人工智能中求解八数码问题算法的实现与分析

针对八数码问题的求解,给出了深度优先搜索、广度优先搜索和启发式搜索(譬如A*算法)之间的算法比较,通过实验验证各种算法并得出结论:在通常情况下,采用启发式搜索算法来进行状态空间的搜索更为方便、高效。     

求解八数码问题的几种搜索算法比较

本文针对八数码问题的求解,给出了深度优先搜索、广度优先搜索和启发式搜索之间的算法比较,并得出结论：在通常情况下,采用启发式搜索算法来进行状态空间的搜索更为方便、快捷。     

迷宫最短路径问题新算法

提出了求解迷宫最短路径问题的新算法,该算法抛弃了经典算法(深度优先搜索和广度优先搜索)中繁杂低效的递归、回溯思想。通过合理的变换,将原问题转化为迷宫路径深度图的生成问题。最后对算法进行了严谨的分析和实例测试,显示出该算法易于理解、易于编程、时间空间复杂度低等优点。     

基于人工智能的飞机航班信息查询系统的设计

采用人工智能的问题求解方法作为理论框架，对很有实用价值的飞机航班信息查询系统问题，设计求解算法。以深度优先搜索作为基本算法，用路径删除和结点删除方法产生多重解，用最小成本法求出最优解。最后用VC＋＋对算法进行了程序实现，运行结果显示，算法效果良好。该算法的设计程式对一般搜索问题的求解具有一定的借鉴作用。     

四种最短路径算法实例分析

通过理论分析,结合实际应用,在GIS节点数很大的数字地形图中,从完备性、最优性、时间复杂度、空间复杂度几种性能问题实例分析,较系统地总结出深度优先搜索(DFS)、广度优先搜索(BFS)、双向广度优先搜索(DBFS)、A★算法四种算法代价及优缺点.     

基于广度优先搜索的求解8数码问题的算法研究

本文介绍一种求解8数码问题的算法，它是基于广度优先搜索思想的，针对广度优先搜索算法在时间和空间上的开销较大，本文针对8数码问题，给出了算法采用的数据结构，提高了算法的效率，降低了算法在时间和空间上的开销。     

九宫问题的研究与实现

九宫问题又称八数码问题,是人工智能当中的经典难题之一。本文通过对人工智能中搜索技术的研究,详细分析九宫问题求解过程的特点,采用广度优先搜索方式搜索解答空间,并用Visual C＋＋编程实现九宫问题的求解过程。     

宽度优先反复加宽及其启发式搜索算法研究

首先针对搜索树中深度固定且目标唯一的寻优问题，指出宽度优先反复加宽的搜索效率要比深度优先反复加深的搜索效率高，基于此，提出了基于宽度优先反复加宽的启发式搜索算法ＩＷＡ＊，算法ＩＷＡ＊是可采纳的。为了保持算法ＩＷＡ＊的搜索效率高于算法ＩＤＡ＊的搜索效率，同时又使算法ＩＷＡ＊的存贮空间复杂度减低，文中基于分层技术，提出了基于深度优先的ＩＷＡ＊算法──ＩＤＷＡ＊。算法ＩＤＷＡ＊也是一个可采纳的启发式搜索算法。     

N皇后问题的启发式算法探讨

搜索策略的选择与设计是人工智能领域问题求解的核心问题之一,直接影响到问题求解过程中存储空间的占用和计算的复杂性,影响到问题求解的效率。在给出N皇后问题形式化描述和现有搜索算法的基础上,设计了3种解决N皇后问题的启发式算法,并将其与深度优先和宽度优先等搜索策略进行了分析和比较,得出了几点关于设计启发式算法的启示。     

基于宽度优先搜索的路径生成算法

宽度优先搜索和深度优先搜索是图论中常用的两种搜索算法.两者各有优势,但深度优先搜索算法的效率在低连通度图中会大大降低,这时更适合采用宽度优先搜索算法.本文提出了一种基于宽度优先搜索的路径生成算法,具有较好的时间复杂性和空间复杂性.     

基于约束传播的HFS调度研究

将约束传播技术同分枝定界法相结合求解优化目标为最小最大完工时间的混合流水车间调度问题。算法核心是根据资源松弛度确定关键阶段,通过在分枝定界算法中嵌入动态可调的开工时间窗口,用顺序传播、资源传播、上下游工序传播,动态修改每个操作的开工时间窗上下界,并在算法特点基础上给出相应的剪枝下界,以减小搜索空间,提高分枝定界法的优化能力。实验结果证明了算法的有效性。     

Ant colony optimization combined with taboo search for the job shop scheduling problem

In this paper, we present a hybrid algorithm combining ant colony optimization algorithm with the taboo search algorithm for the classical job shop scheduling problem. Instead of using the conventional construction approach to construct feasible schedules, the proposed ant colony optimization algorithm employs a novel decomposition method inspired by the shifting bottleneck procedure, and a mechanism of occasional reoptimizations of partial schedules. Besides, a taboo search algorithm is embedded to improve the solution quality. We run the proposed algorithm on 101 benchmark instances and obtain competitive results and a new best upper bound for one open benchmark instance is found.     

Constrained Weapon–Target Assignment: Enhanced Very Large Scale Neighborhood Search Algorithm

Optimization problems solved using very large scale neighborhood (VLSN) search algorithms include scheduling problems, the capacitated minimum spanning tree problem, the traveling salesman problem, and weapon-target assignment (WTA). This correspondence paper presents an enhanced VLSN search algorithm for obtaining feasible solutions and constructing improvement graphs. This enhanced VLSN search algorithm solves the constrained WTA (CWTA) problem, in which the number of interceptors available to each weapon and the number of interceptors allowed to fire at each target have upper bounds. The proposed enhanced VLSN search algorithm can solve a CWTA problem with 100 targets and 100 weapons (where the upper bound on the number of interceptors for each weapon is one and both the lower and upper bounds on the number of interceptors for each target are equal to one) within an average of 3 s. This study demonstrates that the proposed Enhanced VLSN is superior to existing approaches.     

基于混合包围盒的碰撞检测算法优化

为提高复杂场景中碰撞检测的效率,提出一种传统混合包围盒碰撞检测算法的优化算法。从数据结构上对混合包围盒树进行改进,引入时空相关性概念,将包围盒树分为上下2层结构,上层采用包围球,下层采用轴向包围盒,构造混合层次包围盒树,实现物体的快速碰撞检测,利用碰撞检测的时空相关性,简化树的搜索过程。实验结果表明,与传统的混合包围盒碰撞检测算法相比,该算法具有较好的碰撞检测性能。     

K-nearest neighbor finding using MaxNearestDist

Similarity searching often reduces to finding the k nearest neighbors to a query object. Finding the k nearest neighbors is achieved by applying either a depth- first or a best-first algorithm to the search hierarchy containing the data. These algorithms are generally applicable to any index based on hierarchical clustering. The idea is that the data is partitioned into clusters which are aggregated to form other clusters, with the total aggregation being represented as a tree. These algorithms have traditionally used a lower bound corresponding to the minimum distance at which a nearest neighbor can be found (termed MinDist) to prune the search process by avoiding the processing of some of the clusters as well as individual objects when they can be shown to be farther from the query object q than all of the current k nearest neighbors of q. An alternative pruning technique that uses an upper bound corresponding to the maximum possible distance at which a nearest neighbor is guaranteed to be found (termed MaxNearestDist) is described. The MaxNearestDist upper bound is adapted to enable its use for finding the k nearest neighbors instead of just the nearest neighbor (i.e., k=1) as in its previous uses. Both the depth-first and best-first k-nearest neighbor algorithms are modified to use MaxNearestDist, which is shown to enhance both algorithms by overcoming their shortcomings. In particular, for the depth-first algorithm, the number of clusters in the search hierarchy that must be examined is not increased thereby potentially lowering its execution time, while for the best-first algorithm, the number of clusters in the search hierarchy that must be retained in the priority queue used to control the ordering of processing of the clusters is also not increased, thereby potentially lowering its storage requirements.     

A branch-and-bound algorithm for the three-machine flowshop scheduling problem with bicriteria of makespan andtotal flowtime

This paper addresses the three‐machine flowshop scheduling problem with a bicriteria of minimizing a weighted sum of makespan and total flowtime. Three lower bounds, an upper bound, and several dominance relations are developed. The upper bound is developed using a two‐phase hybrid heuristic method. A branch‐and‐bound algorithm, incorporating the developed bounds and dominance relations, is presented. An extensive computational analysis on randomly generated problems is conducted. The analysis indicates that the proposed bounds, dominance relations, and branch‐and‐bound algorithm are efficient.     

Online Search with Time-Varying Price Bounds

Online search is a basic online problem. The fact that its optimal deterministic/randomized solutions are given by simple formulas (however with difficult analysis) makes the problem attractive as a target to which other practical online problems can be transformed to find optimal solutions. However, since the upper/lower bounds of prices in available models are constant, natural online problems in which these bounds vary with time do not fit in the available models.We present two new models where the bounds of prices are not constant but vary with time in certain ways. The first model, where the upper and lower bounds of (logarithmic) prices have decay speed, arises from a problem in concurrent data structures, namely to maximize the (appropriately defined) freshness of data in concurrent objects. For this model we present an optimal deterministic algorithm with competitive ratio \(\sqrt{D}\), where D is the known duration of the game, and a nearly-optimal randomized algorithm with competitive ratio \(\frac{\ln D}{1+\ln2-\frac{2}{D}}\). We also prove that the lower bound of competitive ratios of randomized algorithms is asymptotically \(\frac{\ln D}{4}\).The second model is inspired by the fact that some applications do not utilize the decay speed of the lower bound of prices in the first model. In the second model, only the upper bound decreases arbitrarily with time and the lower bound is constant. Clearly, the lower bound of competitive ratios proved for the first model holds also against the stronger adversary in the second model. For the second model, we present an optimal randomized algorithm. Our numerical experiments on the freshness problem show that this new algorithm achieves much better/smaller competitive ratios than previous algorithms do, for instance 2.25 versus 3.77 for D=128.     

A hybrid of Nested Partition, Binary Ant System, and Linear Programming for the multidimensional knapsack problem

This work presents a hybrid algorithm of Nested Partition (NP), Binary Ant System (BAS), and Linear Programming (LP) to solve the multidimensional knapsack problem (MKP). The hybrid NP+BAS+LP algorithm takes advantage of the global search strategies of the NP algorithm; the ability of BAS to quickly generate good solutions and incorporates information obtained from solving a LP relaxation of the MKP to help guide the search. It thus incorporates both the lower bounds (LB), found by the BAS, and the upper bounds (UB), found by solving the relaxed LP, into the search by embedding both in the NP framework. An adjustable computation budget is implemented where the number of samples increases if the LB and the UB point to different promising subregions. The proposed hybrid is compared to state-of-the-art solution techniques and is found to be one of the best algorithms in terms of the quality of solutions obtained and CPU time requirements.     

Novel approaches to efficient flooding search in peer-to-peer networks

Efficient search algorithms are crucial to the success of unstructured and hybrid peer-to-peer networks. Performance requirements on search algorithms include low search traffic, low search latency, and determinism in returning the searched items. However, existing search algorithms fail to meet these goals. We propose, analyze, and evaluate two novel flooding search algorithms. The first algorithm conducts on-the-fly estimation of the popularity of the searched item, and uses such knowledge to guide a peer’s search process. It requires the minimum search cost and very low latency, and albeit its non-determinism, often returns the desired number of results. The second algorithm, Hurricane flooding, exponentially expands the search horizon of the source of a search in a spiral pattern. Hurricane flooding is deterministic, requires search cost arbitrarily close to a lower bound, and returns the results in logarithmic time. We analyze and optimize our proposed algorithms, and evaluate them using various network models, including a real Gnutella network topology.     

Hybrid approaches for the two‐scenario max–min knapsack problem

In this paper, we deal with the two‐scenario max–min knapsack (MNK) problem. First, we consider several formulations of MNK as a mixed integer programming problem. Then, we propose a hybrid method as an alternative to solve the MNK exactly. The approach combines relaxation technique and the temporary setting of variables to improve iteratively two sequences of upper and lower bounds. More precisely, pseudo‐cuts are added to the problem to strengthen the bounds and reduce the gap between the best lower bound and the best upper bound. The algorithm stops when the proof of the optimality of the best solution is found. We also use a reduction technique to set some variables definitively at their optimal values. Numerical experiments demonstrate the robustness of the approach. In particular, our algorithm is efficient to solve large and correlated instances of MNK.