基于有色Petri网的工作流阶段性调度

工作流的合理、有效调度有利于改善整个工作流系统的性能，从而提高业务流程的执行效率。静态调度有利于在静态环境下达到全局调度的最优，但不能有效地处理工作流的动态不确定性。而动态调度在考虑工作流的动态不确定性的同时，优化每个任务的调度方案，但很难达到所有任务的全局最优。在总结静态调度和动态调度两种方法各自的优缺点的基础上，本文提出了一种基于有色Petri网的工作流阶段性调度方法。该方法能够妥善地处理工作流的动态性和不确定性，并在静态全局最优和动态单个最优之间达到较好的均衡。仿真实验说明了该方法的有效性和优越性。     

面向实例方面处理的工作流动态调度优化方法

针对现实业务过程对实例方面处理的需求,建立面向实例方面处理的工作流动态调度优化模型,并提出了相应的优化方法.该方法利用蚁群优化算法的特点直接构建可行解,利用分组浪费时间与分组浪费费用的概念来设计启发式信息,同时优化最小化活动实例的总停留时间与总执行费用这两个目标函数,最终产生一组满足约束条件的Pareto优化调度方案.实验结果说明了算法的有效性.     

基于改进优先级规则的工作流费用优化方法

效用网格下的工作流时间约束-费用优化调度是一个NP难问题,基于时间耦合强度(time-dependent coupling strength,TCS)的最适规则(best fit time-dependent coupling strength,BFTCS)将作业的资源特征与工作流的结构特征作为优先级规则的两个重要方面应用于迭代算法的改进阶段,取得了良好效果,然而,BFTCS忽略了工作流的时序特征.在已有工作的基础上,定义任务的时间灵活度(temporal mobility,TM)并设计基于时间耦合强度和时间灵活度的最适规则(best fit based on time-dependent coupling strength and temporal mobility,BFTCSTM).该规则在BFTCS规则的基础上选择TM较大的任务优先迭代,有效减缓了迭代过程中工作流长度的增长过程,使其他任务能进一步优化费用的机会增大,改善了工作流的费用优化效果.实验结果证明了BFTCSTM的优越性.     

云中截止时间动态分配的工作流调度成本优化算法

现如今,如何在满足截止时间约束的前提下降低工作流的执行成本,是云中工作流调度的主要问题之一。三步列表调度算法可以有效解决这一问题。但该算法在截止时间分配阶段只能形成静态的子截止时间。为方便用户部署工作流任务,云服务商为用户提供了的三种实例类型,其中竞价实例具有非常大的价格优势。为解决上述问题,提出了截止时间动态分配的工作流调度成本优化算法(S-DTDA)。该算法利用粒子群算法对截止时间进行动态分配,弥补了三步列表调度算法的缺陷。在虚拟机选择阶段,该算法在候选资源中增加了竞价实例,大大降低了执行成本。实验结果表明,相较于其他经典算法,该算法在实验成功率和执行成本上具有明显优势。综上所述,S-DTDA算法可以有效解决工作流调度中截止时间约束的成本优化问题。     

基于服务质量的云工作流调度优化算法

为满足云工作流实例的多样化需求,根据工作流的特点和云环境中资源部署结构,建立多服务质量指标的云工作流调度模型。对蚁群算法进行改进,解决其收敛速度慢、易陷入局部最优等缺点。利用用户对服务质量不同程度的偏好,引入云任务优先次序启发式规则,提出一种基于服务质量的云工作流调度算法(SPACO)。在Cloud Sim平台上,对云工作流调度模型和算法进行仿真分析,将仿真结果与基本蚁群算法(ACO)、改进的蚁群算法(PACO)进行比较,其结果表明该算法能缩短执行时间、降低能耗成本,验证了该模型的可行性和算法的有效性。     

多星地面站设备优化调度方法研究

通过对各种动态调度方法进行分析、对比比较，提出将扩展Petri网与启发式调度规则相结合来建立多星调度模型并实现多星地面设备优化调度的方法，为解决多星地面站设备调度问题提供了新的途径。     

基于混合GA算法的工作流作业调度队列优化

工作流作业的调度效率是评价工作流管理系统整体表现的重要指标。众所周知,工作流作业的调度问题是一个NP-hard问题,而异构的计算环境使得问题更加棘手。分层基因算法LGA将启发式算法与GA算法相结合,利用GA算法来优化经过正向分层之后的工作流作业调度队列,显著地减少了工作流作业的执行时间。该算法根据作业的分层优先级来产生作业队列,把队列中的同层作业从整体上看作是一位基因来处理,有效地对算法的进化方向进行规划,并通过对杂交和变异流程的改进,增强算法的搜索深度和广度。实验表明,相比于其他混合GA算法,经LGA算法优化之后的工作流作业调度队列,所需的执行时间更少。     

任务与资源双向匹配的动态任务调度策略研究

并行测试系统中的测试任务的执行时间是不确定的,测试任务过程具有随机性。为实现测试任务优化执行的目的,建立了并行自动测试系统的动态任务调动模型,并提出了基于测试任务剩余工作量和测试资源剩余负载的启发式调度规则,并在测试任务过程Petri网模型的运行演化算法中采用该规则,实现并行测试任务的动态调度。最后通过实例仿真,验证了该策略的可行性和优越性。     

融合遗传和粒子群算法的云工作流调度算法

针对云工作流调度问题,提出一种融合遗传算法和粒子群优化算法的工作流调度负载均衡算法.充分利用多元启发式方法融合的优势,避免遗传算法的收敛过慢和粒子群算法易于陷入局部最优的缺陷,有效将工作流任务映射至虚拟机资源,实现全局工作流执行跨度最小化和虚拟机分配的负载均衡.以算例详细说明算法实现思路,在现实科学工作流条件下进行仿真测试,验证算法性能.与几种单一元启发式调度方法相比,验证该算法拥有更高执行效率和负载均衡度.     

一种批优化调度策略的实时异构系统的集成动态调度算法

针对实时异构多任务调度的特点,提出了软、硬实时任务形式化描述非精确计算的统一任务模型,在此基础上,提出了一种基于批优化调度策略的实时异构系统的集成动态调度算法.该算法以启发式搜索为基础,引入软实时任务服务质量降级策略,在每次扩充当前局部调度时,按制定的规则选取一批任务,计算其在各处理器上运行的目标函数,采用指派问题解法对任务优化分配.模拟实验表明,该算法与同类算法相比,提高了调度成功率.     

A method of workflow scheduling based on colored Petri nets

Effective methods of workflow scheduling can improve the performance of workflow systems. Based on the study of existing scheduling methods, a method of workflow scheduling, called phased method, is proposed. This method is based on colored Petri nets. Activities of workflows are divided into several groups to be scheduled in different phases using this method. Details of the method are discussed. Experimental results show that the proposed method can deal with the uncertainties and the dynamic circumstances very well and a satisfactory balance can be achieved between static global optimization and dynamic local optimization.     

A delay-based dynamic scheduling algorithm for bag-of-task workflows with stochastic task execution times in clouds

Bag-of-Tasks (BoT) workflows are widespread in many big data analysis fields. However, there are very few cloud resource provisioning and scheduling algorithms tailored for BoT workflows. Furthermore, existing algorithms fail to consider the stochastic task execution times of BoT workflows which leads to deadline violations and increased resource renting costs. In this paper, we propose a dynamic cloud resource provisioning and scheduling algorithm which aims to fulfill the workflow deadline by using the sum of task execution time expectation and standard deviation to estimate real task execution times. A bag-based delay scheduling strategy and a single-type based virtual machine interval renting method are presented to decrease the resource renting cost. The proposed algorithm is evaluated using a cloud simulator ElasticSim which is extended from CloudSim. The results show that the dynamic algorithm decreases the resource renting cost while guaranteeing the workflow deadline compared to the existing algorithms.     

On the efficiency of several VM provisioning strategies for workflows with multi-threaded tasks on clouds

Cloud computing promises the delivery of on-demand pay-per-use access to unlimited resources. Using these resources requires more than a simple access to them as most clients have certain constraints in terms of cost and time that need to be fulfilled. Therefore certain scheduling heuristics have been devised to optimize the placement of client tasks on allocated virtual machines. The applications can be roughly divided in two categories: independent bag-of-tasks and workflows. In this paper we focus on the latter and investigate a less studied problem, i.e., the effect the virtual machine allocation policy has on the scheduling outcome. For this we look at how workflow structure, execution time, virtual machine instance type affect the efficiency of the provisioning method when cost and makespan are considered. To aid our study we devised a mathematical model for cost and makespan in case single or multiple instance types are used. While the model allows us to determine the boundaries for two of our extreme methods, the complexity of workflow applications calls for a more experimental approach to determine the general relation. For this purpose we considered synthetically generated workflows that cover a wide range of possible cases. Results have shown the need for probabilistic selection methods in case small and heterogeneous execution times are used, while for large homogeneous ones the best algorithm is clearly noticed. Several other conclusions regarding the efficiency of powerful instance types as compared to weaker ones, and of dynamic methods against static ones are also made.     

满足工作流执行时限的可抢占虚拟机实例配置和调度方法研究

随着云计算的迅速发展,将工作流部署到云计算平台已经成为了常见的选择。相比于传统的本地工作流,云工作流不仅要考虑计算时长等要求,还要考虑其产生的经济开销。而云计算服务商为了提高资源利用率,提供了可抢占虚拟机实例这种非常廉价但是不稳定的资源。针对工作流在云计算中的调度和执行问题,提出一种满足工作流执行时限的可抢占虚拟机实例配置和调度方法。该方法使用马尔科夫模型和动态规划方法,对可抢占虚拟机实例的价格进行预测,并得到成本最低的出价策略。同时,结合工作流的执行时限要求,在估计的出价策略下对工作流中使用的实例进行配置。实验结果显示,相比于全部使用按需付费虚拟机实例,该方法在满足工作流执行时限的前提下最高可以节省89.9%的计算成本。     

Dynamic checking of temporal constraints for concurrent workflows

At present, workflow management systems have not sufficiently dealt with the issues of time, involving time modelling at build-time and time management at run-time. They are lack of the ability to support the checking of temporal constraints at run-time. Although some approaches have been devised to tackle this problem, they are limited to a single workflow and use only static techniques to verify temporal constraints. In reality, there are multiple workflows executing concurrently in a workflow management system. There may well exist resource constraints between these concurrent workflows, which affect significantly the verification of temporal constraints at run-time. This paper proposes a novel approach for dynamic verification of temporal constraints for concurrent workflows. We first investigate resource constraints in workflow management systems, and then define concurrent workflow executions. Based on these definitions, we propose a verification method by analysing the temporal relationship and resource constraints between activities among concurrent workflows.     

Data-Locality Aware Scientific Workflow Scheduling Methods in HPC Cloud Environments

Efficient data-aware methods in job scheduling, distributed storage management and data management platforms are necessary for successful execution of data-intensive applications. However, research about methods for data-intensive scientific applications are insufficient in large-scale distributed cloud and cluster computing environments and data-aware methods are becoming more complex. In this paper, we propose a Data-Locality Aware Workflow Scheduling (D-LAWS) technique and a locality-aware resource management method for data-intensive scientific workflows in HPC cloud environments. D-LAWS applies data-locality and data transfer time based on network bandwidth to scientific workflow task scheduling and balances resource utilization and parallelism of tasks at the node-level. Our method consolidates VMs and consider task parallelism by data flow during the planning of task executions of a data-intensive scientific workflow. We additionally consider more complex workflow models and data locality pertaining to the placement and transfer of data prior to task executions. We implement and validate the methods based on fairness in cloud environments. Experimental results show that, the proposed methods can improve performance and data-locality of data-intensive workflows in cloud environments.     

A rotary chaotic PSO algorithm for trustworthy scheduling of a grid workflow

In this paper, a rotary chaotic particle swarm optimization (RCPSO) algorithm is presented to solve trustworthy scheduling of a grid workflow. In general, the grid workflow scheduling is a complex optimization problem which requires considering various scheduling criteria so as to meet a wide range of QoS requirements from users. Traditional researches into grid workflow scheduling mainly focus on the optimization constrained by time and cost. The key requirements for reliability, availability and security are not considered adequately. The main contribution of this study is to propose a new approach for trustworthy workflow scheduling in a large-scale grid with rich service resources, and present the RCPSO algorithm to optimize the scheduling performance in a multi-dimensional complex space. Experiments were done in two grid applications with at most 120 candidate services supplied to each task of various workflows. The results show better performance of the RCPSO in solving trustworthy scheduling of grid workflow problems as compared to GA, ACO and other recent variants of PSO.     

Concepts for dynamic scheduling in the laboratory

Different concepts related to dynamic scheduling are discussed in this report. It starts with the workflow, workflow components, and their process relationships at the laboratory workbench level. This report also describes the control and data flow within a typical dynamic scheduler. The workflows are expanded by technical functionality that usually is hidden from end users. The working plan is calculated and optimized by the scheduling algorithm and finally is executed on the workbench. Error handling, maintenance, and rescheduling are also addressed.These concepts are bundled to a software system that accepts different samples with different workflows. To optimize the schedule, different scheduling runs must be generated and compared. This is a sensitive issue. The result's quality correlates with the calculation time. Longer computation implies higher quality, but scheduling runs that are too long is counterproductive. They worsen optimization results and squander available resource time. After a scheduling run, the sample activities are processed in parallel on the automated laboratory workbench.Software components using most of these concepts have been developed by the author as part of a larger, ongoing project.     

着色时间工作流网任务调度的时间约束分析

为实现工作流管理系统中的任务调度和时间管理,避免流程在多任务运转时产生溢出,提高流程的工作效率。采用不固定时延定义了着色时间Petri网,通过控制任务间的最小时距避免了溢出,并用任务监测器实现了相应的控制策略。以各任务间的时间间隔最小为优化目标,对串行、并行、条件选择和循环四种基本着色时间工作流网进行了时序分析和任务调度,推导出多任务在基本着色时间工作流网调度的数学模型和着色时间工作流网整体运行时间函数的计算公式。最后通过一个审批流程对论述的任务调度方法进行了验证。