基于张量投票的摄像机自标定方法研究

针对传统的基于Kruppa方程摄像机自标定算法的欠鲁棒性,首次提出将鲁棒的张量投票算法用于摄像机自标定方法中。利用基于尺度不变的SIFT算法查找并匹配出每对图像的特征点,其中待匹配图像由摄像机对同一场景从三个不同角度位置拍摄,对图像张量投票后按棒张量特征值降序排序,由此筛选得到具有鲁棒性边缘特征的前八对特征点,利用八点算法求解相应的基础矩阵和极点,根据Kruppa方程和三维重建(SFM)算法求得摄像机参数矩阵。实验结果证明,该方法具有较高标定精度,并通过加入高斯噪声的仿真实验证明该算法是一种鲁棒的摄像机自标定方法。     

一种新的基于Kruppa方程的摄像机自标定方法

主要针对传统的基于Kruppa方程的摄像机自标定算法的欠鲁棒性提出了一种新的二步式标定方法．在新标定方法中，首先利用传统的LM优化算法或遗传算法求解出Kruppa方程中通常需要被消去的比例因子，然后再利用线性方法完成对摄像机的标定．大量的仿真和真实图像实验表明，该方法可以大大提高基于Kruppa方程标定算法的鲁棒性及标定精度．     

基于序列图像的摄像机自标定方法

提出了一种新的结合摄影测量和计算机视觉相关理论的摄像机自标定方法。首先通过序列图像的匹配点对,利用计算机视觉理论中的8点法求得摄像机基础矩阵F,通过矩阵F利用Kruppa方程求得矩阵C,对矩阵C进行Cholesky分解得到摄像机的内参数矩阵K,然后将求出的内参数作为初始值,利用摄影测量理论进行相对定向和绝对定向,最小二乘前方交会计算得到匹配点对的三维空间坐标,最后由匹配点对的三维空间坐标及其图像坐标,采用三维直接线性变换和光束法平差方法解算出摄像机内、外参数及畸变系数。该方法不依赖于特定的场景几何约束条件,只要序列图像之间有匹配点对,就可以进行自标定工作,具有广泛的适用性。模拟数据和真实图像的实验结果表明：该方法计算过程简单,标定精度高,是一种值得借鉴的摄像机自标定方法。     

一种基于Kruppa方程的分步自标定方法

针对摄像机自标定中Kruppa方程求解的非线性优化问题和标定结果的欠鲁棒性,提出一种基于Kruppa方程的分步自标定方法。根据两图像匹配的特征点对采用8点算法求解相应的基本矩阵,其中待匹配图像选用摄像机对同一场景在不同焦距下拍摄的两帧图片,对图片的特征匹配点建立约束关系,采用最小二乘法求出摄像机的主点坐标,然后利用遗传算法优化Kruppa方程的比例因子,最后通过优化后的比例因子完成摄像机的标定。实验表明,该方法可提高标定精度,并通过对特征点坐标加入高斯噪声,验证了算法的鲁棒性。     

平移初值操作的基于Kruppa方程的自标定方法

针对传统的基于Kruppa方程的摄像机自标定算法鲁棒性差的情况提出了一种新的二步式标定方法。首先对Kruppa方程进行简化,确定了经简化后的目标函数,再通过摄像机的三次线性无关的任意平移运动确定初值,然后用非线性优化目标函数法精化初值。实验结果表明,该方法可以大大提高基于Kruppa方程标定算法的鲁棒性及标定精度。     

基于改进遗传算法的摄像机自标定方法

摄像机自标定技术不受标定板和相机运动轨迹的限制,其标定过程简单、适用性强。由于传统的遗传算法在摄像机自标定参数优化过程中易出现过早收敛、停滞现象和解易陷入局部最优的问题,提出一种改进的遗传算法。首先,通过结合精英保留策略和随机联赛选择算法作为初始化种群的方法、改进轮盘赌选择方法、采用自适应杂交概率和变异概率方法对遗传算法进行改进;然后,将Hartley定义的简化Kruppa方程转化为目标函数,采用改进的遗传算法搜索目标函数的最优值;最后,实验结果表明,该方法能较好地缓解过早收敛和停滞显现,提高了精度。     

摄像机自标定方法的研究与进展

该文回顾了近几年来摄像机自标定技术的发展,并分类介绍了其中几种主要方法.同 传统标定方法相比,自标定方法不需要使用标定块,仅根据图像间图像点的对应关系就能估计 出摄像机内参数.文中重点介绍了透视模型下的几种重要的自标定方法,包括内参数恒定和内 参数可变两种情形;最后还简要介绍了几种非透视模型下的摄像机自标定方法.     

混合优化算法的摄像机自标定方法研究*

提出了一种将改进的遗传算法和Levenberg Marquardt(LM)算法相混合优化的摄像机自标定方法。首先将Hartley定义的简化Kruppa方程转换为优化代价函数,然后利用改进的遗传算法和LM算法相混合的优化算法求优化代价函数的最小值,进而求得摄像机的内参数。实验结果表明,与单一的优化方法相比,该方法的标定精度得到了较大的提高。     

X射线图像三维重建的自标定优化算法

根据X射线图像成像特点,提出一种适用于X射线图像三维重建的自标定算法。首先基于SIFT算法得到相邻2幅X射线图像对应轮廓特征匹配关系;然后根据匹配关系计算得到基础矩阵;接着根据基础矩阵估计X射线无损检测设备内参数初值;最后基于改进Kruppa方程优化内参数,得到X射线图像三维重建自标定内参数。根据优化前后的内参数建立的电力金具三维模型,从形状和关键尺寸误差2方面进行对比,结果表明优化后的内参数具有较高的精度和可靠性。     

摄像机简化模型对三维重构的影响--分析与实验

讨论了摄像机简化模型对三维重构的影响．主要结论有：当摄像机在两幅图像间的运动为纯平移运动时，从理论上证明了使用摄像机简化模型重构空间点与实际空间点之间满足仿射变换；当摄像机在两幅图像间的运动为一般刚体运动时，使用简化模型的重构只有在一定条件下才能较好地保持原物体的形状；在简化模型下，基于Kruppa方程的方法所估计的焦距精度不能满足三维重构的要求．实验结果表明：在三维重构中不能盲目地使用简化模型，必须对摄像机内参数进行全面标定．     

A case against Kruppa's equations for camera self-calibration

We consider the self-calibration problem for perspective cameras and especially the classical Kruppa equation approach. It is known that for several common types of camera motion, self-calibration is degenerate, which manifests itself through the existence of ambiguous solutions. The author previously (1997, 1999) studied these critical motion sequences and showed their importance for practical applications. Here, we reveal a type of camera motion that is not critical for the generic self-calibration problem, but for which the Kruppa equation approach fails. This is the case if the optical centers of all cameras lie on a sphere and if the optical axes pass through the sphere's center, a very natural situation for 3D object modeling from images. Results of simulated experiments demonstrate the instability of numerical self-calibration algorithms in near-degenerate configurations.     

An Algebraic Approach to Camera Self-Calibration

This paper describes a new self-calibration method for a single camera undergoing general motions. It has the following main contributions. First, we establish new constraints which relate the intrinsic parameters of the camera to the rotational part of the motions. This derivation is purely algebraic. We propose an algorithm which simultaneously solves for camera calibration and the rotational part of motions. Second, we provide a comparison between the developed method and a Kruppa equation-based method. Extensive experiments on both synthetic and real image data show the reliability and outperformance of the proposed method. The practical contribution of the method is its interesting convergence property compared with that of the Kruppa equations method.     

Epipolar geometry from profiles under circular motion

Addresses the problem of motion estimation from profiles (apparent contours) of an object rotating on a turntable in front of a single camera. A practical and accurate technique for solving this problem from profiles alone is developed. It is precise enough to reconstruct the shape of the object. No correspondences between points or lines are necessary. Symmetry of the surface of revolution swept out by the rotating object is exploited to obtain the image of the rotation axis and the homography relating epipolar lines in two views robustly and elegantly. These, together with geometric constraints for images of rotating objects, are used to obtain first the image of the horizon, which is the projection of the plane that contains the camera centers, and then the epipoles, thus fully determining the epipolar geometry of the image sequence. The estimation of this geometry by this sequential approach avoids many of the problems found in other algorithms. The search for the epipoles, by far the most critical step, is carried out as a simple 1D optimization. Parameter initialization is trivial and completely automatic at all stages. After the estimation of the epipolar geometry, the Euclidean motion is recovered using the fixed intrinsic parameters of the camera obtained either from a calibration grid or from self-calibration techniques. Finally, the spinning object is reconstructed from its profiles using the motion estimated in the previous stage. Results from real data are presented, demonstrating the efficiency and usefulness of the proposed methods     

一种新的线性摄像机自标定方法

提出了一种新的基于主动视觉系统的线性摄像机自定标方法。所谓基于主动视觉系统,是指摄像机固定在摄像机平台上以平摄像机平台的运动可以精确控制。该方法的主要特点是可以线性求解摄像机的所有5个内参数。据作者所知。文献中现有的方法仅能线性求解摄像机的4个由参数。当摄像机为完全的射影模型时,即当有畸变因子（skew factor）存在时,文献中的线性方法均不再适用。该方法的基本思想是控制摄像机做5组平面正交运动,利用图像中的极点（epipoles）信息来线性标定摄像机。同时,针对摄像机做平移运动时基本矩阵的特殊形式,该文提出了求基本矩阵（fundamental matrix)的2点算法。与8点算法相比较,2点算法大大提高了所求极点的精度和鲁棒性。另外,该文对临近奇异状态（即5组平面正交运动中,有两组或者多组运动平面平行）作了较为详尽的分析,并提出了解决临近奇异状态的策略,从而增强了该文算法的衫性。模拟图像和真实图像实验表明该文的自标定方法具有较高的鲁棒性和准确性。     

A New Linear Method for Camera Self-Calibration with Planar Motion

We consider the self-calibration (affine and metric reconstruction) problem from images acquired with a camera with unchanging internal parameters undergoing planar motion. The general self-calibration methods (modulus constraint, Kruppa equations) are known to fail with this camera motion. In this paper we give two novel linear constraints on the coordinates of the plane at infinity in a projective reconstruction for any camera motion. In the planar case, we show that the two constraints are equivalent and easy to compute, giving us a linear version of the quartic modulus constraint. Using this fact, we present a new linear method to solve the self-calibration problem with planar motion of the camera from three or more images. This work was partly supported by project BFM2003-02914 from the Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (Spain). Ferran Espuny received the MSc in Mathematics in 2002 from the Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is currently a PhD student and associate professor in the Departament d’àlgebra i Geometria at Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. His research, supervised by Dr. José Ignacio Burgos Gil, is focussed on self-calibration and critical motions for both pinhole and generic camera models.