A PCA-based watermarking scheme for tamper-proof of web pages

This paper presents a novel watermarking scheme for tamper-proof of web pages. It overwhelms existing methods of watermarking and Hash in that it does not increase the file size. Experimental results are promising.     

Reversible fragile watermarking for locating tampered blocks in 2D vector maps

For 2D vector maps, obtaining good tamper localization performance and original content recovery with existing reversible fragile watermarking schemes is a technically challenging problem. Using an improved reversible watermarking method and a fragile watermarking algorithm based on vertex insertion, we propose a reversible fragile watermarking scheme that detects and locates tampered blocks with high accuracy while ensuring recovery of the original content. In particular, we propose dividing the features of the vector map into different blocks, calculating the block authentication watermarks and embedding the watermarks with different watermarking schemes. While the block division ensures superior accuracy of tamper localization, the reversible watermarking method and the fragile watermarking algorithm based on vertex insertion provide recovery of the original content. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme could detect and locate malicious attacks such as vertex/feature modification, vertex/feature addition, and vertex/feature deletion.     

Wavelet Based Image Authentication and Recovery

In this paper, we propose a secure semi-fragile watermarking technique based on integer wavelet transform with a choice of two watermarks to be embedded. A self-recovering algorithm is employed, that hides the image digest into some wavelet subbands for detecting possible illicit object manipulation undergone in the image. The semi-fragility makes the scheme tolerant against JPEG lossy compression with the quality factor as low as 70%, and locates the tampered area accurately. In addition, the system ensures more security because the embedded watermarks are protected with private keys. The computational complexity is reduced by using parameterized integer wavelet transform. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme guarantees safety of a watermark, recovery of image and localization of tampered area.     

Secure variable-capacity self-recovery watermarking scheme

Since existing watermarking schemes usually cannot recover the tampered position, a secure variable-capacity self-recovery watermarking scheme is proposed. Both watermark embedding capacity and security are taken into account. The original image is divided into texture blocks and smooth blocks, and the texture blocks not only save traditional information, and save the “details” information. The so-called “details” information refers to the texture information, which not only can effectively resist mean attack, but also help to improve the quality of the recovered image to meet the needs of practical work. And then according to the characteristics of different blocks, the different length compound watermarks are produced. The so-called “compound watermarks” include the authentication watermarks and information watermarks. Authentication watermarks are used to detect the tampered region, and the information watermarks which include basic watermark and additional watermark are used to recover image. Then the compound watermarks are inserted into the other blocks based on the new proposed scheme called three level secret-key embedding scheme (TLSES). And then detect the tamper blocks and recover them by the three level tamper detection scheme (TLTDS). The experimental results show that the paper can not only accurately detect the tamper region and recover image, but also can effectively resist mean attack and collage attack.

     

基于提升小波和纠错编码的复合型盲水印技术

提出了一种改进的复合型水印嵌入方法，引入了通信中的纠错编码技术，在很大程度上增强了鲁棒水印的鲁棒性。两类水印均实现了盲提取，且算法是公开的。与改进前的算法相比较，该算法中的鲁棒性水印对图像增强、几何剪切、马赛克等常见攻击，尤其是对局部区域篡改、JPEG压缩的抵抗能力有了明显的改善。同时，脆弱性水印不仅能判断图像的真实性，还能够准确、直观地定位篡改位置。     

Temporal pre-fetching of dynamic web pages

Although caching has been shown as an efficient technique to reduce the delay in generating web pages to meet the page requests from web users, it becomes less effective if the pages are dynamic and contain dynamic contents. In this paper, instead of using caching, we study the effectiveness of using pre-fetching to resolve the problems in handling dynamic web pages. Pre-fetching is a proactive caching scheme since a page is cached before the receipt of any page request for the page. In addition to the problem of which pages to be pre-fetched, another equally important question is when to perform the pre-fetching. To resolve the prediction and timing problems, we explore the temporal properties of the dynamic web pages and the timing issues in accessing the pages to determine which pages to be pre-fetched and the best time to pre-fetch the pages to maximize the cache hit probability of the pre-fetched page. If the required pages can be found in the cache validly, the response times of the requests can be greatly reduced. The proposed scheme is called temporal pre-fetching (TPF) in which we prioritize pre-fetching requests based on the predicted usability of the to-be pre-fetched pages. To minimize the impact of incorrect prediction in pre-fetching on processing of on-demand page requests, a qualifying examination is performed to remove unnecessary and low usability pre-fetching requests while they are waiting to be processed and just before their processing. We have implemented the proposed TPF scheme in a web server system and experiments have been performed to study its performance characteristics compared with conventional cache-only scheme using a benchmark auction application under different system and application settings. As shown in the experiment results, the overall system performance, i.e., response time, is improved as more page requests can be served immediately using pre-fetched pages.     

Tamper detection and self-recovery of biometric images using salient region-based authentication watermarking scheme

Biometric images can be split into regions of salient (ROI) and regions of background (ROB) based on salient region detection. During the process of watermark embedding, salient regions which contain rich-information are less affected by the watermark, therefore can be embedded into more watermarks, and regions of background (ROB) are susceptible to the effect of watermarks, so that they should be embedded lighter or even none in order to preserve the recognition quality of biometric images. In this paper, a novel scheme for tamper detection and self-recovery of biometric images using salient region-based authentication watermarking is proposed. Firstly, we propose a novel multi-level authentication watermarking scheme, which is used to verify the integrity of biometric images. Secondly, biometric data of these biometric images which is used as information watermarks is embedded into themselves. As a result, verification systems can recover the damaged data of original biometric images with hidden information based on tampering detection result. Experimental results and theoretic analysis show that our proposed scheme can detect tampered regions, and recover biometric data while keeping the recognition quality.     

Attacking visible watermarking schemes

Visible watermarking schemes are important intellectual property rights (IPR) protection mechanisms for digital images and videos that have to be released for certain purposes but illegal reproductions of them are prohibited. Visible watermarking techniques protect digital contents in a more active manner, which is quite different from the invisible watermarking techniques. Digital data embedded with visible watermarks will contain recognizable but unobtrusive copyright patterns, and the details of the host data should still exist. The embedded pattern of a useful visible watermarking scheme should be difficult or even impossible to be removed unless intensive and expensive human labors are involved. In this paper, we propose an attacking scheme against current visible image watermarking techniques. After manually selecting the watermarked areas, only few human interventions are required. For watermarks purely composed of thin patterns, basic image recovery techniques can completely remove the embedded patterns. For more general watermarks consisting of thick patterns, not only information in surrounding unmarked areas but also information within watermarked areas will be utilized to correctly recover the host image. Although the proposed scheme does not guarantee that the recovered images will be exactly identical to the unmarked originals, the structure of the embedded pattern will be seriously destroyed and a perceptually satisfying recovered image can be obtained. In other words, a general attacking scheme based on the contradictive requirements of current visible watermarking techniques is worked out. Thus, the robustness of current visible watermarking schemes for digital images is doubtful and needs to be improved.     

一种用于认证二值文本图像窜改定位的数字水印算法

众多二值文本图像水印算法在嵌入水印时,都要对黑色像素进行变动,很容易引起图像失真,为解决此问题,提出一种新的水印算法,该算法按行列统计文本黑色像素信息并生成水印,将水印编码与差错控制码绑定,将文本分块,利用不可视黄点表征水印嵌入文本空白处。实验结果表明,嵌入水印后,图像效果良好,水印提取实现了盲提取,并具有完整性鉴定和窜改定位的功能。     

A new robust and secure digital image watermarking scheme based on the integer wavelet transform and singular value decomposition

In this paper, a new robust and secure digital image watermarking scheme that can be used for copyright protection is proposed. The scheme uses the integer wavelet transform (IWT) and singular value decomposition (SVD). The grey image watermark pixels values are embedded directly into the singular values of the 1-level IWT decomposed sub-bands. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in terms of robustness, imperceptibility and capacity due to the IWT and SVD properties. A challenge due to the false positive problem which may be faced by most of SVD-based watermarking schemes has been solved in this work by adopting a digital signature into the watermarked image. The proposed digital signature mechanism is applied to generate and embed a digital signature after embedding the watermarks; the ownership is then authenticated before extracting watermarks. Thus, the proposed scheme achieved the security issue where the false positive problem is solved, in addition to that, the scheme is considered as a blind scheme. A computer simulation is used to verify the feasibility of the proposed scheme and its robustness against various types of attacks and to compare it with some previous schemes. Furthermore, the statistical Wilcoxon signed rank test is employed to certify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.     

A majority-voting based watermarking scheme for color image tamper detection and recovery

This paper presents a novel color image watermarking scheme for both tamper detection and tampered image recovery. The proposed scheme embeds watermarks consisting of the authentication data and the recovery data into image blocks. In the tamper detection process, instead of independently examining each embedded authentication data, we take all the authentication data embedded in an image into account and utilize a majority-voting technique to determine the legitimacy of image blocks. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme can effectively thwart collage attack and vector quantization (VQ) attack, while sustaining superior accuracy of tamper localization. Furthermore, the results reveal that the tampered images can be successfully recovered with acceptable visual quality.     

A numerically stable fragile watermarking scheme for authenticating 3D models

This paper analyzes the numerically instable problem in the current 3D fragile watermarking schemes. Some existing fragile watermarking schemes apply the floating-point arithmetic to embed the watermarks. However, these schemes fail to work properly due to the numerically instable problem, which is common in the floating-point arithmetic. This paper proposes a numerically stable fragile watermarking scheme. The scheme views the mantissa part of the floating-point number as an unsigned integer and operates on it by the bit XOR operator. Since there is no numerical problem in the bit operation, this scheme is numerically stable. The scheme can control the watermark strength through changing the embedding parameters. This paper further discusses selecting appropriate embedding parameters to achieve good performance in terms of the perceptual invisibility and the ability to detect unauthorized attacks on the 3D models. The experimental results show that the proposed public scheme could detect attacks such as adding noise, adding/deleting faces, inserting/removing vertices, etc. The comparisons with the existing fragile schemes show that this scheme is easier to implement and use.     

基于数独的大容量可篡改定位动态多重水印算法

提出一种基于数独的大容量动态水印算法,每像素的嵌入容量为2比特。先将原始图像分成大小为M×N像素不重叠区域,把大小为2M×N像素的若干个不同的水印嵌入到每个区域中。若加入水印后图像被篡改,则会造成篡改区域的水印不能正确提取。在任意时刻都可在感兴趣的区域中嵌入任意水印,即嵌入水印的位置和时间是按一定的协议动态确定的。实验结果表明该算法具有较大的水印嵌入容量和较高的篡改定位精确度。     

一种新颖的复合型盲水印算法

针对很多数字水印设计方案都是单水印嵌入的状况,提出了一种新的复合型图像水印技术。在图像作品里同时嵌入鲁棒水印和脆弱水印。这样,既对图像作品进行了版权保护,又能知道作品内容是否被篡改,实现了版权保护和内容认证的双重功能。两种水印的提取和检测工作都不需要原始图像就可以完成,是一种盲水印算法。仿真实验表明,该算法比较有效,具有很好的应用前景。     

结合多级小波系数加权均值和量化的可公开敏感水印

传统水印通常对水印嵌入后掩体视觉质量较为关注,而对水印嵌入环节的安全性较为忽视,一些算法尽管提供了水印加密环节,但位置固定,导致嵌入水印易受攻击,而基于参数化小波的水印敏感性在实际中难以应用。针对以上问题,提出一种结合多级小波系数加权均值和量化的可公开敏感水印。在该算法中,首先将掩体图像的消息摘要算法5(MD5)值、用户密钥和初始参数与Logistic映射绑定,用于对水印加密和嵌入环节的多级小波系数进行随机选择;然后通过联合图像专家组(JPEG)压缩的各级小波系数绝对变化量的算术平均值来估算小波系数权重,调整小波系数加权均值以嵌入水印;最后通过孤立黑点滤除策略来提高水印提取质量。理论和实验表明,所提方法具有较好的明文敏感性和密钥敏感性,嵌入水印后图像峰值信噪比(PSNR)可达到45 dB,即使公开水印嵌入环节,嵌入的水印也难以篡改和提取,同时依然对图像剪裁、白噪声、JPEG压缩、覆盖和涂鸦等常规图像攻击具有鲁棒性。     

Security analysis of a key based color image watermarking vs. a non-key based technique in telemedicine applications

Recently, digital watermarking has become an important technique to preserve patients’ privacy in telemedicine applications. Since, medical information are highly sensitive, security of watermarked medical images becomes a critical issue in telemedicine applications. In this paper, two targeted attacks have been proposed against a key based color image watermarking scheme and also a non-key based one, in order to evaluate their security in telemedicine applications. The target schemes are SVD-based and QR-based color image watermarking algorithms, which their embedding procedures are quit the same. The proposed attacks exploit the prior knowledge of the watermarking algorithms to make changes in the exact embedding spaces. Thus, these changes would cause disruption in extraction procedure. Our experimental results show that the key based watermarking scheme is more secure than the non-key based one. This is because the proposed targeted attack needs to distort the key based watermarked images more than non-key based ones to remove the embedded watermarks. Our proposed targeted attacks also have more efficient performance in removing watermarks than other general attacks such as JPEG compression, Gaussian noise and etc. Finally, these attacks have been proposed to show the vulnerabilities of watermarking schemes in order to help the designers to implement more secure schemes.     

An image authentication scheme based on digital watermarking and image secret sharing

This paper presents an image authentication scheme that can verify the origin of the received image and, moreover, detect if the image has been tampered with. The underlying technologies of the scheme are digital watermarking and image secret sharing. Different from other schemes that use one piece of watermark information for one purpose and a different piece for another, the watermark information used for original verification is also utilized for tamper detection. Moreover, unlike other schemes that employ a fixed strength value for embedding watermarks, the scheme automatically utilizes two different strength values, one for flat regions and the other for complex regions. The experimental results prove that using different strength values increases the robustness of the watermark with little sacrifice in image quality. The results also demonstrate the effectiveness of the scheme for the origin verification as well as the tamper detection.     

基于Jetty的网页防篡改技术的设计和实现

本文提出并实现了架设在符合J2EE标准的Web服务器上的网页防篡改系统,该系统主要采用Java语言开发和实现,能够对目前各种主流操作系统平台上的网页内容进行实时监控,发现网页被篡改时能及时恢复并报警,有效的保护目标网站的安全。     

安全高效的水印认证协议

基于完全零知识交互证明系统和位委托方案,提出了可证明的安全水印认证协议.现有文献大都使用基于Cox的扩频数字水印方案或对其进行修改后的扩频水印方案.采用了鲁棒性较强的更适合于版权保护的乘法嵌入规则,在宿主信号中嵌入水印;水印检测时,在充分考虑了不同的变换域、信道特性以及人类视觉特性的基础上,采用基于广义高斯分布和Weibull分布模型的各种变换域的鲁棒优化检测器.使用位委托方案对数字水印信息进行委托,并联合使用随机序列隐藏水印嵌入位置信息.协议确保了在证明相应水印存在的同时,没有泄露任何有关水印的敏感信息,防止了蓄意攻击者利用认证过程中泄露的有关水印的敏感信息(如水印、水印位置、提取密钥等)来移除或伪造水印.数字水印方案对各种变换域的水印检测器给予了较全面的考虑,所以,应用该协议进行水印认证,其安全性、有效性、鲁棒性和实用性都有较大提高.     

一种基于自适应量化的半脆弱图像水印算法

提出了一种基于自适应量化的半脆弱图像水印嵌入方案，能够在不参考原始载体的情况下对数字图像同时进行版权保护和内容认证．该半脆弱水印嵌入方案具有以下特点：（1）抽取并利用了原数字水印的特征信息（作为辅助水印）；（2）采纳了基于人眼视觉特性的自适应量化策略；（3）数字水印信息的提取不需要原始载体图像；（4）采用整型提升小波变换，克服了小波域水印算法普遍存在的舍入误差问题；（5）能够同时进行版权保护与内容认证，并可确定篡改发生区域．仿真实验表明：该小波域水印嵌入方案不仅对JPEG压缩、叠加噪声、平滑滤波等常规图像处理具有较好鲁棒性。而且能够对替换等恶意图像篡改做出报警反应，同时其误检率与漏检率等关键技术指标均优于现有半脆弱水印嵌入算法．