过程中,采用广义高斯分布(GGD)对小波系数的统计特性进行刻画,并通过奈曼-皮尔逊(NP)准则确定水印系统的检测阈值,给出了水印系统的虚警概率和检测概率之间的接收者操作特征(ROC)曲线关系。最后通过实验测试了该算法在抗压缩、叠加噪声、缩放和剪切等攻击时的鲁棒性能。仿真结果表明：该算法具有较好的检测性能以及在抗攻击时具有较强的鲁棒性。     

Enhanced Gabor wavelet correlogram feature for image indexing and retrieval

In this paper, a new feature scheme called enhanced Gabor wavelet correlogram (EGWC) is proposed for image indexing and retrieval. EGWC uses Gabor wavelets to decompose the image into different scales and orientations. The Gabor wavelet coefficients are then quantized using optimized quantization thresholds. In the next step, the autocorrelogram of the quantized wavelet coefficients is computed in each wavelet scale and orientation. Finally, the EGWC index vector simply consists of the autocorrelogram coefficients. Due to non-orthogonality of Gabor decomposition, the resulting wavelet coefficients suffer from redundancy, which increases the computational cost and reduces the effectiveness of EGWC. Here, we present a solution to handle the redundancy problem using non-maximum suppression and adjustment of autocorrelogram distance parameters as a function of the wavelet scale. The retrieval results obtained by applying EGWC to index two image databases with 5,000 natural images and 1,792 texture images demonstrated its better performance in terms of retrieval rates with respect to the state-of-the-art content-based and multidirectional texture indexing algorithms.