一般稀疏线性方程组的因子组合型并行预条件研究

基于因子组合给出一般稀疏线性方程组的一种新并行预条件。在该方案中,应用基于邻接图的重叠区域分解,形成一串相互重叠的子区域。对每个子区域,可以采用任何不完全LU分解。之后,利用全局三角因子与全局下三角因子的乘积作为全局的并行预条件,其中全局三角因子利用限制加性Schwarz思想对每个局部上三角因子的逆进行组合得到。分析表明,提出的预条件优于经典加性Schwarz和限制加性Schwarz,且能保持对称正定性。对混凝土细观数值模拟中线性方程组的实验再次表明,新方案优于经典加性Schwarz。     

Aztec在混凝土细观数值模拟中的应用研究

细观数值模拟是混凝土性能研究的一种重要手段,但稀疏线性方程组求解在总体模拟时间中所占比重很大。由于属于三维问题,且规模很大,所以采用预条件Krylov子空间迭代是必由之路。Aztec是国际上专门设计用于求解稀疏线性方程组的软件包之一,由于目前混凝土细观数值模拟中的稀疏线性方程组对称正定,所以利用Aztec中提供的CG迭代法进行求解,并对多种能保持对称性的预条件选项进行了实验比较。结果表明,在基于区域分解的并行不完全Cholesky分解、无重叠对称化GS迭代、最小二乘等预条件技术中,第一种的效率最高,且在重叠度为0,填充层次为0时,效果最好;实验结果还表明,在本应用问题中,用RCM排序一般导致求解时间更长,从而没有必要采用。     

一种求解H(curl)型椭圆问题的高效并行预条件子及并行实现

本文为一类H(curl)型椭圆问题的线性棱有限元方程,构造了一种基于节点辅助空间预条件子(HX预条件子)和基于简单粗空间的非重叠区域分解相结合的预条件子,并为该预条件子设计了并行算法,编制了基于MPI+OpenMP二级并行架构的并行程序.数值实验结果表明基于该预条件子的并行PCG法具有良好的算法可扩展能力和并行可扩展能力.     

排序对重叠区域分解型并行ILU的影响分析

对Krylov子空间迭代法,高效预条件的构造是核心问题之一,而重叠区域分解是一种很有效的并行化技术。通过模型偏微分方程离散求解以及混凝土细观数值模拟中的线性方程组求解,对商图,就自然排序、RCM排序、Sloan排序、GPS排序、谱排序和随机排序等多种重排算法进行了比较。对子区域内顶点的重排方案,进行了自然排序、RCM排序、谱排序、随机排序和一种新排序算法间的比较。结果表明,预条件效果对商图排序不敏感。局部排序对预条件质量具有明显影响,局部采用随机排序时效果一般较差,而带宽缩减算法对加性Schwarz影响很小,对块Jacobi并行化预条件影响较大,对因子组合型并行预条件采用自然排序和新排序时效果较好。     

稀疏线性方程组不完全分解预条件方法

稀疏线性方程组的高效求解在科学计算与工程应用中起着十分重要的作用。本文系统介绍一般稀疏线性方程组和块三对角线性方程组的不完全预条件构造技术，同时介绍我们提出的多行双门槛不完全分解预条件子MRILUT和局部块不完全分解预条件子LBF2（l）构造方法，并将它们应用于二维三温能量方程组的离散求解与二维Laplace微分方程的离
离散求解中，取得了满意的结果。     

稀疏线性方程组求解中的预处理技术综述

稀疏线性方程组的高效求解是数值计算方向的研究热点之一,其中包括预处理技术的研究。本文从技术分类的角度,总结了稀疏线性方程组求解中的预处理技术。首先,介绍了填充元缩减策略,旨在减少求解过程中存储量的同时,仍能保持矩阵的稀疏结构;其次,介绍了不同结构系数矩阵的多种匹配技术,旨在获得矩阵的对角优势性;最后,介绍了具有天然并行性的因子分解近似逆预条件子构造方法和不完全分解预条件中的并行求解技术等。     

一种孔隙介质中地下水流并行计算方法

针对孔隙介质中地下水流动问题提出了一种并行数值计算方法,并基于此设计了一套专用于求解大规模三维地下水流动方程的并行计算模块。计算模块基于区域分解的方法实现对模型区域的并行求解,采用了分布式内存和压缩矩阵技术解决大规模稀疏矩阵的存储及其计算,整合多种并行Krylov子空间方法和预条件子技术迭代求解大规模线性方程组。在Linux集群系统上进行了数值模拟实验,性能测试结果表明,程序具有良好的加速比和可扩展性。     

非静力模式GRAPES的预条件技术研究

GRAPES是中国气象科学研究院研制的一个非静力格点模式,该模式以大气运动的全可压运动方程为基础,采用半隐半Lagrange方案。在模式积分中,每个时间步需要求解关于气压梯度力的三维离散Helmholtz方程,该方程组的求解在整个数值模拟时间中占70%左右,为加速求解过程,采用高效预条件技术是必然选择。将提出的多行双门槛不完全分解预条件与国内外常用的多种其他预条件技术进行了比较,同时,考查了针对不完全分解预条件的加性Schwarz与基于因子组合的两种并行化预条件技术,结果发现,多行双门槛不完全分解预条件优于包括ILUT在内的其他不完全分解预条件,且加性Schwarz略优于基于因子组合的并行预条件技术。     

化学驱油藏数模并行化中的关键技术

本文描述了化学复合驱数值模拟程序UTCHEM在分布式内存多计算机并行系统SMP-CLUSTER上并行化的关键技术。化学复合驱并行模型采用单程序多数据（SPMD）程序模型，利用区域分解方法将整个求解区域分解为子区域，使得多个计算节点同时求解一个单一的模拟问题。各计算节点通过消息传递对重叠区域的共享数据进行通信，以协调各节点之问的计算。目前仅对压力方程组求解部分进行了并行化实现。测试结果显示了较好的并行效率。     

三维对流扩散方程的稀疏存储及预条件迭代

基于四阶紧致格式对三维对流扩散方程进行离散,并给出所得到的离散线性方程组的块三角稀疏矩阵形式。以带双阈值的不完全因子化LU分解[(ILUT(τ,s))]作为预条件子,分别用FGMRES、BICGSTAB和TFQMR作为迭代加速器,对离散线性方程组进行求解验证了格式精度并比较了不同迭代法的CPU时间和迭代步。此外,通过比较传统迭代法和预条件迭代法的计算效率,表明预条件迭代法不仅能够保证格式的四阶精度,还能极大地提高收敛效率。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

View-based model-driven architecture for enhancing maintainability of data access services

In modern service-oriented architectures, database access is done by a special type of services, the so-called data access services (DAS). Though, particularly in data-intensive applications, using and developing DAS are very common today, the link between the DAS and their implementation, e.g. a layer of data access objects (DAOs) encapsulating the database queries, still is not sufficiently elaborated, yet. As a result, as the number of DAS grows, finding the desired DAS for reuse and/or associated documentation can become an impossible task. In this paper we focus on bridging this gap between the DAS and their implementation by presenting a view-based, model-driven data access architecture (VMDA) managing models of the DAS, DAOs and database queries in a queryable manner. Our models support tailored views of different stakeholders and are scalable with all types of DAS implementations. In this paper we show that our view-based and model driven architecture approach can enhance software development productivity and maintainability by improving DAS documentation. Moreover, our VMDA opens a wide range of applications such as evaluating DAS usage for DAS performance optimization. Furthermore, we provide tool support and illustrate the applicability of our VMDA in a large-scale case study. Finally, we quantitatively prove that our approach performs with acceptable response times.     

A pragmatic multi-method investigation of discrepant technological events: Coping,attributions, and ‘accidental’ learning

Discrepant technological events or situations that entail a problem, a misunderstanding or a difficulty with the Information Technology (IT) being employed, are common in the workplace, and can lead to frustration and avoidance behaviors. Little is known, however, about how individuals cope with these events. This paper examines these events by using a multi-method pragmatic approach informed by coping theory. The results of two studies – a critical incident study and an experiment – serve to build and test, respectively, a theoretical model that posits that individuals use a variety of strategies when dealing with these events: they experience negative emotions, make external attributions, and adopt engagement coping strategies directed at solving the event, eventually switching to a disengagement coping strategy when they feel they have no control over the situation. Furthermore, users’ efforts may result in ‘accidental’ learning as they try to overcome the discrepant IT events through engagement coping. The paper ends with a discussion of the results in light of existing literature, future opportunities for research, and implications for practice.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

The Distributed Time-Triggered Simulation Scheme: Core Principles and Supporting Execution Engine

Distributed real-time simulation is a young technology field but its practice is under increasing demands. In recent years the author and his collaborators have been establishing a new approach called the distributed time-triggered simulation (DTS) scheme which is conceptually simple and easy to use but widely applicable. The concept was initiated in the course of developing a new-generation object-oriented real-time programming scheme called the time-triggered message-triggered object (TMO) programming scheme. Some fundamental issues inherent in distributed real-time simulation that were learned during recent experimental studies are discussed along with some approaches for resolving the issues. An execution engine developed to support both the TMOs engaged in control computation and the TMOs engaged in DTS is also discussed along with its possible extensions that will enable significantly larger-scale DTSs.     

Software-Konfigurationsmanagement in großen Softwareprojekten

Zusammenfassung Mit zunehmender Größe der Softwaresysteme verschärfen sich die für die Software-Herstellung typischen Probleme: Beherrschen großer Objektmengen, Erhalten der Systemkonsistenz, Kontrolle der ständigen Änderungseinflüsse und Gewährleisten einer langen Lebensdauer. Die Disziplin Konfigurationsmanagement bildet den methodischen Ansatz, diese Probleme besser zu beherrschen. Software-Konfigurationsmanagement faßt die Herstellung von Softwaresystemen als eine Abfolge von kontrollierten Änderungen an gesicherten Zwischen- und Endergebnissen auf. Dargestellt werden die Objekte und Funktionen des Software-Konfigurationsmanagements sowie die hierfür in großen Software-Projekten benötigten Methoden, Instanzen und Hilfsmittel.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。