On-demand channel reservation scheme for common traffic in wireless mesh networks

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) have recently gained momentum as a new broadband internet access technology to provide internet traffic. These networks have unique characteristics that make them different from ad hoc networks. These differences are as follows. First, WMNs are composed of static mesh routers that are equipped with multiple radio interfaces and turn each interface into a non-overlapping channel. These additional interfaces can create multiple concurrent links between adjacent nodes. Second, most of the traffic in WMNs is directed towards the gateway. Third, both local traffic and internet traffic are relayed by the mesh router to indeed destination. The Multi-Radio Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV-MR) developed to support multi-radio and does not take into account above-mentioned WMNs characteristics. In this paper, we propose an on-demand channel reservation scheme to reserve some of mesh router radio interfaces to support the gateway traffic while the remaining interfaces can be used to support the local traffic. Our scheme establishes high throughput paths for the traffic destined at the gateway, reduces the intra-flow and inter-flow interferences as well as to support full duplex node transmission.The scheme allows the gateway to assign a list of channels for each received gateway routing discovery message. Simulation results show that our proposed scheme significantly improves the performance of multi-radio multi-channel wireless mesh networks.     

基于6LoWPAN的嵌入式多网关系统设计与实现

6LoWPAN是一种在IEEE802.15.4标准基础上IP化实现无线传感器网络的技术。在现有单目的导向的有向无环图（DODAG）环路由协议标准下,存在围绕单边界路由器的网络拥塞和能耗问题。设计了一种嵌入式6LoWPAN多网关协议和系统,嵌入式网关节点具备双模通信功能,可实现无线传感网（WSN）和固定IPv6网络的物理连接,双模网关通过固网建立与6LoWPAN根边界路由器之间的IP隧道来实现上下行路由。通过对现有6LoWPAN协议标准的补充和优化,使双模节点具有网内和网际路由能力,从而实现多网关架构和多径路由功能。优化的多点互通拓扑位置和流量分担算法实现上下行链路的有效负载平衡,也减小了节点多跳路由能耗。通过对多网关平台进行实验测试,并与单网关系统对比测试,结果表明该方案不仅实现了6LoWPAN在以太网的多点接入,降低了网络内数据传输时延和丢包率,并且提升了网络整体吞吐量。     

Energy-aware IP traffic engineering with shortest path routing

Internet energy consumption is rapidly becoming a critical issue due to the exponential traffic growth and the rapid expansion of communication infrastructures worldwide. We address the problem of energy-aware intra-domain traffic engineering in networks operated with a shortest path routing protocol. We consider the problem of switching off (putting in sleep mode) network elements (links and routers) and of adjusting the link weights so as to minimize the energy consumption as well as a network congestion measure. To tackle this multi-objective optimization problem with priority (first minimize the energy consumption and then the network congestion), we propose a Mixed Integer Linear Programming based algorithm for Energy-aware Weights Optimization (MILP-EWO). Our heuristic exploits the Interior Gateway Protocol Weight Optimization (IGP-WO) algorithm for optimizing the OSPF link weights so as to minimize the total cost of link utilization. The computational results obtained for eight real network topologies and different types of traffic matrices show that it is possible to switch off a substantial number of nodes and links during low and moderate traffic periods, while guaranteeing that network congestion is low enough to ensure service quality. The proposed approach is also validated on two networks of emulated Linux routers.     

A congestion control scheme for window flow controlled computer networks

In this paper we introduce a congestion control scheme that is appropriate for virtual circuit networks that use fixed routing and a window mechanism for end-to-end flow control. The scheme relies on the notion of balancing the flow of traffic at the local buffer pool of the outgoing links at every node of the network. The effectiveness of the scheme at the intermediate nodes of a network as well as at the network entry point and at the gateway node of interconnected networks is studied via simulation.     

Robust Control of Information Networks

A problem of robust control of routing for preventing the congestion in digital information networks is considered. Models for both duplex and semiduplex data communication channels (data channels) are suggested. For the problem of robust control of routing, the factorization operation of the traffic matrix of an information network is proposed, which plays an important role in the development of a control algorithm. Robust control algorithms are proposed, in which use is made of alternate paths with an arbitrary number of links. Properties of the suggested algorithm are studied. Model examples of information networks are given, which display the effectiveness of the suggested algorithms of robust routing.     

Traffic distribution for end-to-end QoS routing with multicast multichannel services

With the development of multimedia group applications and multicasting demands, the construction of multicast routing tree satisfying Quality of Service (QoS) is more important. A multicast tree, which is constructed by existing multicast algorithms, suffers three major weaknesses: (1) it cannot be constructed by multichannel routing, transmitting a message using all available links, thus the data traffic cannot be preferably distributed; (2) it does not formulate duplication capacity; consequently, duplication capacity in each node cannot be optimally distributed; (3) it cannot change the number of links and nodes used optimally. In fact, it cannot employ and cover unused backup multichannel paths optimally. To overcome these weaknesses, this paper presents a polynomial time algorithm for distributed optimal multicast routing and Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees in networks with multichannel paths which is called Distributed Optimal Multicast Multichannel Routing Algorithm (DOMMR). The aim of this algorithm is: (1) to minimize End-to-End delay across the multichannel paths, (2) to minimize consumption of bandwidth by using all available links, and (3) to maximize data rate by formulating network resources. DOMMR is based on the Linear Programming Formulation (LPF) and presents an iterative optimal solution to obtain the best distributed routes for traffic demands between all edge nodes. Computational experiments and numerical simulation results will show that the proposed algorithm is more efficient than the existing methods. The simulation results are obtained by applying network simulation tools such as QSB, OpNet and MATLB to some samples of network. We then introduce a generalized problem, called the delay-constrained multicast multichannel routing problem, and show that this generalized problem can be solved in polynomial time.     

最小割多路径路由算法

在最小割理论基础上提出了最小割多路径(min-cut multi-path,简称MCMP)路由算法,为流量请求选取少量关键路径,并在这些路径间均衡流量,在获得方法易实现性的同时能够有效地控制网络瓶颈链路拥塞通过实际流量数据在北美和欧洲骨干网络中的实验,对比常用的OSPF(open shortest path first)路由算法和模型中的多路径路由算法,MCMP路由算法可降低拥塞链路负载分别达到41％和20％以上.     

基于拥塞控制的无线传感器网络数据汇集树生成算法

针对无线传感器网络数据汇集应用中, 由于数据流量大, 相邻路径之间容易发生串扰、信道竞争和冲突, 造成拥塞问题, 提出了基于拥塞控制的无线传感器网络数据汇集树生成算法(Data gather tree algorithm based on congestion control, DGT-CC). DGT-CC算法通过层次发现、邻居发现、启发式搜索和流量均衡策略构造一棵最短路径最小拥塞权值树. 理论分析证明DGT-CC算法收敛, 并能够构造一棵最短路径最小拥塞权值树, 仿真实验表明DGT-CC算法在丢包率、网络吞吐量和时延方面都较普通的最短路径树具有更好的性能.     

组播协议在OPNET中的建模与仿真

该文以IP组播技术为重点,结合网络仿真软件OPENT Modeler,分析该软件环境下IP组播网络的建模机制,包括参考标准、组的管理、支持的应用、组播路由协议的选择,节点加入组播组与发送源发送组播数据的流程。以校园网视频会议和FTP传输应用为例,构建网络仿真模型,一方面比较单播与组播方式下的网络性能,分析了视频流量的发送情况、视频会议分组的端到端延时,FTP传输的响应时间,骨干网络点到点链路吞吐量;另一方面比较了组播方式采用共享树机制和由共享树切换到最短路径树在网络性能上的改进,包括分组延迟的降低、汇合点路由器上拥塞发生的减少等。同时,也对无线移动通信网络环境下的组播技术提出更多需要考虑的因素。     

Efficient techniques and tools for intra‐domain traffic engineering

Intra‐domain routing protocols are based on Shortest Path First (SPF) routing, where shortest paths are calculated between each pair of nodes (routers) using pre‐assigned link weights, also referred to as link metric. These link weights can be modified by network administrators in accordance with the routing policies of the network operator. The operator's objective is usually to minimize traffic congestion or minimize total routing costs subject to the traffic demands and the protocol constraints. However, determining a link weight combination that meets a network operator's objectives is a difficult task. In this paper, we study the link weight optimization problem in intra‐domain networks. This problem is proved to be NP‐hard with hard protocol constraints, e.g., a flow is evenly distributed along the shortest paths between its origin and destination nodes. We present two fast heuristic approaches to generate efficient link metrics for intra‐domain routing. Some promising experimental results are reported.     

Efficient load-balancing routing for wireless mesh networks

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) consist of static wireless routers, some of which, called gateways, are directly connected to the wired infrastructure. User stations are connected to the wired infrastructure via wireless routers. This paper presents a simple and effective management architecture for WMNs, termed configurable access network (CAN). Under this architecture, the control function is separated from the switching function, so that the former is performed by an network operation center (NOC) which is located in the wired infrastructure. The NOC monitors the network topology and user performance requirements, from which it computes a path between each wireless router and a gateway, and allocates fair bandwidth for carrying the associated traffic along the selected route. By performing such functions in the NOC, we offload the network management overhead from wireless routers, and enable the deployment of simple/low-cost wireless routers. Our goal is to maximize the network utilization by balancing the traffic load, while providing fair service and quality of service (QoS) guarantees to the users. Since, this problem is NP-hard, we devise approximation algorithms that provide guarantees on the quality of the approximated solutions against the optimal solutions. The simulations show that the results of our algorithms are very close to the optimal solutions.     

Fuzzy-based Adaptive Routing Algorithm for Networks-on-Chip

In this paper, we propose two adaptive routing algorithms to alleviate congestion in the network. In the first algorithm, the routing decision is assisted by the number of occupied buffer slots at the corresponding input buffer of the next router and the congestion level of that router. Although this algorithm performs better than the conventional method, DyXY, in some cases the proposed algorithm leads to non-optimal decisions. Fuzzy controllers compensate for ambiguities in the data by giving a level of confidence rather than declaring the data simply true or false. To make a better routing decision, we propose an adaptive routing algorithm based on fuzzy logic for Networks-on-chip where the routing path is determined based on the current condition of the network. The proposed algorithm avoids congestion by distributing traffic over the routers that are less congested or have a spare capacity. The output of the fuzzy controller is the congestion level, so that at each router, the neighboring router with the lowest congestion value is chosen for routing a packet. To evaluate the proposed routing method, we use two multimedia applications and two synthetic traffic profiles. The experimental results show that the fuzzy-based routing scheme improves the performance over the DyXY routing algorithm by up to 25% with a negligible hardware overhead.     

Dynamic load balancing in IP-over-WDM optical burst switching networks

In this paper, we consider the problem of dynamic load balancing in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)-based optical burst switching (OBS) networks. We propose a load balancing scheme based on adaptive alternate routing aimed at reducing burst loss. The key idea of adaptive alternate routing is to reduce network congestion by adaptively distributing the load between two pre-determined link-disjoint alternative paths based on the measurement of the impact of traffic load on each of them. We develop two alternative-path selection schemes to select link-disjoint alternative paths to be used by adaptive alternate routing. The path selection schemes differ in the way the cost of a path is defined and in the assumption made about the knowledge of the traffic demands. Through extensive simulation experiments for different traffic scenarios, we show that the proposed dynamic load balancing algorithm outperforms the shortest path routing and static alternate routing algorithms.     

Link weight assignment and loop-free routing table update for link state routing protocols in energy-aware internet

In order to lessen the greenhouse effects and diminish environmental pollution, reducing energy usage is important in designing next generation networks. Shutting down the network devices that carry light load and redirecting their traffic flows to other routes is the most common way to reduce network energy consumption. Since traffic demands among node pairs vary in different time periods, an energy efficient network has to dynamically determine the optimal active links to adapt itself to network traffic changes. However, in current IP networks, shutting down and/or turning on links would trigger link state routing protocols to reconverge to a new topology. Since the convergence time would take tens of seconds, routing table inconsistencies among routers would result in network disconnection and even worse, generating traffic loops during the convergence interval. Removing routing images inconsistent among routers to prevent loops is a critical issue in energy efficient network and this issue is still not considered in the green network design yet. The contribution of the paper is presented in two parts. First, we propose a comprehensive approach to determine a network topology and a link metric for each time period. Traffic engineering is considered in our design such that flows going on the energy-aware network are within a predetermined percentage of the link capacity such that no congestion occurs in a statistical manner. Second, to avoid transient loops during time period changes, we propose a Distributed Loop-free Routing Update (DLRU) scheme to determine the correct sequence for updating the routing table. A scrupulous proof was also presented to ensure the loop-free property of the DLRU. In this paper, we formulate an integer linear programming to determine this multi-topology and link weight assignment problem. Due to its NP-hard property, we propose an efficient algorithm, termed Lagrangian Relaxation and Harmonic Series (LR&HS) heuristic. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed LRHS approach outperforms the other approaches on several benchmark networks and random networks by providing up to 35%-50% additional energy saving in our experimental cases.     

An integrated congestion control mechanism for optimized performance using two-step rate controller in optical burst switching networks

Optical burst switching (OBS) is a promising solution to implement the optical internet backbone. However, the lack of adequate congestion-control mechanisms may result in high burst loss. Schemes such as fiber delay line (FDL), wavelength conversion, and deflection routing to reduce burst collision are unable to prevent the network congestion effectively. To address this problem, we propose and investigate a global solution, called Integrated Congestion-Control Mechanism (ICCM), for OBS networks. ICCM, which combines congestion avoidance with recovery mechanism, restricts the amount of burst flows entering the network according to the feedback information from core routers to edge routers to prevent network congestion. Also, a flow-policing scheme is proposed to intentionally drop the overloaded traffic with a certain probability at a core router to support fairness among flows. Moreover, the transmission rate of each flow is controlled to achieve optimized performance such as maximizing throughput or minimizing loss probability using two-step rate controller at the edge router. Simulation results show that ICCM effectively eliminates congestion within the network and that, when combined with a flow-policing mechanism, the fairness for competing flows can be supported while maintaining effective network performance.     

Loop-free traffic engineering with path protection in MPLS VPNs

In this paper we present a new approach for VPN (virtual private network) traffic engineering with path protection in Multiprotocol Label Switching networks carrying QoS and best effort traffic. Our approach eliminates the path cycles, a problem often encountered in link-based traffic engineering methods. It also allows for control of the maximum path length and the size of the label space in each label switch router. We consider off-line computation of the working and backup paths using a link-based approach. Two cases of 1 + 1 and 1:1 path protection are considered. Numerical results are presented to show the efficacy of the algorithm in calculating link-disjoint and node-disjoint primary and backup paths for the QoS traffic.     

基于分形散粒噪声的天基网络流量生成

为在天基网络中进行应用级开发与研究，需要对背景业务流量进行建模并实时生成。本文提出了一种基于分形散粒噪声的卫星网络聚合背景流量生成算法，该算法根据星间链路的差错特性、星上路由器随机丢弃策略、星间路由往返时延抖动特性、拥塞控制策略，对单个流的速率波动进行建模，进而使用分形散粒噪声过程对天基组网中的聚合业务务流量进行模拟生成。本文在空间综合信息网络仿真环境中使用该算法对SCPS-VJ空间传输控制协议聚合流量进行了模拟生成。仿真结果表明，该算法能够生成符合空间网络
特性的背景流量。     

Applications of meta‐heuristics to traffic engineering in IP networks

Intra‐domain routing protocols are based on shortest path first (SPF) routing, where shortest paths are calculated between each pair of nodes (routers) using pre‐assigned link weights, also referred to as link metric. These link weights can be modified by network administrators in accordance with the routing policies of the network operator. The operator's objective is usually to minimize traffic congestion or minimize total routing cost subject to the traffic demands and the protocol constraints. However, determining a link weights combination that best suits the network operator's requirements is a difficult task. This paper provides a survey of meta‐heuristic approaches to traffic engineering, focusing on local search approaches and extensions to the basic problem taking into account changing demands and robustness issues with respect to network failures.     

基于时隙传输的数据中心路由算法设计

基于软件定义网络（SDN,Software Defined Network）的数据中心流量工程,能够通过对全局视图的网络管控,动态选择路由路径规避拥塞发生的风险,但是在制定路由策略的时候经常会对数据流进行迁移,尤其是针对大流的迁移容易造成数据流丢包以及接收端数据包乱序的问题.本文提出“基于时隙的流片装箱算法（FLAT,Flowlet-binned algorithm based on timeslot）”,通过集中控制的方式获取链路状态信息并计算出合理的数据流传输时隙值,能够避免在数据流迁移过程中的丢包以及接收端数据包乱序问题,同时在充分利用数据中心冗余链路的前提下,实现高效和细粒度的流量均衡.通过在Mininet仿真平台中部署并与ECMP以及GFF路由机制相比较,在链路高负载情况下,丢包率相比分别下降90%和80%,而吞吐量分别能提升44%和11%,实验结果展示了FLAT的优越性能.     

Evaluation of low power consumption network on chip routing architecture

Network on Chip (NoC) is growing technology whereby multiprocessor state interconnect patterns are formed. NoC technology is adapted to support a variety of multiprocessor requirements. The existing designs do not support the growth requirements of user applications. Because of the complex routing connections, several problems exist about traffic congestion and Power consumption contributing to a network's low efficiency. Traffic Congestion, Power consumption, and latency are a significant concern in Network on Chip architectures because of various dynamic routing connections. The existing models do not consider all the above-mentioned factors and struggle to achieve higher performance. The previous methods do not trigger the circuits according to the traffic condition and maximum power consumption. For this, the proposed High-Speed Virtual Logic Network on Chip router architecture is utilized for controlling the traffic congestion and deadlock issues, reduce the latency by selecting the minimal interval paths. In this research work, an architecture containing a Virtual router is introduced which yields low power consumption resulting in improving the performance of a network by performing the routing in a diagonal direction along with the other directions. Also, the method selects an optimal path according to various conditions that neglect the unnecessary triggering of chips which reduces the power consumption. The proposed model considers the dynamic congestion and route available to perform routing with the least power consumption. By comparing both the architectures, VC Router outperformed 15% of low power consumption for the 8-bit system, 10% of low power consumption for the 16-bit system, and 22% of low power consumption for the 32-bit system.