基于改进线图分析算法的浅层汉语句法分析器的设计与实现*

针对传统的汉语句法分析算法进行改进,采用了自底向上与自顶向下相结合的线图分析方法,分析、设计和实现了一个汉语句法分析原型系统.该系统实现了基于最大词长匹配算法的分词模块、基于统计方法的词性标注模块和基于改进的线图分析算法的句法分析模块.最后对系统进行小规模中文文本试验测试,测试结果表明利用改进的分析算法,使得句法分析效率和分析结果的准确率均有一定程度的提高.     

基于多层协同纠错的中文层次句法分析

层次句法分析是一种简单快速的完全句法分析方法,该方法将句法分析分解为词性标注、组块分析和构建句法树三个阶段。该文将其中的组块分析细分为基本块分析和复杂块分析,利用条件随机域模型代替最大熵模型进行序列化标注。由于层次句分析中错误累积问题尤为严重,该文提出了一种简单可行的错误预判及协同纠错算法,跟踪本层预判的错误标注结果进入下一层,利用两层预测分数相结合的方式协同纠错。实验结果表明,加入纠错方法后,层次句法分析在保证解析速度的同时,获得了与主流中文句法分析器相当的解析精度。     

基于依存句法分析的中文语义角色标注

依存句法是句法分析的一种,相比于短语结构句法分析,依存句法具有更简洁的表达方式。该文采用英文语义角色标注的研究方法,实现了一个基于中文依存句法分析的语义角色标注系统。该系统针对中文依存关系树,采用有效的剪枝算法和特征,使用最大熵分类器进行语义角色的识别和分类。系统使用了两种不同的语料,一种是由标准短语结构句法分析(CTB5.0)转换而来,另一种是CoNLL2009公布的中文语料。系统分别在两种语料的标准谓词和自动谓词的基础上进行实验,在标准谓词上取得的F1值分别为84.30％和81.68％,在自动谓词上的F1值为81.02％和81.33％。     

面向中文电子病历的句法分析融合模型

完全句法分析是自然语言处理（Natural language processing,NLP）中重要的结构化过程,由于中文电子病历（Chinese electronic medical record,CEMR）句法标注语料匮乏,目前还没有面向中文电子病历的完全句法分析研究.本文针对中文电子病历模式化强的子语言特征,首次以树片段形式化中文电子病历复用的模式,提出了面向数据句法分析（Data-oriented parsing,DOP）和层次句法分析融合模型.在树片段抽取阶段,提出效率更高的标准树片段和局部树片段抽取算法,分别解决了标准树片段的重复比对问题,以及二次树核（Quadratic tree kernel,QTK）的效率低下问题,获得了标准树片段集和局部树片段集.基于上述两个树片段集,提出词汇和词性混合匹配策略和最大化树片段组合算法改进面向数据句法分析模型,缓解了无效树片段带来的噪声.实验结果表明,该融合模型能够有效改善中文电子病历句法分析效果,基于少量标注语料F1值能够达到目前最高的80.87%,并且在跨科室句法分析上超过Stanford parser和Berkeley parser 2%以上.     

基于主动学习的中文依存句法分析

目前依存句法分析仍主要采用有指导的机器学习方法,即需要大规模高质量的树库作为训练语料,而现阶段中文依存树库资源相对较少,树库标注又是一件费时费力的工作。面对大量未标注语料,该文将主动学习应用到中文依存句法分析,优先选择句法模型预测不准的实例交由人工标注。该文提出并比较了多种衡量依存句法模型预测可信度的准则。实验表明,一方面,与随机选择标注实例相比,当使用相同数目训练实例时,主动学习使中文依存分析性能最高提升0.8%;另一方面,主动学习使依存分析达到相同准确率时只需标注更少量实例,人工标注量最多可减少30%。     

基于感知器算法的维吾尔语词性标注研究

维吾尔语自动标注是维吾尔语信息处理后续句法分析、语义分析及篇章分析必不可少的基础工作。词性是词的重要的语法信息,假如一个词的词性无法确定或一个词给予错误的词性,对后续句法分析造成直接的影响。本文使用感知器训练算法和viterbi算法对维吾尔语进行词性标注,并在词性标注时利用词的上下文信息作为特征。实验结果表明,该方法对维吾尔语词性标注有良好的效果。     

中文CCG树库的构建

组合范畴语法(CCG)是一种类型驱动的语法,可以高度词例化(lexicalized)并兼顾句法和一定程度上语义的表达,可为深层次的文本分析提供有效支持。将CCG应用于真实文本分析需要编制大规模的词库,为了避免为此付出的昂贵人力和资源,一个经济有效的解决方案是利用现有短语句法树库来自动生成CCG树库。该文提出在清华中文树库的基础上自动生成CCG树库的方法,在预定义的中文句型和基于清华树库的动词子范畴框架的支持下,通过标准转换算法,得到一个包含32 737句、超过35万词次的中文CCG树库。该树库通过手工和自动评价验证,又与已有文献所报告的多语种CCG树库构建工作比较,均证明该文所述方法的有效性。     

中文复杂名词短语依存句法分析

针对中文复杂名词短语的依存句法分析进行了研究,提出简单边优先与SVM相结合的依存句法分析算法.算法的每一步迭代根据边的特征于每一对相邻子树之间的无向边中选择最优者,然后利用支持向量机根据边两端子树的特征确定该边的方向,即得到两棵子树的中心语之间的依存关系.实验证明对于复杂名词短语的依存句法分析,算法准确率比简单边优先算法有明显提高,且优于基于最大生成树算法的中文句法分析器;算法分析效率更高,时间复杂度为O(n2 log n).     

基于序列标注模型的分层式依存句法分析方法

该文提出了一种全新的分层式依存句法分析方法。该方法以依存深度不大于1的依存层作为分析单位,自底向上构建句子的依存结构。在层内,通过穷尽搜索得到层最优子结构;在层与层之间,分析状态确定性地转移。依存层的引入,使该模型具有比典型的基于图的方法更低的算法复杂度,与基于转换的方法相比,又一定程度上缓解了确定性过程的贪婪性。此外,该方法使用典型序列标注模型进行层依存子结构搜索,证明了序列标注技术完全可以胜任句法分析等层次结构分析任务。实验结果显示,该文提出的分层式依存分析方法具有与主流方法可比的分析精度和非常高的分析效率,在宾州树库上可以达到每秒2 500个英语单词。     

汉语谓词组合范畴语法词库的自动构建研究

谓词词库是深层语法模型分析和理解的核心资源。近年来的常规方法是人工构建或从标注语料库中自动获取,标注规模和信息容量的扩大受制于巨大的人工投入量和标注库体系设计。该文提出了一种多资源融合自动构建汉语谓词组合范畴语法(CCG)词库的新方法。从知网、北大语法信息词典和大规模事件句式实例中提取汉语谓词的不同句法语义分布特征,融合形成CCG原型范畴表示,将它们指派给各资源信息完全重合的谓词形成核心词库。然后通过自动分类和隶属度分析相结合方法对其他谓词的CCG范畴进行预测,并对两者结果进行融合得到扩展词库,最终合并形成包含约15,000个词条的汉语谓词CCG词库。通过在随机均匀抽样的1000个谓词上通过多人独立标注形成的标准测试库上进行不同角度的性能分析实验,表明该词库的预期准确率达到了96.3%。
     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

Call for Papers The 6^th International Conference on Grid and Cooperative Computing

Recent years have seen rapid advances in various grid-related technologies, middleware, and applications. The GCC conference has become one of the largest scientific events worldwide in grid and cooperative computing. The 6th international conference on grid and cooperative computing (GCC2007) Sponsored by China Computer Federation (CCF),Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICT) and Xinjiang University ,and in Cooperation with IEEE Computer Soceity ,is to be held from August 16 to 18, 2007 in Urumchi, Xinjiang, China.     

View-based model-driven architecture for enhancing maintainability of data access services

In modern service-oriented architectures, database access is done by a special type of services, the so-called data access services (DAS). Though, particularly in data-intensive applications, using and developing DAS are very common today, the link between the DAS and their implementation, e.g. a layer of data access objects (DAOs) encapsulating the database queries, still is not sufficiently elaborated, yet. As a result, as the number of DAS grows, finding the desired DAS for reuse and/or associated documentation can become an impossible task. In this paper we focus on bridging this gap between the DAS and their implementation by presenting a view-based, model-driven data access architecture (VMDA) managing models of the DAS, DAOs and database queries in a queryable manner. Our models support tailored views of different stakeholders and are scalable with all types of DAS implementations. In this paper we show that our view-based and model driven architecture approach can enhance software development productivity and maintainability by improving DAS documentation. Moreover, our VMDA opens a wide range of applications such as evaluating DAS usage for DAS performance optimization. Furthermore, we provide tool support and illustrate the applicability of our VMDA in a large-scale case study. Finally, we quantitatively prove that our approach performs with acceptable response times.     

A pragmatic multi-method investigation of discrepant technological events: Coping,attributions, and ‘accidental’ learning

Discrepant technological events or situations that entail a problem, a misunderstanding or a difficulty with the Information Technology (IT) being employed, are common in the workplace, and can lead to frustration and avoidance behaviors. Little is known, however, about how individuals cope with these events. This paper examines these events by using a multi-method pragmatic approach informed by coping theory. The results of two studies – a critical incident study and an experiment – serve to build and test, respectively, a theoretical model that posits that individuals use a variety of strategies when dealing with these events: they experience negative emotions, make external attributions, and adopt engagement coping strategies directed at solving the event, eventually switching to a disengagement coping strategy when they feel they have no control over the situation. Furthermore, users’ efforts may result in ‘accidental’ learning as they try to overcome the discrepant IT events through engagement coping. The paper ends with a discussion of the results in light of existing literature, future opportunities for research, and implications for practice.     

The Distributed Time-Triggered Simulation Scheme: Core Principles and Supporting Execution Engine

Distributed real-time simulation is a young technology field but its practice is under increasing demands. In recent years the author and his collaborators have been establishing a new approach called the distributed time-triggered simulation (DTS) scheme which is conceptually simple and easy to use but widely applicable. The concept was initiated in the course of developing a new-generation object-oriented real-time programming scheme called the time-triggered message-triggered object (TMO) programming scheme. Some fundamental issues inherent in distributed real-time simulation that were learned during recent experimental studies are discussed along with some approaches for resolving the issues. An execution engine developed to support both the TMOs engaged in control computation and the TMOs engaged in DTS is also discussed along with its possible extensions that will enable significantly larger-scale DTSs.     

Software-Konfigurationsmanagement in großen Softwareprojekten

Zusammenfassung Mit zunehmender Größe der Softwaresysteme verschärfen sich die für die Software-Herstellung typischen Probleme: Beherrschen großer Objektmengen, Erhalten der Systemkonsistenz, Kontrolle der ständigen Änderungseinflüsse und Gewährleisten einer langen Lebensdauer. Die Disziplin Konfigurationsmanagement bildet den methodischen Ansatz, diese Probleme besser zu beherrschen. Software-Konfigurationsmanagement faßt die Herstellung von Softwaresystemen als eine Abfolge von kontrollierten Änderungen an gesicherten Zwischen- und Endergebnissen auf. Dargestellt werden die Objekte und Funktionen des Software-Konfigurationsmanagements sowie die hierfür in großen Software-Projekten benötigten Methoden, Instanzen und Hilfsmittel.     

Information for Authors

正http://www.zju.edu.cn/jzus http://www.springerlink.com Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)are edited by the international board of distinguished Chinese and foreign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest developments and achievements in scientific research in China and     

Editorial:Brain-machine interface(BMI) and cyborg intelligence

正Brain-machine interfaces(BMIs)aim at building a direct communication pathway between the brain and an external device,and represent an area of research where significant progress has been made during the past decade.Based on BMIs,mind information can be read out by neural signals to control     

Information for Authors

正http://www.zju.edu.cn/jzus http://www.springerlink.com Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)are edited by the international board of distinguished Chinese and foreign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest developments and achievements in scientific research in China and overseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulate     

SCIENCE CHINA Information Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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