结晶釜直径对SAS成粒过程影响的CFD研究

为探讨结晶釜直径对SAS(超临界抗溶剂法)过程的影响规律,并确定适宜的结晶釜直径,本文采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法,选用Realizableκ-ε湍动模型对SAS喷射过程建立模型。结晶釜高度为L=190 mm,考察了直径分别为40 mm、30 mm、20 rnm和15 mm时釜内流体迹线、溶剂浓度分布、有效扩散因子分布及湍动强度分布变化规律,尤其是喷嘴出口附近溶液射流区内的流场变化状况。结果表明,随着结晶釜直径的减小,釜内漩涡区逐渐向釜顶缩小,有利于避免釜内颗粒间碰撞造成的粘结;釜内溶剂浓度逐渐减小,而有效扩散因子分布及湍动强度的绝对值逐渐增大但分布范围逐渐向釜顶缩小:喷嘴出口附近溶液射流区内的有效扩散因子与湍动强度逐渐增大,有利于提高成核速率而减小颗粒粒径。较小直径的结晶釜,还会降低流体在釜内的停留时间,减少颗粒生长时间而利于减小颗粒粒径,因此选择小直径结晶釜对SAS过程有利。本文通过CFD模拟研究,揭示了SAS结晶釜直径对SAS成粒过程的影响规律,对SAS结晶釜的优化设计具有一定的理论指导。     

提升管反应器FCC汽油催化转化过程数值模拟

在汽油催化转化反应动力学模型和气-固两相流模型的基础上,将流动、传热、反应综合考虑,建立了催化裂化汽油催化转化提升管反应器的反应-流动耦合模型。模拟结果与中型实验提升管出口数据吻合较好。数值模拟了提升管反应器内气相组成、温度分布、速度分布沿提升管高度变化,以及提升管出口产品产率随温度和剂油比的变化情况,模拟结果反应了其变化规律,验证了模型的可靠性。     

对硝基苯酚加氢试验及连续化工艺设计

针对间歇铁粉还原法生产对氨基苯酚劳动强度高,产品质量波动大,环境污染严重的缺点,研究了对硝基苯酚催化加氢连续化生产工艺。在给定温度、压力和进料组成的条件下,对低浓度下PNP加氢反应动力学进行了试验研究。结果表明,搅拌速率大于1000rpm时,外扩散影响可以消除。在低浓度下PNP反应速率和PNP浓度成线性关系。在此基础上,设计年产20000吨PAP规模的连续反应系统,包括搅拌釜加氢反应器和保护反应器。搅拌釜加氢反应器体积为32m3,直径为3.3m,高度5m。蛇管换热面积为142.7m2,蛇管传热系数为565W·m-2·K-1,搅拌形式为四叶折叶开式涡轮,直径1.1m,转速200rpm。保护反应器为直管,直径300mm,长度4m,出口PNP浓度200mg·L-1。     

撞击流反应器内气固两相流动的数值模拟

采用标准k-ε湍流模型和颗粒轨道模型模拟了水平撞击流反应器内的气相流场和颗粒运动,实验采用压力计和PV4A光纤速度测量仪测量了整体压力损失和颗粒沿喷嘴轴线的速度变化,模拟得到的规律和实验结果基本吻合。通过模拟还得到了单侧颗粒进料时的颗粒运动特征、颗粒的最大渗透深度和平均飞行时间等信息。结果表明,撞击区域集中在2～3倍喷嘴直径范围之内,气流场的速度和压力呈对称分布,颗粒进入反向气流后速度急剧衰减,最大渗透深度约为喷嘴直径的2倍,颗粒的平均飞行时间在0.7 s～1.8 s之间。随着喷嘴气流速度的增加,颗粒物料更容易被气流带走。     

甲醇脱水制二甲醚内冷管式反应器数学模拟

建立了甲醇脱水制二甲醚内冷管式反应器一维拟均相数学模型,在催化床进口温度270℃、反应压力1.1 MPa、进口气量1600 kmol/h的标准状况下,获得了催化床温度和各组分浓度的分布。在进口温度250℃～290℃,反应压力0.5 MPa～1.7 MPa,进口气量1400 kmol/h～1800 kmol/h的范围内,模拟计算了催化床进口温度、操作压力和进口气量对反应器催化床温度分布、甲醇转化率和二甲醚产量的影响。结果表明:催化床进口温度、操作压力升高,床层热点温度和甲醇转化率升高,二甲醚产量增加;进口气量增加,床层热点温度和甲醇转化率降低,二甲醚产量有所增加。     

基于神经网络的加氢反应器温度优化控制

根据加氢反应器的特点，提出了一种加氢反应器出口温度神经元网络优化控制方法，给出了作为模型预估器的神经网络GA－BP算法流程及GA算法实现，提出了最优控制指标选择原则及控制指标表达式，经计算机对四床层一段加氢裂化装置进行仿真研究表明，该控制方法具有良好的跟踪性能及抗干扰能力。     

基于SIMATIC PCS7的带搅拌釜式反应器温度控制策略与仿真研究

该文以多功能过程与控制仿真实验系统（MPCE）中的带搅拌釜式反应器间歇反应过程为被控对象,设计了旨在确保反应温度变化的控制方案。控制方案集成了PID算法、模糊控制和专家系统。利用西门子SIMATIC PCS7过程控制系统进行了仿真研究。结果表明控制效果良好。     

光气合成反应器的模拟分析与放大设计

根据光气合成反应的动力学机理建立了光气合成反应器的数学模型,并编制了相应的程序。利用该程序对现有设备进行模拟,得出了转化率和反应温度沿反应管长的分布曲线,并分析了催化剂用量和冷却水进出口温度对反应的影响。模拟结果与现场数据进行了比较,表明该模型及其程序可靠、实用。最后,利用该模型考核了现有生产设备的最大生产能力,对现有装置进行了放大设计,根据厂家对生产能力的要求设计出最佳方案,并对该方案进行了模拟分析。     

内循环厌氧反应器CFD气液两相流模拟研究

内循环反应器的设计关键是流体在内部可以形成稳定的内循环流动,而表观气速是影响内循环形成的关键因素。采用标准k-ε湍流模型和欧拉-欧拉双流体模型,对内循环厌氧反应器内的气-液两相流体的流动规律进行了三维非稳态数值模拟研究。考察了不同表观气速对反应器内流体力学行为的影响。模拟结果表明:当表观气速较小(0.003 m/s)时,内循环无法形成;当表观气速在0.006 m/s至0.01 m/s范围内逐渐增大时,反应器内循环过程越容易形成,反应器的实际容积越能得到充分利用,且随着表观气速的增大,反应器内液相及气相轴向速度不断增大,轴向气含率逐渐增加;而气相去除率却呈现先上升后下降趋势;当表观气速增大至0.02 m/s时,部分气体由液体出口排除,影响反应器效率及出水稳定性。     

基于PCS7的带搅拌釜式反应器的温度控制

带搅拌釜式反应器是一种常见的化工生产设备,为了保证生产安全、产品质量,需要对反应器的温度进行监控.针对釜式反应器的工艺特点和控制要求,研发了基于西门子PCS7系统的控制方案.讨论了控制系统相应的网络结构及硬件配置.提出了问歇反应温度控制分预热、升温、保温这三个阶段的控制策略.结果表明,控制方案使系统抗干扰能力和适应参数变化的能力都优于常规控制,达到了很好的控制效果.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

View-based model-driven architecture for enhancing maintainability of data access services

In modern service-oriented architectures, database access is done by a special type of services, the so-called data access services (DAS). Though, particularly in data-intensive applications, using and developing DAS are very common today, the link between the DAS and their implementation, e.g. a layer of data access objects (DAOs) encapsulating the database queries, still is not sufficiently elaborated, yet. As a result, as the number of DAS grows, finding the desired DAS for reuse and/or associated documentation can become an impossible task. In this paper we focus on bridging this gap between the DAS and their implementation by presenting a view-based, model-driven data access architecture (VMDA) managing models of the DAS, DAOs and database queries in a queryable manner. Our models support tailored views of different stakeholders and are scalable with all types of DAS implementations. In this paper we show that our view-based and model driven architecture approach can enhance software development productivity and maintainability by improving DAS documentation. Moreover, our VMDA opens a wide range of applications such as evaluating DAS usage for DAS performance optimization. Furthermore, we provide tool support and illustrate the applicability of our VMDA in a large-scale case study. Finally, we quantitatively prove that our approach performs with acceptable response times.