一种基于数据挖掘的DDoS攻击入侵检测系统

防御分布式拒绝服务(DDoS)攻击是当前网络安全中最难解决的问题之一。针对该问题文章设计了基于数据挖掘技术的入侵检测系统，使用聚类k-means方法结合Apriori关联规则，较好地解决了数值属性的分类问题，从数据中提取流量特征产生检测模型。实验表明，该系统可以有效检测DDoS攻击。     

基于地址相关度的分布式拒绝服务攻击检测方法

分布式拒绝服务(DDoS)攻击检测是网络安全领域的研究热点.对DDoS攻击的研究进展及其特点进行了详细分析,针对DDoS攻击流的流量突发性、流非对称性、源IP地址分布性和目标IP地址集中性等本质特征提出了网络流的地址相关度(ACV)的概念.为了充分利用ACV,提高方法的检测质量,提出了基于ACV的DDoS攻击检测方法,通过自回归模型的参数拟合将ACV时间序列变换为多维空间内的AR模型参数向量序列来描述网络流状态特征,采用支持向量机分类器对当前网络流状态进行分类以识别DDoS攻击.实验结果表明,该检测方法能够有效地检测DDoS攻击,降低误报率.     

Network traffic fusion and analysis against DDoS flooding attacks with a novel reversible sketch

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) flooding attacks are one of the typical attacks over the Internet. They aim to prevent normal users from accessing specific network resources. How to detect DDoS flooding attacks arises a significant and timely research topic. However, with the continuous increase of network scale, the continuous growth of network traffic brings great challenges to the detection of DDoS flooding attacks. Incomplete network traffic collection or non-real-time processing of big-volume network traffic will seriously affect the accuracy and efficiency of attack detection. Recently, sketch data structures are widely applied in high-speed networks to compress and fuse network traffic. But sketches suffer from a reversibility problem that it is difficult to reconstruct a set of keys that exhibit abnormal behavior due to the irreversibility of hash functions. In order to address the above challenges, in this paper, we first design a novel Chinese Remainder Theorem based Reversible Sketch (CRT-RS). CRT-RS is not only capable of compressing and fusing big-volume network traffic but also has the ability of reversely discovering the anomalous keys (e.g., the sources of malicious or unwanted traffic). Then, based on traffic records generated by CRT-RS, we propose a Modified Multi-chart Cumulative Sum (MM-CUSUM) algorithm that supports self-adaptive and protocol independent detection to detect DDoS flooding attacks. The performance of the proposed detection method is experimentally examined by two open source datasets. The experimental results show that the method can detect DDoS flooding attacks with efficiency, accuracy, adaptability, and protocol independability. Moreover, by comparing with other attack detection methods using sketch techniques, our method has quantifiable lower computation complexity when recovering the anomalous source addresses, which is the most important merit of the developed method.     

Robust and efficient detection of DDoS attacks for large-scale internet

In recent years, distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks have become a major security threat to Internet services. How to detect and defend against DDoS attacks is currently a hot topic in both industry and academia. In this paper, we propose a novel framework to robustly and efficiently detect DDoS attacks and identify attack packets. The key idea of our framework is to exploit spatial and temporal correlation of DDoS attack traffic. In this framework, we design a perimeter-based anti-DDoS system, in which traffic is analyzed only at the edge routers of an internet service provider (ISP) network. Our framework is able to detect any source-address-spoofed DDoS attack, no matter whether it is a low-volume attack or a high-volume attack. The novelties of our framework are (1) temporal-correlation based feature extraction and (2) spatial-correlation based detection. With these techniques, our scheme can accurately detect DDoS attacks and identify attack packets without modifying existing IP forwarding mechanisms at routers. Our simulation results show that the proposed framework can detect DDoS attacks even if the volume of attack traffic on each link is extremely small. Especially, for the same false alarm probability, our scheme has a detection probability of 0.97, while the existing scheme has a detection probability of 0.17, which demonstrates the superior performance of our scheme.     

基于宏观网络流相关性的DDoS攻击检测

针对现行分布式拒绝服务(DDoS)攻击检测方法存在检测效率低、适用范围小等缺陷,在分析DDoS攻击对网络流量大小和IP地址相关性影响的基础上,提出基于网络流相关性的DDoS攻击检测方法。对流量大小特性进行相关性分析,定义Hurst指数方差变化率为测度,用以区分正常流量与引起流量显著变化的异常性流量。研究IP地址相关性,定义并计算IP地址相似度作为突发业务流和DDoS攻击的区分测度。实验结果表明,对网络流中流量大小和IP地址2个属性进行相关性分析,能准确地区分出网络中存在的正常流量、突发业务流和DDoS攻击,达到提高DDoS攻击检测效率的目的。     

基于混合深度学习的多类型低速率DDoS攻击检测方法

低速率分布式拒绝服务攻击针对网络协议自适应机制中的漏洞实施攻击,对网络服务质量造成了巨大威胁,具有隐蔽性强、攻击速率低和周期性的特点.现有检测方法存在检测类型单一和识别精度低的问题,因此提出了一种基于混合深度学习的多类型低速率DDoS攻击检测方法.模拟不同类型的低速率DDoS攻击和5G环境下不同场景的正常流量,在网络入...     

基于全局网络PCA的DDoS攻击检测方法

随着网络规模的不断扩充,对于DDoS攻击的集中式检测方法已经无法满足实时性和准确性等要求。针对大规模网络中的DDoS攻击行为,提出了一种基于全局PCA的分布式拒绝服务攻击检测方法(WPCAD)。该方法由传统的OD矩阵得出各节点的ODin矩阵,各分布式处理单元通过PCA分析到达该节点的多路OD流之间的相关性,利用DDoS攻击流引起流量之间相关性突变的特性来完成检测。该方法采用分布式处理的方式,降低了检测数据所消耗的带宽,并满足了检测的实时性。实验结果表明该方法具有更好的检测效果。     

神经网络和IP标记在DDoS攻击防御中的应用

DDoS(Distributed Denial of Service)攻击是在传统的DoS攻击上产生的新的网络攻击方式,是Internet面临的最严峻威胁之一,这种攻击带来巨大的网络资源消耗,影响正常的网络访问.DDoS具有分布式特征,攻击源隐蔽,而且该类攻击采用IP伪造技术,不易追踪和辨别.任何网络攻击都会产生异常流量,DDoS也不例外,分布式攻击导致这种现象更加明显.主要研究利用神经网络技术并借助IP标记辅助来甄别异常流量中的网络数据包,方法是:基于DDoS攻击总是通过多源头发起对单一目标攻击的特点,通过IP标记技术对路由器上网路包进行标记,获得反映网络流量的标记参数,作为神经网络的输入参数相量;再对BP神经网络进行训练,使其能识别DDoS攻击引起的异常流量;最后,训练成熟的神经网络即可在运行时有效地甄别并防御DDoS攻击,提高网络资源的使用效率.通过实验证明了神经网络技术防御DDoS攻击是可行和高效的.     

Collaborative Detection of DDoS Attacks over Multiple Network Domains

This paper presents a new distributed approach to detecting DDoS (distributed denial of services) flooding attacks at the traffic-flow level The new defense system is suitable for efficient implementation over the core networks operated by Internet service providers (ISPs). At the early stage of a DDoS attack, some traffic fluctuations are detectable at Internet routers or at the gateways of edge networks. We develop a distributed change-point detection (DCD) architecture using change aggregation trees (CAT). The idea is to detect abrupt traffic changes across multiple network domains at the earliest time. Early detection of DDoS attacks minimizes the floe cling damages to the victim systems serviced by the provider. The system is built over attack-transit routers, which work together cooperatively. Each ISP domain has a CAT server to aggregate the flooding alerts reported by the routers. CAT domain servers collaborate among themselves to make the final decision. To resolve policy conflicts at different ISP domains, a new secure infrastructure protocol (SIP) is developed to establish mutual trust or consensus. We simulated the DCD system up to 16 network domains on the Cyber Defense Technology Experimental Research (DETER) testbed, a 220-node PC cluster for Internet emulation experiments at the University of Southern California (USC) Information Science Institute. Experimental results show that four network domains are sufficient to yield a 98 percent detection accuracy with only 1 percent false-positive alarms. Based on a 2006 Internet report on autonomous system (AS) domain distribution, we prove that this DDoS defense system can scale well to cover 84 AS domains. This security coverage is wide enough to safeguard most ISP core networks from real-life DDoS flooding attacks.     

SDN场景中基于双向流量特征的DDoS攻击检测方法

传统网络资源的分布式特性使得管理员较难实现网络的集中管控,在分布式拒绝服务攻击发生时难以快速准确地检出攻击并溯源。针对这一问题,结合软件定义网络集中管控、动态管理的优势和分布式拒绝服务攻击特点,本文首先引入双向流量概念,提出了攻击检测四元组特征,并利用增长型分层自组织映射算法对网络流中提取的四元组特征向量快速准确地分析并分类,同时提出了一种通过自适应改变监控流表粒度以定位潜在受害者的检测方法。仿真实验结果表明,本文提出的四元组特征及下发适量监控流表项的检测算法能以近似96%的准确率检出攻击并定位受害者,且对控制器造成的计算开销较小。     

应用层DDOS攻击检测技术研究

随着检测底层DDoS攻击的技术不断成熟和完善,应用层DDoS攻击越来越多。由于应用层协议的复杂性,应用层DDoS攻击更具隐蔽性和破坏性,检测难度更大。通过研究正常用户访问的网络流量特征和应用层DDoS攻击的流量特征,采用固定时间窗口内的请求时间间隔以及页面作为特征。通过正常用户和僵尸程序访问表现出不同的特点,对会话进行聚类分析,从而检测出攻击,经过实验,表明本检测算法具有较好的检测性能。     

基于SDN的DDoS攻击防御系统

软件定义网络（SDN）是一种新兴网络架构,通过将转发层和控制层分离,实现网络的集中管控。控制器作为SDN网络的核心,容易成为被攻击的目标,分布式拒绝服务（DDoS）攻击是SDN网络面临的最具威胁的攻击之一。针对这一问题,本文提出一种基于机器学习的DDoS攻击检测模型。首先基于信息熵监控交换机端口流量来判断是否存在异常流量,检测到异常后提取流量特征,使用SVM+K-Means的复合算法检测DDoS攻击,最后控制器下发丢弃流表处理攻击流量。实验结果表明,本文算法在误报率、检测率和准确率指标上均优于SVM算法和K-Means算法。     

基于攻击特征的ARMA预测模型的DDoS攻击检测方法

分布式拒绝服务(DDoS)攻击检测是网络安全领域的研究热点。本文提出一个能综合反映DDoS攻击流的流量突发性、流非对称性、源IP地址分布性和目标IP地址集中性等多个本质特征的IP流特征(IFFV)算法,采用线性预测技术,为正常网络流的IFFV时间序列建立了简单高效的ARMA(2,1)预测模型,进而设计了一种基于IFFV预测模型的DDoS攻击检测方法(DDDP)。为了提高方法的检测准确度,提出了一种报警评估机制,减少预测误差或网络流噪声所带来的误报。实验结果表明,DDDP检测方法能够迅速、有效地检测DDoS攻击,降低误报率。     

Semi-supervised machine learning approach for DDoS detection

Even though advanced Machine Learning (ML) techniques have been adopted for DDoS detection, the attack remains a major threat of the Internet. Most of the existing ML-based DDoS detection approaches are under two categories: supervised and unsupervised. Supervised ML approaches for DDoS detection rely on availability of labeled network traffic datasets. Whereas, unsupervised ML approaches detect attacks by analyzing the incoming network traffic. Both approaches are challenged by large amount of network traffic data, low detection accuracy and high false positive rates. In this paper we present an online sequential semi-supervised ML approach for DDoS detection based on network Entropy estimation, Co-clustering, Information Gain Ratio and Exra-Trees algorithm. The unsupervised part of the approach allows to reduce the irrelevant normal traffic data for DDoS detection which allows to reduce false positive rates and increase accuracy. Whereas, the supervised part allows to reduce the false positive rates of the unsupervised part and to accurately classify the DDoS traffic. Various experiments were performed to evaluate the proposed approach using three public datasets namely NSL-KDD, UNB ISCX 12 and UNSW-NB15. An accuracy of 98.23%, 99.88% and 93.71% is achieved for respectively NSL-KDD, UNB ISCX 12 and UNSW-NB15 datasets, with respectively the false positive rates 0.33%, 0.35% and 0.46%.     

Compiling network traffic into rules using soft computing methods for the detection of flooding attacks

The ability to dynamically collect and analyze network traffic and to accurately report the current network status is critical in the face of large-scale intrusions, and enables networks to continually function despite of traffic fluctuations. The paper presents a network traffic model that represents a specific network pattern and a methodology that compiles the network traffic into a set of rules using soft computing methods. This methodology based upon the network traffic model can be used to detect large-scale flooding attacks, for example, a distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack. We report experimental results that demonstrate the distinctive and predictive patterns of flooding attacks in simulated network settings, and show the potential of soft computing methods for the successful detection of large-scale flooding attacks.     

基于快速分数阶傅氏变换的DDoS攻击检测

针对传统检测方法存在精度低、训练复杂度高、适应性差的问题,提出了基于快速分数阶Fourier变换估计Hurst指数的DDoS攻击检测方法。利用DDoS攻击对网络流量自相似性的影响,通过监测Hurst指数变化阈值判断是否存在DDoS攻击。在DARPA2000数据集和不同强度TFN2K攻击流量数据集上进行了DDoS攻击检测实验,实验结果表明,基于FFrFT的DDoS攻击检测方法有效,相比于常用的小波方法,该方法计算复杂度低,实现简单,Hurst指数估计精度更高,能够检测强度较弱的DDoS攻击,可有效降低漏报、误报率。     

One-way queuing delay measurement and its application on detecting DDoS attack

This paper presents a novel approach to measure and estimate end-to-end one-way queuing delay in a network, which carries information about traffic characteristics and congestion properties. The measurement results can be used to describe the normal behavior of the network and detect distributed denial-of-service attacks (DDoS attacks). The measurement does not require any synchronization between the two measurement ends. Pairs of probe packets are sent from the source to the destination and intra-gaps between the probes are separately measured at the two ends. By performing an iterative Fourier-to-time reconstruction algorithm on the measured intra-gaps, distribution of the end-to-end one-way queuing delay is estimated. The packet loss rate and delay jitter are simultaneously measured as well. The simulations and experiments are conducted to validate the approach.     

三网融合下城域网DDoS攻击的监测及防范技术研究

随着三网融合的推进及光接入网的发展,用户接入带宽数量逐步增大,城域网中大流量的DDoS攻击越来越多,监测及防范DDoS攻击对于全业务承载下城域网的安全运行有着重要的意义。文章从运维的角度对运营商城域网中常见的DDoS网络攻击的监测、防范技术进行了探讨,阐述了各种DDoS监测方法及其应用场景,剖析了城域网中各网络层面的DDoS攻击防范部署策略。     

Enhanced Internet security by a distributed traffic control service based on traffic ownership

The frequency and intensity of Internet attacks are rising at an alarming pace. Several technologies and concepts were proposed for fighting distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks: traceback, pushback, i3, SOS and Mayday. This paper shows that in the case of DDoS reflector attacks they are either ineffective or even counterproductive. We then propose the novel concept of traffic ownership and describe a system that extends control over network traffic by network users to the Internet using adaptive traffic processing devices. We safely delegate partial network management capabilities from network operators to network users. All network packets with a source or destination address “owned” by a network user can now also be controlled within the Internet instead of only at the network user's Internet uplink. By limiting the traffic control features and by restricting the realm of control to the “owner” of the traffic, we can rule out misuse of this system. Applications of our system are manifold: prevention of source address spoofing, DDoS attack mitigation, distributed firewall-like filtering, new ways of collecting traffic statistics, service-level agreement validation, traceback, distributed network debugging, support for forensic analyses and many more. A use case illustrates how our system enables network users to prevent and react to DDoS attacks.     

应用非迭代Apriori算法检测分布式拒绝服务攻击

提出了一种非迭代Apriori算法,无需多次扫描事务数据库,使用一步交集操作处理同一时间段的网络数据包,通过挖掘各数据包之间的强关联规则,可较快检测分布式拒绝服务（DDoS）攻击。与现有算法相比,检测DDoS攻击的时间和空间性能较优。在DARPA数据集上的实验结果表明应用该算法能有效检测DDoS攻击。