一种基于IEEE802.11的无线自组网MAC协议

基于IEEE802.11DCF提出了一种应用于无线自组网的媒质接入控制协议，该协议包括网络适应性退避算法和拥塞反馈两个关键机制。协议的主要思想是根据节点周围实际竞争状况和网络拥塞情况进行包调度。仿真结果表明，提出的机制有效地降低了平均端到端时延和数据丢包率,提高了信道接入公平性。     

一种基于节能的无线传感器网络MAC协议

无线传感器网络中节点能量十分有限,为了进一步提高能量的利用效率,提出了一种基于节能的改进型媒体接入控制(MediumAccess Control,MAC)协议.该协议结合了BASIC算法与自适应S-MAC协议的优点,采用一种简单易行的算法根据节点实际分布情况调节RTS、CTS、DATA、ACK四种帧的发送功率,从而达到节省能量的目的.协议中采用的自适应侦听机制不仅可以减少数据的传输延迟,而且可以避免由于在S-MAC协议中引入功率控制策略时带来的一些问题.协议与S-MAC算法相比节省了能量,减少了时延,同时并没有降低无线传感器网络的其他性能.     

一种基于顺序定向RTS发射的Ad Hoc MAC协议

针对全向天线模式下无线通信数据网的不足,提出了一种新的基于顺序定向RTS发射的无线自组网媒体接入控制（MAC）协议。该协议在IEEE802.11的基础上引入顺序定向RTS发送机制,增大了传输空间的复用率和通信覆盖范围;利用在RTS/CTS帧头中携带定位信息的方式,解决了隐藏终端和盲节点等问题。仿真结果表明,该协议相比传统的IEEE802.11MAC协议而言,使得Ad hoc网络性能无论是在静止场景还是在移动场景条件下都得到显著的改善。     

一种基于跨层功率控制的Ad hoc网络路由算法*

在无线Ad Hoc网络路由协议中引入功率控制不但可以降低网络能量消耗,同时还能改善网络的吞吐量、投递率等性能,已成为当前Ad Hoc网络的一个研究热点.本文提出了一种基于跨层功率控制的按需路由算法CPC-AODV(Cross-layer Power Control Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector).算法按需建立多个不同功率级的路由,节点选择到目的节点最小功率级的路由来传递分组,并对网络层的数据分组、路由分组和MAC层控制帧的传输采用不同功率控制策略来降低能量消耗.仿真结果表明:算法有利于降低通信能量开销,延长网络寿命,提高网络投递率及改善网络时延.     

基于无线自组网络分时发送协议的路由汇聚容量

对于无线自组网而言,由于网络拓扑与路由选择的随机性,容量的分析显得尤为复杂。研究了能量约束对无线自组网容量性能的影响。该网络具有路由汇聚功能,且节点的发送过程基于分时竞争发送协议。在假设能量缓存中的能量值足够大时,节点就能发送数据的前提下,提出了一种基于闭合排队网络的容量分析模型。该模型同时考虑了数据细节、能量缓存以及随机接入协议。然后研究了能量约束对随机接入协议设计参数的影响,以优化网络性能。最后分析了能量约束对最大稳定容量、稳定域以及分组丢弃率的影响。仿真结果验证了所提分析模型的准确性。     

无线传感器网络中基于能量效率的分布式MAC协议

针对无线传感器网络中能量效率与频谱资源利用率的问题,提出了一种分布式媒介接入控制(MAC)算法。通过分析基于节约能量消耗的SMAC(Sensor-MAC)协议,结合现有的一些协议的改进方法,利用功率控制技术有效降低了更多的能量消耗。同时通过选择与维护邻居调度表的方式,提升了网络的有效链接并降低了碰撞率。节点采用在侦听与睡眠之间相互切换,在侦听期间以最优发送功率发送控制与数据信息,降低了干扰范围。数值计算与实验仿真结果显示,算法可以有效地改善网络性能,节省网络能量消耗,提升网络的有效吞吐量。     

无线Ad hoc网络中基于区域代价的功率感知路由协议*

由于能量的限制,无线Ad hoc网络面临网络生存时间、无线资源利用效率以及时延要求等方面的挑战。为了降低网络的能量消耗,延长节点寿命和网络生存周期,提出了一种基于区域代价的功率感知路由协议。该协议在路径选择时,综合考虑节点及其邻居的剩余能量、节点发射功率和节点接收处理功率等因素,使网络中节点的能耗趋于一致,并延长网络的生存时间。该算法的复杂度不高,易于在节点运行。仿真结果证明该协议能取得较好的性能。     

基于无线信道的冲突分解算法仿真研究

目前,无线局域网(WLAN)中的媒体接入控制层(MAC)广泛采用基于IEEE802.11的二进制指数回退算法(BEB)的DCF协议.当WLAN中的节点数目迅速增加时,该协议存在系统吞吐量会急剧降低,网络性能变差的缺点.详细分析了无线局域网中IEEE 802.11MAC层的二进制退避协议,指出原协议在进行冲突处理上的不足,并结合树型分解算法(TSA)和快速分解算法(FCR),提出一种改进的树型冲突分解算法(ITSA).并用MATLAB仿真了CSMA/CA协议和ITSA算法.分析和仿真结果证明,与IEEE 802.11等协议采用的二进制指数退避算法相比,该算法能较大的提高系统吞吐量.     

联合空时需求预留和功率控制的MAC协议

提出了一种应用于移动Ad Hoc网络中的联合空时预留和功率控制MAC协议.它通过对信道时间和空间资源预留更为精确的估计优化了可用的信道资源,提高了信道的空间利用率,降低了碰撞冲突的概率.因为物理层头部采用最低的速率进行传输,把这种时空估计信息嵌在物理层帧头部,可以把信息传播到更多更远的邻节点,减少了碰撞的概率.同时结合功率控制技术对数据包传输功率进行控制,降低了节点的能量消耗.通过仿真与IEEE 802.11 MAC协议进行比较,该协议提高了系统的吞吐量,移动节点功率消耗明显降低,节点的能量利用效率得到提高.     

SEEL:无线传感器网络下自适应、低延迟的节能媒质接入控制协议

无线传感器网络有着广泛的应用前景,然而由于传感器节点能量有限,因此传感器网络上运行的协议必须具备能量有效性以获得较长的生命周期.而媒质接入控制子层是节点能量消耗的主要所在,因此无线传感器网络设计的关键问题之一是媒质的接入控制.提出了一种自适应低延迟的节能MAC协议——SEEL协议,根据当前的网络负载自适应地调节竞争窗口的大小,从而减小节点数据传送的碰撞几率和由于碰撞而导致的能量消耗;采用了快速退避机制,减少了节点在退避过程中的空闲监听时间;扩展了RTS/CTS消息机制,可减少节点在每帧活动阶段的时间以及减小数据的延迟,两者都能节约能量的使用.实验结果显示,SEEL协议具有比S-MAC和TEEM协议更好的性能.     

Revealing the problems with 802.11 medium access control protocol in multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks

The IEEE 802.11 medium access control (MAC) protocol is a standard for wireless LANs, it is also widely used in almost all test beds and simulations for the research in wireless mobile multi-hop ad hoc networks. However, this protocol was not designed for multi-hop networks. Although it can support some ad hoc network architecture, it is not intended to support the wireless mobile ad hoc network, in which multi-hop connectivity is one of the most prominent features. In this paper, we focus on the following question: can IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol function well in multi-hop networks? By presenting several serious problems encountered in transmission control protocol (TCP) connections in an IEEE 802.11 based multi-hop network, we show that the current TCP protocol does not work well above the current 802.11 MAC layer. The relevant problems include the TCP instability problem found in this kind of network, the severe unfairness problem, and the incompatibility problem. We illustrate that all these problems are rooted in the MAC layer. Furthermore, by revealing the in-depth cause of these problems, we conclude that the current version of this wireless LAN protocol does not function well in multi-hop ad hoc networks. We thus doubt whether the current WaveLAN based system is workable as a mobile multi-hop ad hoc test bed. All the results shown in this paper are based on NS2 simulations, and are compatible with the results from the OPNET simulations.     

多速率Ad hoc网络MAC层公平性的分析与改进

在多速率Ad hoc网络中,利用自适应速率调整算法,网络节点可以根据信道质量选择不同的传输速率,从而提高网络的总体通信能力。对多速率Ad hoc网络MAC层公平性进行了仿真和分析,实验结果表明基于IEEE 802.11的多速率Ad hoc网络中存在严重的公平性问题。通过对吞吐率公平和时间公平的讨论,指出在多速率Ad hoc网络中进行MAC层公平性研究,时间公平性标准是较优的选择。另外提出一种针对多速率Ad hoc网络的改进公平回退（EFB）算法,仿真实验的结果表明该算法能够明显提高多速率Ad hoc网络的MAC层公平性。     

A new adaptive MAC protocol with QoS support based on IEEE 802.11 in ad hoc networks

With the expanding of applications, the demand of quality of service (QoS) has become strongly increased in ad hoc networks. Since the efficient and reasonable MAC protocol is a key factor for providing QoS in ad hoc networks, in this paper we propose an adaptive QoS MAC protocol (AMP) based on IEEE 802.11. In AMP, we introduce the concept of transmission license, where only the node which holds transmission license can participate in the channel contention for changing the number of licenses according to the load of the network adaptively, controlling the number of the nodes that participate in the channel contention, and ensuring the nodes with licenses share the channels through contention. In addition, AMP assigns different priority classes for different traffic according to the special characteristics and performance types of the different networks, and it sets the different contention parameters for the different priorities services for guaranteeing these services performances to have advantages in the channel contention. Simulation shows that compared to IEEE 802.11 protocol, AMP not only can meet the QoS requirement with high priority in the networks but also can well solve the hidden terminal problems and the fairness issues between different network nodes; that is, it can satisfy the high efficiency, pertinence, spatial-reuse, etc. to the largest extent at the same time in limited channels.     

无线自组织网络中的IEEE802．11 MAC协议的研究

IEEES02．11 DCF作为无线局域网的MAC层规范被广泛应用于无线自组织网络的仿真和测试中。通过研究发现即使在拓扑不变的条件下，使用表驱动路由协议DSDV，TCP流仍然存在不稳定和不公平现象，本文分析了问题产生的原因，提出了基于网络负载的解决问题方法。     

CTMAC协议性能分析比较

介质访问控制协议在很大程度上决定了无线自组网的性能。本文在介绍CTMAC协议的基础上对该协议的并发规则进行了证明，并从理论上讨论了CTMAC协议的开销。通过模拟并与IEEE802．11和MACA-P比较表明，CTMAC协议可以有效地提高网络吞吐量。     

A Cross-Layer Approach to Multichannel MAC Protocol Design for Video Streaming Over Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

This paper presents a cross-layer design for a reliable video transmission over wireless ad hoc networks based on multichannel MAC protocol with TDMA. First, we conduct a study of the multichannel MAC protocol through Markov chain model. Based on this study, two novel cross-layer modules are adopted for the design of multichannel MAC protocol. First, we adopt maximum latency rate (MLR) as the channel quality metric. Unlike the traditional MAC design based on network allocation vector (NAV), MLR is implemented to provide differentiated traffic so that the channel with smaller MLR time is initiated for higher priority traffic. Second, we adopt two congestion-aware metrics, namely MAC utilization and queue length of MAC layer, to improve the congestion-aware routing protocols with AODV and DSR. These two novel modules allow the proposed MAC protocol design to achieve high performance video transmission over wireless ad hoc networks. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the state-of-the-art schemes under multichannel environments in wireless ad hoc networks for as much as 3.6 dB in PSNR. Such significant performance enhancement confirms that the cross-layer approach is very effective for multichannel MAC protocol design.     

Modelling and performance analysis of multi-hop ad hoc networks

Mobile ad hoc networks are becoming very attractive and useful in many kinds of communication and networking applications. Due to the advantage of numerical analysis, analytical modelling formalisms, such as stochastic Petri nets, queuing networks and stochastic process algebra have been widely used for performance analysis of communication systems. To the best of our knowledge, there is no previous analytical study that analyses the performance of multi-hop ad hoc networks, where mobile nodes move according to a random mobility model in terms of the end-to-end delay and throughput. This work presents a novel analytical framework developed using stochastic reward nets for modelling and analysis of multi-hop ad hoc networks, based on the IEEE 802.11 DCF MAC protocol, where mobile nodes move according to the random waypoint mobility model. The proposed framework is used to analyse the performance of multi-hop ad hoc networks as a function of network parameters such as the transmission range, carrier sensing range, interference range, number of nodes, network area size, packet size, and packet generation rate. The proposed framework is organized into several models to break up the complexity of modelling the complete network, and make it easier to analyse each model as required. The framework is based on the idea of decomposition and fixed point iteration of stochastic reward nets. The proposed models are validated using extensive simulations.     

一种功率控制算法的仿真研究

802.11是在Adhoc网络中广泛应用的一种媒体接入控制协议。为了研究功率控制机制对系统带来的影响及其产生的原因,该文对一种能完全兼容802.11的分布式功率控制算法802.11DPC进行了仿真。结果显示:在Adhoc网络中,饱和情况下,根据报文长度不同,802.11DPC在网络吞吐率方面较802.11协议提高17%～20%,平均分组时延降低11%～15%,结点能耗及公平性性能则仅有部分提高。对仿真结果给出了合理的解释,得出了在由笔记本电脑等便携终端构成的Adhoc网络中使用功率控制机制更适合用来提高网络吞吐率的结论,为合理使用功率控制机制提供了参考依据。     

On-Demand Medium Access in Multihop Wireless Networks with Multiple Beam Smart Antennas

The paper presents a detailed discussion of various issues involved in designing a medium access control (MAC) protocol for multihop wireless networks with nodes employing multiple beam smart antennas. Multiple beam smart antennas can form several beams simultaneously and can initiate concurrent transmissions or receptions .in them, thereby increasing the throughput of the bottleneck nodes. Traditional on-demand MAC protocols for omnidirectional and single beam directional antennas based on the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function (DCF) mechanism cannot take advantage of this unique capability of multiple beam antennas as they do not facilitate concurrent transmissions or receptions by a node. This paper introduces a novel protocol, hybrid MAC (HMAC), which enables concurrent packet reception (CPR) and concurrent packet transmission (CPT) at a node equipped with multiple beam antennas and is backward compatible with IEEE 802.11 DCF. Simulation results show the superior performance of HMAC in most ad hoc scenarios. Moreover, in some sample topologies, the throughput of HMAC is close to the theoretical maximum. The paper also presents a wireless mesh network architecture with heterogeneous antenna technologies and illustrates the advantages of employing multiple beam smart antennas and HMAC in such networks.     

Providing MAC QoS for multimedia traffic in 802.11e based multi-hop ad hoc wireless networks

Ad hoc wireless networks with their widespread deployment, now need to support applications that generate multimedia and real-time traffic. Video, audio, real-time voice over IP, and other multimedia applications require the network to provide guarantees on the Quality of Service (QoS) of the connection. The 802.11e Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol was proposed with the aim of providing QoS support at the MAC layer. The 802.11e performs well in wireless LANs due to the presence of Access Points (APs), but in ad hoc networks, especially multi-hop ones, it is still incapable of supporting multimedia traffic.One of the most important QoS parameters for multimedia and real-time traffic is delay. Our primary goal is to reduce the end-to-end delay, thereby improving the Packet Delivery Ratio of multimedia traffic, that is, the proportion of packets that reach the destination within the deadline, in 802.11e based multi-hop ad hoc wireless networks.Our contribution is threefold: first we propose dynamic ReAllocative Priority (ReAP) scheme, wherein the priorities of packets in the MAC queues are not fixed, but keep changing dynamically. We use the laxity and the hop length information to decide the priority of the packet. ReAP improves the PDR by over 28% in comparison with 802.11e, especially under heavy loads. Second, we introduce Adaptive-TXOP (A-TXOP), where transmission opportunity (TXOP) is the time interval during which a node has the right to initiate transmissions. This scheme reduces the delay of video traffic by reducing the number of channel accesses required to transmit large video frames. It involves modifying the TXOP interval dynamically based on the packets in the queue, so that fragments of the same packet are sent in the same TXOP interval. A-TXOP is implemented over ReAP to further improve the performance of video traffic. ReAP with A-TXOP helps in reducing the delay of video traffic by over 27% and further improves the quality of video in comparison with ReAP without A-TXOP. Finally, we have TXOP-sharing, which is aimed at reducing the delay of voice traffic. It involves using the TXOP to transmit to multiple receivers, in order to utilize the TXOP interval fully. It reduces the number of contentions to the channel and thereby reduces the delay of voice traffic by over 14%. A-TXOP is implemented over ReAP to further improve the performance of voice traffic. The three schemes (ReAP, A-TXOP, and TXOP-sharing) work together to improve the performance of multimedia traffic in 802.11e based multi-hop ad hoc wireless networks.