雅砻江地区无云积雪覆盖产品的制作

MODIS积雪产品在晴空下积雪识别精度很高,但其受云污染导致数据缺失严重。IMS和SWE数据虽为无云产品,但受分辨率的限制积雪监测精度有待提高。以青藏高原东部雅砻江流域及周边地区为例,通过合成MODIS每日积雪覆盖产品、邻近日分析法以及改进的SNOWL判别法对云像素进行重分类,然后用IMS或者SWE无云积雪数据对中间生成的片雪再分类,制作了除云后的逐日无云积雪覆盖产品。再用目视解译法将从HJ-1B卫星影像中提取的积雪覆盖信息作为观测"真值",对无云积雪覆盖产品进行分类精度评估。结果表明:通过算法的改进,提高了该产品与观测数据的积雪一致率和总体分类精度,总体上解决了因云污染导致的数据缺失,IMS和SWE积雪监测精度不足的问题。     

基于Google Earth Engine评估新疆西南部MODIS积雪产品

Google Earth Engine(GEE)是一种基于云建立的地理空间处理平台,可以针对地理空间数据进行分析,实现全球范围内海量遥感数据的并行处理,为遥感大数据、大区域研究提供支持。MODIS积雪覆盖制图是利用MODIS资料建立的全球积雪覆盖产品,已广泛应用于区域乃至全球的气候与环境监测中。GEE云平台存储着百万景遥感影像,其中包括覆盖全球的MODIS逐日积雪产品MOD10A1V5数据和Landsat数据。以新疆西南部3个研究区为例,选取GEE云计算平台存储的Landsat数据,应用NDSI提取积雪范围作为地表覆盖真值,对MOD10A1展开精度评估。结果表明:2000~2016年新疆西南部积雪季MOD10A1的平均总体准确率达82%,平均误判率为2.9%,平均漏判率为58.8%。在晴空条件下,MOD10A1总体准确率可达98%,不同区域的地形及云量是影响MOD10A1精度评估的主要因素。GEE云计算平台可以快速有效地筛选高质量无云的Landsat数据,对全球范围内积雪区的MOD10A1进行精度评估,以在线地图的形式直观显示误判和漏判区域,并利用GEE提供的简单云分函数计算区域云量,使云量对MOD10A1积雪分类精度的影响更具区域代表性。     

融合FY-3C号和FY-4A号卫星数据的积雪面积变化研究—以祁连山区为例

祁连山区积雪类型丰富、判识复杂,是中国积雪研究的典型区域。因此,精确地监测祁连山区积雪面积变化及其时空演变,对祁连山区生态环境和社会经济发展等具有重要意义。FY-3C MULSS利用多阈值积雪指数模型提供全球日积雪覆盖产品,FY-4A AGRI传感器每15~60 min提供一景覆盖全球的多光谱影像。基于FY-4A AGRI高时间分辨率的特征,构建适合于FY-4A号数据的动态多阈值多时相云隙间积雪识别方法,很大程度上减小了云对光学数据识别积雪造成的影响,并结合FY-3C MULSS积雪覆盖日产品较高空间分辨率的优势,融合得到去除云后的FY3C4积雪覆盖数据。利用Landsat 8 OLI卫星数据对融合后的积雪数据进行对比验证,结果表明融合FY-3C和FY-4A后的数据能更好地判识祁连山区的积雪覆盖情况。以MODIS MOD10A2积雪产品为真实值,随机检验了2018年3月~2019年3月融合后数据的积雪判识精度,发现无云情况下方法的总体精度可达到85.25%。进一步研究发现祁连山区积雪面积在海拔、气候和坡向等因素的影响下时空分布极不均匀,总体呈现出冬春季节大于夏秋季节,以及东部积雪面积大于西部积雪面积的特征。     

基于FY-4A/AGRI时空特征融合的新疆地区积雪判识

高时间分辨率的积雪判识对于新疆牧区农牧业发展和雪灾预警具有重要作用,针对已有积雪产品易受复杂地形地貌,下垫面类型以及云遮蔽的影响,导致积雪判识精度降低的问题,提出一种利用深度学习方法对风云4号A星多通道辐射扫描计（AGRI）数据与地理信息数据进行多特征时序融合的积雪判识方法：以多时相FY-4A/AGRI多光谱遥感数据,以及高程、坡向、坡度和地表覆盖类型等地形地貌信息作为模型输入,以Landsat 8 OLI提取的高空间分辨率积雪覆盖图作为“真值”标签,构建并训练基于卷积神经网络的积雪判识模型,从而有效区分新疆复杂地形与下垫面地区的云、雪以及无雪地表,最终得到逐小时积雪覆盖范围产品。经数据集和2019年地面气象站实测雪盖验证,该方法精度高于国际主流MODIS逐日积雪产品MOD10A1和MYD10A1,显著降低云雪误判率。     

基于FY-MWRI的中国西部被动微波积雪判识算法北大核心CSCD

积雪是冰冻圈中分布最广泛的要素,在气候变化以及水文循环中扮演着重要角色。微波遥感因其全天时全天候工作、具有一定穿透性等优势,成为积雪监测的重要手段。利用FY-3C卫星同步观测获取的微波成像仪(MWRI)被动微波亮度温度数据、融合可见光红外扫描仪(VIRR)与中等分辨率成像光谱仪(MERSI)数据得到的积雪产品,结合MODIS地表分类数据、地表温度数据,发展了基于国产卫星数据的被动微波积雪判识算法。首先提取无云覆盖的不同地表类型被动微波数据像元样本,然后对各地表类型的微波特征进行分析,利用空间聚类的方法,得到TB19V-TB19H、TB19V-TB37V、TB22V、TB22V-TB89V、(TB22V-TB89V)—(TB19V-TB37V)这五类可以较好地区分积雪和其他类似积雪地表的指标。最后应用MODIS积雪产品为参考对该积雪判识算法进行精度评价,该算法在中国西部积雪判识总体精度为87.1%,漏判率为4.6%,误判率为23.3%;Grody算法判识总体精度为78.6%,漏判率为9.8%,误判率为30.7%,该算法判识精度高于Grody算法;通过Kappa系数分析比较,该算法积雪判识结果的Kappa系数值为47.3%,高于Grody算法判识结果的Kappa系数值39.9%,表明该算法积雪判识结果与MODIS积雪产品判识结果一致性更好。     

基于FY-MWRI的中国西部被动微波积雪判识算法

积雪是冰冻圈中分布最广泛的要素,在气候变化以及水文循环中扮演着重要角色。微波遥感因其全天时全天候工作、具有一定穿透性等优势,成为积雪监测的重要手段。利用FY-3C卫星同步观测获取的微波成像仪(MWRI)被动微波亮度温度数据、融合可见光红外扫描仪(VIRR)与中等分辨率成像光谱仪(MERSI)数据得到的积雪产品,结合MODIS地表分类数据、地表温度数据,发展了基于国产卫星数据的被动微波积雪判识算法。首先提取无云覆盖的不同地表类型被动微波数据像元样本,然后对各地表类型的微波特征进行分析,利用空间聚类的方法,得到TB19V-TB19H、TB19V-TB37V、TB22V、TB22V-TB89V、(TB22V-TB89V)—(TB19V-TB37V)这五类可以较好地区分积雪和其他类似积雪地表的指标。最后应用MODIS积雪产品为参考对该积雪判识算法进行精度评价,该算法在中国西部积雪判识总体精度为87.1%,漏判率为4.6%,误判率为23.3%;Grody算法判识总体精度为78.6%,漏判率为9.8%,误判率为30.7%,该算法判识精度高于Grody算法;通过Kappa系数分析比较,该算法积雪判识结果的Kappa系数值为47.3%,高于Grody算法判识结果的Kappa系数值39.9%,表明该算法积雪判识结果与MODIS积雪产品判识结果一致性更好。     

青藏高原MODIS积雪面积比例产品的精度验证与去云研究

MODIS积雪产品的精度验证和去云处理是积雪监测研究的基础。首先利用青藏高原典型地区的ETM+数据作为“真值”影像,对MODIS积雪面积比例(FSC)产品在无云条件下的精度进行验证,发展了一个基于三次样条函数插值的去云算法,并采用基于“云假设”的检验和地面站积雪覆盖日数(SCD)检验两种方法对去云算法的精度进行了分析评价。结果表明:MODIS FSC产品在青藏高原地区具有较高的精度,与FSC“真值”相比,其平均绝对误差、均方根误差以及相关系数分别为0.098、0.156和0.916;去云算法能够有效地获取云遮蔽像元的FSC信息,平均绝对误差为0.092,用新生成的无云MODIS FSC产品计算得到的SCD与地面观测值具有较高的一致性(87.03%),平均绝对误差为3.82 d。     

TM验证MODIS过火面积产品精度分析——以黑龙江省重大森林火灾为例

鉴于准确估测森林的过火面积对森林火灾的损失评估和过火区植被的恢复所具有的重要作用,选取了2006年～2010年黑龙江省51个重大森林火灾记录,分别利用MODIS的MOD14A2（Terra）火产品数据和TM遥感影像数据估算过火面积,并利用Kappa指数分析过火面积在数量和空间位置上的一致性。结果表明：在单个火场尺度上,小于3.72km2的森林火灾不适于利用MOD14A2产品来估算过火面积,而年过火总面积的相对误差小于15%。MOD14A2火产品可以有效地估测年度尺度上森林的过火面积;数量Kappa指数明显大于位置Kappa指数和标准Kappa指数,位置Kappa指数较低,这可能是由于MODIS数据的空间分辨率较低、林火记录坐标位置不够准确等原因造成的,有待进一步研究。     

基于AMSR2和MODIS数据融合的雪深降尺度算法研究—以北疆地区为例

高空间分辨率雪深数据对于区域气候、水文研究具有重要的意义。利用10 km空间分辨率的AMSR2 L1B亮度温度数据,结合500 m空间分辨率的MODIS逐日无云积雪面积比例数据,发展了一种多源数据融合的空间动态降尺度雪深反演算法（SDD）。基于该算法获取了北疆地区500 m空间分辨率的雪深数据（SDDsd）,并利用研究区30个气象台站和野外实测的雪深数据对该算法反演雪深的精度进行了评估。结果表明：基于SDD方法获取的雪深数据与实测雪深数据之间的决定系数R²为0.74,均方根误差RMSE为3.47 cm;雪深反演的精度与下垫面类型密切相关,草地精度最高,城镇和建设用地次之,耕地相对较差;雪深反演的精度也会受到地形的影响,精度随坡度的增加而降低。相对于微波遥感雪深数据直接重采样结果,新的算法有效提高了浅雪区雪深反演精度,同时能更精细地描述积雪的空间分布,为理解区域气候变化、水文循环提供了可靠的数据支撑。此外,随着长时间序列全球尺度逐日无云FSC数据的生产,结合现有的长时间序列全球尺度AMSR2数据,该算法有望制备全球的降尺度雪深产品。     

基于面向对象分类的南方水稻种植面积提取方法

南方丘陵地区水稻种植具有分散、地块小、形状多样等特点,利用中低分辨率遥感数据提取水稻种植面积,难以满足精度要求。以SPOT5遥感影像为数据源,应用面向对象的分类方法提取了广西玉林市辖区晚稻种植面积。针对试验区不同稻作区的种植特点,选择其适合的尺度及参数进行多尺度影像分割,建立影像对象的层次结构,计算对象的光谱、几何及拓扑关系等特征,形成分类规则对不同稻作区进行信息提取。采用野外实地调查数据对分类结果进行类别和面积一致性检验,总体精度96.31%,Kappa系数0.9226,面积一致性精度99.92%。
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面向亚像元级积雪信息提取的MODIS影像波段融合方法研究

MODIS影像因其共享性和时间序列的完整性而成为大区域积雪监测研究广泛使用的数据源,进行MODIS影像波段间融合,能够为积雪研究提供较高分辨率的影像数据源。为了充分利用MODIS影像250 m分辨率波段的空间和光谱信息,提取亚像元级的积雪面积,使用两种具有高光谱保真度的影像融合方法：基于SFIM变换和基于小波变换的融合方法,采取不同的波段组合策略,对MODIS影像bands 1~2和bands 3~7进行融合,并以Landsat TM影像的积雪分类图作为“真值”,对融合后影像进行混合像元分解得到的积雪丰度图的精度进行评价。结果表明：利用基于SFIM变换和小波变换方法融合后影像提取的积雪分类图精度较高,数量精度为75%,比未融合影像积雪分类图的精度提高了6%,表明MODIS影像波段融合是一种提取高精度积雪信息的有效方法。     

Evaluation of MODIS Snow Products in Southwestern Xinjiang Using the Google Earth Engine

Google Earth Engine(GEE) is a cloud\|based geospatial processing platform that can analyze geospatial data to achieve parallel processing of massive remote sensing data on a global scale,providing support for remote sensing big data and large\|area research.MODIS snow cover mapping is a global snow cover product established using MODIS data and has been widely used in regional and global climate and environmental monitoring.In the GEE,millions of remote sensing images are stored,including MODIS daily snow products MOD10A1 V5 data and Landsat data.Taking the three research areas in southwestern Xinjiang as examples,the Landsat stored by the GEE were selected,and the NDSI was used to extract the snow cover as the true value of the land cover to evaluate the MOD10A1 accuracy.The results show that the average overall accuracy of MOD10A1 in the snow cover season in southwestern Xinjiang during the period from 2000 to 2016 is 82%,the average misjudgment rate is 2.9%,and the average missed rate is 58.8%.The overall accuracy of MOD10A1 can reach 98% under the clear sky conditions.The accuracy of MOD10A1 is effected by the terrain conditions and cloud cover in different regions.Therefore,the GEE can quickly and effectively filter high quality cloudless Landsat images,and evaluate the accuracy of the MOD10A1 in the snow area around the global regions,displaying intuitively the misjudgment and missed areas in the form of online maps.Meanwhile,GEE provides the Landsat simple cloud score function to calculate the regional cloud cover,which makes the influence of cloud cover on the MOD10A1 accuracy assessment more regionally representative.     

Toward improved daily snow cover mapping with advanced combination of MODIS and AMSR-E measurements

Taking three snow seasons from November 1 to March 31 of year 2002 to 2005 in northern Xinjiang, China as an example, this study develops a new daily snow cover product (500 m) through combining MODIS daily snow cover data and AMSR-E daily snow water equivalent (SWE) data. By taking advantage of both high spatial resolution of optical data and cloud transparency of passive microwave data, the new daily snow cover product greatly complements the deficiency of MODIS product when cloud cover is present especially for snow cover product on a daily basis and effectively improves daily snow detection accuracy. In our example, the daily snow agreement of the new product with the in situ measurements at 20 stations is 75.4%, which is much higher than the 33.7% of the MODIS daily product in all weather conditions, even a little higher than the 71% of the MODIS 8-day product (cloud cover of ~ 5%). Our results also indicate that i) AMSR-E daily SWE imagery generally agrees with MOD10A1 data in detecting snow cover, with overall agreement of 93.4% and snow agreement of 96.6% in the study area; ii) AMSR-E daily SWE imagery underestimates the snow covered area (SCA) due to its coarse spatial resolution; iii) The new snow cover product can better and effectively capture daily SCA dynamics during the snow seasons, which plays a significant role in reduction, mitigation, and prevention of snow-caused disasters in pastoral areas.     

Monitoring snow cover variability in an agropastoral area in the Trans Himalayan region of Nepal using MODIS data with improved cloud removal methodology

Monitoring the extent and pattern of snow cover in the dry, high altitude, Trans Himalayan region (THR) is significant to understand the local and regional impact of ongoing climate change and variability. The freely available Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow cover images, with 500 m spatial and daily temporal resolution, can provide a basis for regional snow cover mapping, monitoring and hydrological modelling. However, high cloud obscuration remains the main limitation. In this study, we propose a five successive step approach — combining data from the Terra and Aqua satellites; adjacent temporal deduction; spatial filtering based on orthogonal neighbouring pixels; spatial filtering based on a zonal snowline approach; and temporal filtering based on zonal snow cycle — to remove cloud obscuration from MODIS daily snow products. This study also examines the spatial and temporal variability of snow cover in the THR of Nepal in the last decade. Since no ground stations measuring snow data are available in the region, the performance of the proposed methodology is evaluated by comparing the original MODIS snow cover data with least cloud cover against cloud-generated MODIS snow cover data, filled by clouds of another densely cloud-covered product. The analysis indicates that the proposed five-step method is efficient in cloud reduction (with average accuracy of > 91%). The results show very high interannual and intra-seasonal variability of average snow cover, maximum snow extent and snow cover duration over the last decade. The peak snow period has been delayed by about 6.7 days per year and the main agropastoral production areas of the region were found to experience a significant decline in snow cover duration during the last decade.     

An application of MODIS data to snow cover monitoring in a pastoral area: A case study in Northern Xinjiang, China

Snow is an important land cover on the earth's surface. It is characterized by its changing nature. Monitoring snow cover extent plays a significant role in dynamic studies and prevention of snow-caused disasters in pastoral areas. Using NASA EOS Terra/MODIS snow cover products and in situ observation data during the four snow seasons from November 1 to March 31 of year 2001 to 2005 in northern Xinjiang area, the accuracy of MODIS snow cover mapping algorithm under varied snow depth and land cover types was analyzed. The overall accuracy of MODIS daily snow cover mapping algorithm in clear sky condition is high at 98.5%; snow agreement reaches 98.2%, and ranges from 77.8% to 100% over the 4-year period for individual sites. Snow depth (SD) is one of the major factors affecting the accuracy of MODIS snow cover maps. MODIS does not identify any snow for SD less than 0.5 cm. The overall accuracy increases with snow depth if SD is equal to or greater than 3 cm, and decreases for SD below 3 cm. Land cover has an important influence in the accuracy of MODIS snow cover maps. The use of MOD10A1 snow cover products is severely affected by cloud cover. The 8-day composite products of MOD10A2 can effectively minimize the effect of cloud cover in most cases. Cloud cover in excess of 10% occurs on 99% of the MOD10A1 products and 14.7% of the MOD10A2 products analyzed during the four snow seasons. User-defined multiple day composite images based on MOD10A1, with flexibilities of selecting composite period, starting and ending date and composite sequence of MOD10A1 products, have an advantage in effectively monitoring snow cover extent for regional snow-caused disasters in pastoral areas.     

基于克里金空间插值的MODIS积雪覆盖率产品去云方法

由于云与积雪在可见光和远红外波段都具有相似的光谱特征,使得光学遥感监测积雪受到天气的严重干扰,如何消除亚像元尺度上MODIS积雪覆盖率(Snow Cover Fraction,SCF)产品中云的干扰成为了一个亟待解决的难题。通过分析亚像元尺度上SCF分布的空间变异性,提出了一种基于克里金空间插值的MODIS SCF产品去云方法,分别利用普通克里金(Ordinary Kriging,OK)和以海拔为协变量的普通协克里金(Ordinary Co\|Kriging,OCK)进行去云实验。11个不同日期的实验结果表明:OK和OCK方法在MODIS SCF产品去云中均能达到较高的精度,特别是在云覆盖率低于20%的情况下,此时OCK的精度要好于OK;而当云覆盖率大于20%时,OK的精度略高于OCK,但两者的精度都明显低于云覆盖率低于20%的情况,而且平滑效应都比较明显。     

Integrated assessment on multi-temporal and multi-sensor combinations for reducing cloud obscuration of MODIS snow cover products of the Pacific Northwest USA

MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) snow cover products, of daily, freely available, worldwide spatial extent at medium spatial resolution, have been widely applied in regional snow cover and modeling studies, although high cloud obscuration remains a concern in some applications. In this study, various approaches including daily combination, adjacent temporal deduction, fixed-day combination, flexible multi-day combination, and multi-sensor combination are assessed to remove cloud obscuration while still maintain the temporal and spatial resolutions. The performance of the resultant snow cover maps are quantitatively evaluated against in situ observations at 244 SNOTEL stations over the Pacific Northwest USA during the period of 2006-2008 hydrological years. Results indicate that daily Terra and Aqua MODIS combination and adjacent temporal deduction can reduce cloud obscuration and classification errors although an annual mean of 37% cloud coverage remains. Classification errors in snow-covered months are actually small and tend to underestimate the snow cover. Primary errors of MODIS daily, fixed and flexible multi-day combination products occur during transient months. Flexible multi-day combination is an efficient approach to maintain the balance between temporal resolution and realistic estimation of snow cover extent since it uses two thresholds to control the combination processes. Multi-sensor combinations (daily or multi-day), taking advantage of MODIS high spatial resolution and AMSR-E cloud penetration ability, provide cloud-free products but bring larger image underestimation errors as compared with their MODIS counterparts.     

基于MODIS NDVI的LandsatTM影像地形阴影区光谱信息恢复方法研究

遥感为获取山区生态环境与资源信息提供了重要的观测手段。然而受地形遮蔽影响,山区光学影像大量的地形阴影给山区土地覆被解译以及生态参量的遥感反演带来了巨大困难。针对地形阴影光谱信息的恢复,提出了一种基于MODIS NDVI的Landsat TM影像地形阴影区光谱信息恢复方法。该方法首先利用MODIS上午、下午星(Terra和Aqua)不同时间过境能够对地形阴影区信息实现互补的特点,采用最大值合成法合成MODIS上、下午星16dNDVI产品(MOD13Q1和MYD13Q1),获得低空间分辨率影像上的阴影区光谱信息;在此基础上,考虑MODIS与Landsat的观测角度、光谱差异,设置滑动窗口及筛选规则提取MODIS与TM影像相匹配的同质纯像元;基于中、低空间分辨率影像中均匀同质像元存在一定统计关系的假设,进一步建立同质区域中TM影像光照区域与对应MODIS NDVI的回归树模型,利用该统计关系和阴影区MODIS的NDVI信息推导得出地形阴影区的光谱信息。将阴影光谱信息恢复后的影像与SCS+C校正后的影像进行比较和分析,结果表明该方法恢复得到的地形阴影的光谱信息能够更好地反映阴影区信息,同时光谱保真程度较好。随着越来越多的中高空间分辨率卫星影像的发展,采用多源卫星数据进行山地地形阴影区信息恢复将成为一个新的发展趋势,该方法以期为同类影像处理提供参考。