兼顾费用与公平的带通信开销的多有向无环图调度

针对云环境下多有向无环图(DAG)工作流的调度算法应考虑执行时间、费用开销、通信开销、公平性等多个指标的问题,在模型带通信开销的DAG(CA-DAG)的基础上结合公平性算法提出一种优化完成时间的后向求异(BD)原则与兼顾费用和公平的多DAG调度策略CAFS.CAFS调度策略分为两个阶段:预调度阶段利用带通信开销的工作流费用优化(CACO)算法在考虑通信开销的同时求解所有任务的最优服务并优化费用,采用fairness算法得到较公平的调度顺序;调度阶段采用BD原则,根据在预调度阶段得出的调度顺序进一步优化整体的完成时间并执行调度.实验结果表明,CAFS调度算法具有较好的公平性,在不提高费用的基础上时间减少19.82%.     

基于时序一致的工作流费用优化方法

针对效用网格下的工作流时间约束-费用优化问题,分层算法将工作流进行分层并逐层进行优化调度,取得了良好效果.然而,这类分层算法由于缺乏更有效的截止时间确定策略来保证时间约束而使得算法的适用性受限.在已有算法截止期约束的逆向分层算法(deadline bottom level,DBL)的基础上,研究工作流的时序特征,并基于任务的一致性状态对费用进行优化,提出了基于时序一致的截止期约束逆向分层算法(temporal consistency based deadline bottom level,TCDBL).TCDBL通过一致性时间点来保证时间约束,解决了DBL的适用性受限问题;同时基于各层并行度分配冗余时间,基于宽松时间约束策略进行费用优化,达到了进一步减少工作流执行费用的目标.实验结果表明TCDBL的费用优化效果比DBL改进了约14%.     

云环境下基于多目标的多科学工作流调度算法

针对现有云环境下的多科学工作流调度算法中存在的未考虑安全调度问题,提出多科学工作流安全-时间约束费用优化算法MSW-SDCOA（Multi-Scientific Workflows Security-Deadline constraint Cost OptimizationAlgorithm）.首先MSW-SDCOA基于数据依赖关系压缩科学工作流,减少任务节点数从而节省了调度开销;并通过改进HEFT（Heterogeneous Earliest-Finish-Time）算法形成调度序列,以实现全局多目标优化调度;最后,通过优化ACO（Ant Colony Optimization）中信息素更新策略和启发式信息,进一步改善费用优化效果.仿真实验表明,MSW-SDCOA算法在费用优化效果上比MW-DBS算法提高了约14%.     

基于串归约的网格工作流费用优化方法

针对截止期限约束下有向无环图DAG(directed acyclic graph)表示的工作流费用优化问题,提出两个新的费用优化算法:时间约束的前向串归约算法FSRD(forward serial reduction within deadline)和时间约束的后向串归约算法BSRD(backward serial reduction within deadline).算法利用DAG图中串行活动特征给出串归约概念;基于分层算法对串归约组的时间窗口重定义,并提出动态规划的求解策略实现组内费用的最优化.两种归约算法综合考虑DAG图中活动的串并特征,改变分层算法中仅对单一活动的费用优化策略,实现了串归约组的时间收集和最优利用.模拟实验结果表明:BSRD和FSRD能够显著改进相应分层算法的平均性能,且BSRD优于FSRD.     

基于离散粒子群优化的云工作流调度

针对云工作流调度问题面临的安全威胁,首先采用云模型量化任务与虚拟机资源的安全性,通过安全云相似度衡量用户对任务所分配虚拟机资源的安全满意程度;然后建立考虑安全性、完成时间和使用费用的云工作流调度模型,并提出基于离散粒子群优化的云工作流调度算法;最后对所提算法进行仿真实验.实验结果表明,与同类算法相比,该算法在安全效用值、完成时间、使用费用和负载均衡离差方面具有较好的性能表现.     

云科学工作流截止期限约束代价优化调度算法*

针对异构云环境下科学工作流调度的代价优化问题,提出一种基于约束关键路径的代价优化调度算法(CSACCP)。算法以满足截止期限约束同时最小化执行代价为目标,充分考虑云环境和科学工作流的独有特性,设定任务的向上权值,将工作流分解成约束关键路径(CCP)集合。结合首次适应插入算法以减少空闲时隙,改善费用优化效果,采用及时完成和最小费用增长代价的虚拟机选择策略形成备选资源集合。整体分配CCP到最便宜的虚拟机实例,压缩数据通信开销减少工作流的执行代价。通过四种著名的科学工作流仿真测试,结果表明与现有启发式算法相比,CSACCP不仅可以在满足截止期限的约束下得到更小的执行代价,还拥有更高的任务调度成功率。     

基于任务概率聚簇的工作流云费用优化调度算法

由于云资源具有弹性伸缩、按使用量计费等优势,科研机构将工作流部署在云环境执行。工作流任务在云计算环境执行过程中会产生不可避免的系统开销。针对实际运行环境系统开销过大的问题,笔者提出基于聚簇概率的任务概率聚簇算法,平衡每层任务的资源需求,提高资源分配粒度,降低系统开销和降低公有云执行费用。实验表明,该算法能够有效降低公有云花费。     

基于路径平衡的工作流费用优化方法

针对效用网格下截止期约束的工作流费用优化问题,提出了路径平衡(path balance,简称 PB)算法,对工作流中各路径长度进行调整,并提出基于路径平衡的费用优化(path balance based cost optimization,简称PBCO)算法。 PBCO 基于 PB 的计算结果设置初始约束时间,充分利用了工作流的费用优化空间。同时,采用逆向分层策略对任务进行分层,并根据各层任务数按比例分配冗余时间,有效地增大了多数任务的费用优化空间,进一步改善了工作流的费用优化效果。实验结果表明,PBCO比另外几种著名算法(如DET,DBL等)改进了约35%。     

混合云环境中数据敏感工作流调度

混合云环境下调度包含敏感数据的工作流主要考虑在满足数据安全性以及工作流截止时间的前提下,对工作流任务在混合云上进行分配,实现计算资源与任务的映射,并优化调度费用。采用了整数规划来建模求解包含数据敏感性、截止时间和调度费用3种约束条件的混合云工作流调度问题,同时为优化模型求解速度,基于“帕雷托最优”原理对工作流任务在混合云上的分配方案进行筛选以减小模型求解规模。实验表明,优先排除不合理的任务分配方案可有效减小整数规划模型的求解规模,缩短模型计算时间,在产生较小误差的情况下获得较优的调度结果。     

成本约束的网格工作流时间优化方法

针对成本约束有向无环图DAG(directed acyclic graph)表示的网格工作流完工时间最小化问题,提出两个基于优先级规则的迭代启发算法.算法利用并行活动特征定义正向分层和逆向分层两个概念,将其分别引入最大收益规则MP(maximum profit),得到正分层最大收益规则MPTL(maximum profit with top level)和逆分层最大收益规则MPBL(maximum profit with bottom level).两规则每次迭代尽量以完工时间的最小增加换取总费用的最大降低,逐步将分层初始解构造为满足成本约束的可行解.模拟结果表明,两规则在获得较少迭代次数和运行时间的同时,能显著改进MP规则的平均性能,且MPBL优于MPTL.     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

View-based model-driven architecture for enhancing maintainability of data access services

In modern service-oriented architectures, database access is done by a special type of services, the so-called data access services (DAS). Though, particularly in data-intensive applications, using and developing DAS are very common today, the link between the DAS and their implementation, e.g. a layer of data access objects (DAOs) encapsulating the database queries, still is not sufficiently elaborated, yet. As a result, as the number of DAS grows, finding the desired DAS for reuse and/or associated documentation can become an impossible task. In this paper we focus on bridging this gap between the DAS and their implementation by presenting a view-based, model-driven data access architecture (VMDA) managing models of the DAS, DAOs and database queries in a queryable manner. Our models support tailored views of different stakeholders and are scalable with all types of DAS implementations. In this paper we show that our view-based and model driven architecture approach can enhance software development productivity and maintainability by improving DAS documentation. Moreover, our VMDA opens a wide range of applications such as evaluating DAS usage for DAS performance optimization. Furthermore, we provide tool support and illustrate the applicability of our VMDA in a large-scale case study. Finally, we quantitatively prove that our approach performs with acceptable response times.     

A pragmatic multi-method investigation of discrepant technological events: Coping,attributions, and ‘accidental’ learning

Discrepant technological events or situations that entail a problem, a misunderstanding or a difficulty with the Information Technology (IT) being employed, are common in the workplace, and can lead to frustration and avoidance behaviors. Little is known, however, about how individuals cope with these events. This paper examines these events by using a multi-method pragmatic approach informed by coping theory. The results of two studies – a critical incident study and an experiment – serve to build and test, respectively, a theoretical model that posits that individuals use a variety of strategies when dealing with these events: they experience negative emotions, make external attributions, and adopt engagement coping strategies directed at solving the event, eventually switching to a disengagement coping strategy when they feel they have no control over the situation. Furthermore, users’ efforts may result in ‘accidental’ learning as they try to overcome the discrepant IT events through engagement coping. The paper ends with a discussion of the results in light of existing literature, future opportunities for research, and implications for practice.     

The Distributed Time-Triggered Simulation Scheme: Core Principles and Supporting Execution Engine

Distributed real-time simulation is a young technology field but its practice is under increasing demands. In recent years the author and his collaborators have been establishing a new approach called the distributed time-triggered simulation (DTS) scheme which is conceptually simple and easy to use but widely applicable. The concept was initiated in the course of developing a new-generation object-oriented real-time programming scheme called the time-triggered message-triggered object (TMO) programming scheme. Some fundamental issues inherent in distributed real-time simulation that were learned during recent experimental studies are discussed along with some approaches for resolving the issues. An execution engine developed to support both the TMOs engaged in control computation and the TMOs engaged in DTS is also discussed along with its possible extensions that will enable significantly larger-scale DTSs.     

Software-Konfigurationsmanagement in großen Softwareprojekten

Zusammenfassung Mit zunehmender Größe der Softwaresysteme verschärfen sich die für die Software-Herstellung typischen Probleme: Beherrschen großer Objektmengen, Erhalten der Systemkonsistenz, Kontrolle der ständigen Änderungseinflüsse und Gewährleisten einer langen Lebensdauer. Die Disziplin Konfigurationsmanagement bildet den methodischen Ansatz, diese Probleme besser zu beherrschen. Software-Konfigurationsmanagement faßt die Herstellung von Softwaresystemen als eine Abfolge von kontrollierten Änderungen an gesicherten Zwischen- und Endergebnissen auf. Dargestellt werden die Objekte und Funktionen des Software-Konfigurationsmanagements sowie die hierfür in großen Software-Projekten benötigten Methoden, Instanzen und Hilfsmittel.     

Information for Authors

正http://www.zju.edu.cn/jzus http://www.springerlink.com Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)are edited by the international board of distinguished Chinese and foreign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest developments and achievements in scientific research in China and     

Editorial:Brain-machine interface(BMI) and cyborg intelligence

正Brain-machine interfaces(BMIs)aim at building a direct communication pathway between the brain and an external device,and represent an area of research where significant progress has been made during the past decade.Based on BMIs,mind information can be read out by neural signals to control     

Information for Authors

正http://www.zju.edu.cn/jzus http://www.springerlink.com Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)are edited by the international board of distinguished Chinese and foreign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest developments and achievements in scientific research in China and overseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulate     

SCIENCE CHINA Information Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Information for Authors

正http://www.zju.edu.cn/jzus http://www.springerlink.com Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)are edited by the international board of distinguished Chinese and foreign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest developments and achievements in scientific research in China and overseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulate