基于CUDA的并行AES算法的实现和加速效率探索

网络应用服务(尤其是电子银行和电子商务)需要数据加密提供安全通信.很多应用服务器面临着执行大量计算稠密的加密挑战.CUDA(统一计算架构)是在GPU进行并行和通用计算的平台,能够利用现有显卡资源,以低成本的方式提升加密性能.在Nvidia GeForce G210显卡上实现CUDA的AES(高级加密标准)并行算法并且在AMD Athlon 7850上实现串行AES算法.实现的AES并行算法避免了同一线程块的线程同步和通信,提升了GPU的加速性能,加速比要比Manavski的AES-128并行算法提升2.66～3.34倍.在大数据量(至32MB)加密环境下探索AES并行算法的性能模型,并首次从加速效率角度分析加速性能.该并行AES算法在16核的GPU上能最高达到15.83倍的加速比和99.898％的加速效率.     

面向异构架构的传递闭包并行算法

传统求图传递闭包的方法存在计算量大与计算时间长的问题。为加快处理大数据量的传递闭包算法的计算速度,结合算法密集计算和开放式计算语言（OpenCL）框架的特征,采用本地存储器优化的并行子矩阵乘和分块的矩阵乘并行计算,提出一种基于OpenCL的传递闭包并行算法。利用本地存储器优化的并行子矩阵乘算法来优化计算步骤,提高图形处理器（GPU）的存储器利用率,降低数据获取延迟。通过分块矩阵乘并行计算算法实现大数据量的矩阵乘,提高GPU计算核心的利用率。数据结果表明,与CPU串行算法、基于开放多处理的并行算法和基于统一设备计算架构的并行算法相比,传递闭包并行算法在OpenCL架构下NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1070计算平台上分别获得了593.14倍、208.62倍和1.05倍的加速比。     

大整数Comba和Karatsuba乘法的多核并行化研究

大整数运算广泛地应用于公钥加密算法、大规模科学计算中高精度浮点数运算类以及构建大特征值等领域,然而其大部分算法空间和时间开销都很大,尤其对于核心运算之一的大整数乘法,当数据达到一定规模时,超长的串行计算时间已成为制约算法应用的巨大瓶颈.近几年来,伴随着多核、众核芯片的迅猛发展,通过充分挖掘算法本身的并行度以利用并行处理器的强大计算能力,进而高效地提升算法性能,成为一种研究趋势.本文基于通用多核并行计算平台,研究了大整数乘法Comba及Karatsuba快速算法的并行化,提出了高效的多核并行算法.在算法实现及性能优化上,采用了OpenMP+SIMD的多级并行技术,使性能获得巨大提升.在性能测试上,我们使用优化的并行算法与原始串行算法进行对比试验,结果显示,8线程并行Comba算法和Karatsuba算法相比串行对应算法分别实现了5.85倍以及6.14倍的性能加速比提升.     

基于图形处理器的并行方体计算

方体(cube)计算是数据仓库和联机分析处理(Online analytical processing,OLAP)领域的核心问题,如何提高方体计算性能获得了学术界和工业界的广泛关注,但目前大部分方体算法都没有考虑最新的处理器架构.近年来,处理器从单一计算核心进化为多个或许多个计算核心,如多核CPU、图形处理器(Graphic Processing Units, GPU)等.为了充分利用现代处理器的多核资源,该文提出了基于GPU的并行方体算法GPU-Cubing,算法采用自底向上、广度优先的划分策略,每次并行完成一个cuboid的计算并输出;在计算cuboid过程中多个分区同步处理,分区内多线程并行.GPU-Cubing算法适合GPU体系结构,并行度高.与BUC算法相比,基于真实数据集的完全方体计算可以获得一个数量级以上的加速比,冰山方体获得至少2倍以上的加速.     

使用GPU加速计算矩阵的Cholesky分解

针对大型实对称正定矩阵的Cholesky分解问题,给出其在图形处理器(GPU)上的具体实现。详细分析了Volkov计算Cholesky分解的混合并行算法,并在此基础上依据自身计算机的CPU以及GPU的计算性能,给出一种更为合理的三阶段混合调度方案,进一步减少CPU的空闲时间以及避免GPU空闲情况的出现。数值实验表明,当矩阵阶数超过7000时,新的混合调度算法相比标准的MKL算法获得了超过5倍的加速比,同时对比原Volkov混合算法获得了显著的性能提升。     

基于GPU的稀疏矩阵Cholesky分解

稀疏矩阵Cholesky分解是求解大规模稀疏线性方程组的核心算法,也是求解过程中最耗时的部分.近年来,一系列并行算法通过图形处理器(GPU)获得了显著的加速比,然而,由于访存的不规则性以及任务间的大量数据依赖关系,稀疏矩阵Cholesky分解算法在GPU上的计算效率很低.文中实现了一种新的基于GPU的稀疏矩阵Cholesky分解算法.在数据组织方面,改进了稀疏矩阵超节点数据结构,通过超节点合并和分块控制计算粒度;在计算调度方面,将稀疏矩阵Cholesky分解过程映射为一系列的数据块任务,并设计了相应的任务生成与调度算法,在满足数据依赖性的前提下提高任务的并行性.实验结果表明,该算法能够显著提高稀疏矩阵Cholesky分解算法在GPU上的实现效率,在单个GPU上获得了相对4核CPU平台2.69~3.88倍的加速比.     

海量数据流的提升小波变换并行算法研究

提升小波变换算法在图像去噪中有广泛的应用,但是对于海量数据流该算法计算速度缓慢无法达到实时性.为了提高计算速度,提出一种基于图形处理器(GPU)的并行计算策略,把传统提升小波变换算法映射到CUDA编程模型,利用具有大规模并行计算特征的GPU作为计算设备,结合GPU存储器的优势实现了基于滑动窗口的提升小波变换并行算法.实验的测试结果表明,在现有的实验条件下,随着图像的增加,提升小波变换并行算法可以把计算速度提高50倍,效率提高明显.本文提出的方法也可以用其他图像处理算法的并行化.     

基于神威平台的Floyd并行算法的实现和优化

求解全源最短路径的Floyd算法是许多实际应用基础上的关键构建块,由于其时间复杂度较高,串行Floyd算法不适用于大规模输入图计算,针对不同平台的并行Floyd算法设计可为解决现实问题提供有效帮助.针对Floyd算法与国产自主研发处理器匹配滞后的问题,首次提出基于神威平台的Floyd并行算法的实现和优化.根据SW26010处理器主-从核架构的特点,采用主从加速编程模型进行并行实现,并分析了影响该算法性能的关键因素,通过算法优化、数组划分和双缓冲技术进行优化,逐步提升算法性能.测试结果表明,与主核上串行算法相比,基于神威平台的Floyd并行算法在单个SW26010处理器上可以获得106倍的最高加速.     

基于OpenCL的JPEG压缩算法并行化设计与实现

随着图像数据的大量增加,传统单处理器或多处理器结构的计算设备已无法满足实时性数据处理要求。异构并行计算技术因其高效的计算效率和并行的实时性数据处理能力,正得到广泛关注和应用。利用GPU在图形图像处理方面并行性的优势,提出了基于OpenCL的JPEG压缩算法并行化设计方法。将JPEG算法功能分解为多个内核程序,内核之间通过事件信息传递进行顺序控制,并在GPU+CPU的异构平台上完成了并行算法的仿真验证。实验结果表明,与CPU串行处理方式相比,本文提出的并行化算法在保持相同图像质量情况下有效提高了算法的执行效率,大幅降低了算法的执行时间,并且随着图形尺寸的增加,算法效率获得明显的提升。     

统一计算设备架构下的F-X域预测滤波并行算法

针对传统F-X域预测滤波去除地震资料随机噪声耗时巨大的问题,提出了基于统一计算设备架构（CUDA）的并行算法。首先,对算法进行模块化分析以找到算法的计算瓶颈;然后从每个窗口数据计算相关矩阵、求滤波因子、滤波等步骤入手,使用图形处理器（GPU）将滤波过程分解为多个任务并行处理;最后,对算法进行并行实现,并对相邻滤波窗口的数据冗余读取进行优化以提升算法效率。基于NVIDIA Tesla K20c显卡的实验结果表明,在250×250大小工区的地震数据中,所提并行算法较原串行算法在效率上实现了10.9倍的提升,同时能保证工程中要求的计算精度。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

View-based model-driven architecture for enhancing maintainability of data access services

In modern service-oriented architectures, database access is done by a special type of services, the so-called data access services (DAS). Though, particularly in data-intensive applications, using and developing DAS are very common today, the link between the DAS and their implementation, e.g. a layer of data access objects (DAOs) encapsulating the database queries, still is not sufficiently elaborated, yet. As a result, as the number of DAS grows, finding the desired DAS for reuse and/or associated documentation can become an impossible task. In this paper we focus on bridging this gap between the DAS and their implementation by presenting a view-based, model-driven data access architecture (VMDA) managing models of the DAS, DAOs and database queries in a queryable manner. Our models support tailored views of different stakeholders and are scalable with all types of DAS implementations. In this paper we show that our view-based and model driven architecture approach can enhance software development productivity and maintainability by improving DAS documentation. Moreover, our VMDA opens a wide range of applications such as evaluating DAS usage for DAS performance optimization. Furthermore, we provide tool support and illustrate the applicability of our VMDA in a large-scale case study. Finally, we quantitatively prove that our approach performs with acceptable response times.     

A pragmatic multi-method investigation of discrepant technological events: Coping,attributions, and ‘accidental’ learning

Discrepant technological events or situations that entail a problem, a misunderstanding or a difficulty with the Information Technology (IT) being employed, are common in the workplace, and can lead to frustration and avoidance behaviors. Little is known, however, about how individuals cope with these events. This paper examines these events by using a multi-method pragmatic approach informed by coping theory. The results of two studies – a critical incident study and an experiment – serve to build and test, respectively, a theoretical model that posits that individuals use a variety of strategies when dealing with these events: they experience negative emotions, make external attributions, and adopt engagement coping strategies directed at solving the event, eventually switching to a disengagement coping strategy when they feel they have no control over the situation. Furthermore, users’ efforts may result in ‘accidental’ learning as they try to overcome the discrepant IT events through engagement coping. The paper ends with a discussion of the results in light of existing literature, future opportunities for research, and implications for practice.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

The Distributed Time-Triggered Simulation Scheme: Core Principles and Supporting Execution Engine

Distributed real-time simulation is a young technology field but its practice is under increasing demands. In recent years the author and his collaborators have been establishing a new approach called the distributed time-triggered simulation (DTS) scheme which is conceptually simple and easy to use but widely applicable. The concept was initiated in the course of developing a new-generation object-oriented real-time programming scheme called the time-triggered message-triggered object (TMO) programming scheme. Some fundamental issues inherent in distributed real-time simulation that were learned during recent experimental studies are discussed along with some approaches for resolving the issues. An execution engine developed to support both the TMOs engaged in control computation and the TMOs engaged in DTS is also discussed along with its possible extensions that will enable significantly larger-scale DTSs.     

Software-Konfigurationsmanagement in großen Softwareprojekten

Zusammenfassung Mit zunehmender Größe der Softwaresysteme verschärfen sich die für die Software-Herstellung typischen Probleme: Beherrschen großer Objektmengen, Erhalten der Systemkonsistenz, Kontrolle der ständigen Änderungseinflüsse und Gewährleisten einer langen Lebensdauer. Die Disziplin Konfigurationsmanagement bildet den methodischen Ansatz, diese Probleme besser zu beherrschen. Software-Konfigurationsmanagement faßt die Herstellung von Softwaresystemen als eine Abfolge von kontrollierten Änderungen an gesicherten Zwischen- und Endergebnissen auf. Dargestellt werden die Objekte und Funktionen des Software-Konfigurationsmanagements sowie die hierfür in großen Software-Projekten benötigten Methoden, Instanzen und Hilfsmittel.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。