关键链——一种项目计划与调度新方法

在简单介绍TOC技术的基础上，对比分析了关键链管理方法与传统PERT／CPM方法的各自特点，对关键链管理中工作执行时间估计、关键链确定、缓冲区设置以及项目执行过程中的控制方法进行了系统的介绍，并讨论了关键链方法的优点和不足，探讨了进一步的研究方向。     

全局频繁闭项目集挖掘算法研究

频繁闭项目集挖掘是数据挖掘研究中的一个重要研究课题.目前已有的频繁闭项目集挖掘算法主要针对单机环境,有关分布式环境下的全局频繁闭项目集挖掘算法的研究尚不多见.为此,本文提出了一种快速挖掘全局频繁闭项目集算法,并对其更新问题进行了研究;提出了一种相应的频繁闭项目集增量式更新算法,该算法将充分利用先前的挖掘结果来节省发现新的全局频繁闭项目集的时间开销.实验结果表明算法是有效的.     

一种分布式全局频繁闭项目集快速挖掘更新算法

在数据挖掘研究中,频繁闭项目集挖掘成为重要的研究方向.目前已有的频繁闭项目集挖掘算法主要针对单机环境,有关分布式环境下的全局频繁闭项目集挖掘算法的研究尚不多见.针对无共享体系结构数据水平分布的情况,提出了一种分布式快速挖掘全局频繁闭项目集增量式更新算法,算法通过对各节点候选频繁项目集进行预处理,有效地降低网络通信量,提高全局频繁闭项目集挖掘算法的效率,该算法充分利用前次挖掘结果来发现新的全局频繁闭项目集,具有较高的效率.理论分析和实验结果表明算法是有效的.     

模糊决策的基础——模糊集比较与排序

研究模糊决策中模糊集的比较与排序问题。通过引入模糊极大集和模糊极小集为参照系统并以海明距离为计量工具，定义了两个模糊效用函数和一个模糊优先关系作为模糊集的排序指标。前者适合于多个模糊集的整体分析，后者适合于两两之间的比较判别。对于两个模糊集的排序问题，模糊效用函数自动退化为相应的模糊优先关系。系统分析了3种指标的性能及关系，并举例说明了它们的应用。     

基于粒度计算的频繁闭项目集挖掘

针对现有频繁闭项目集挖掘算法存在的不足,提出了一种基于粒度计算的频繁闭项目集挖掘算法。通过混合进制数的变化来生成候选项目集,避免使用了复杂的数据结构,减少了内存和CPU的开销;利用粒度计算的分而治之思想来计算频繁闭项目集的支持度,避免了多次重复扫描数据库,减少了计算复杂度和I/O开销。实验结果表明该算法比经典的频繁闭项目集挖掘算法快速而有效。     

频繁闭项目集挖掘算法研究

目前已提出了许多基于Apriori算法思想的频繁项目集挖掘算法,这些算法可以有效地挖掘出事务数据库中的短频繁项目集,但对于长频繁项目集的挖掘而言,其性能将明显下降.为此,提出了一种频繁闭项目集挖掘算法MFCIA,该算法可以有效地挖掘出事务数据库中所有的频繁项目集,并对其更新问题进行了研究,提出了一种相应的频繁闭项目集增量式更新算法UMFCIA,该算法将充分利用先前的挖掘结果来节省发现新的频繁闭项目集的时间开销.实验结果表明算法MFCIA是有效可行的.     

FCIM:一种新的闭模式挖掘算法

闭模式挖掘在关联规则挖掘算法中获得了较广的应用,提出一种新的挖掘频繁闭项目集的算法,该算法可以充分利用挖掘过程中已获取的信息,直接使用FP-Tree产生闭项目集,实验结果表明该算法是有效的。     

一类非线性滤波器—— UKF 综述

回顾了UKF算法的发展，从一般意义讨论了UT变换算法和采样策略的选择依据，并给出了UKF算法描述．从条件函数和代价函数入手，在给出多种采样策略的基础上对UKF采样策略进行了分析和比较．最后对UKF算法未来可能的研究方向进行了探讨．     

钢铁企业CIM S 的核心技术——M IC

MIC技术是钢铁企业CIMS的核心技术之一．介绍了MIC技术的产生背景与构成，论述了MIC系统与产品制造、质量设计与保证的关系，以及对企业产销全过程的能动作用。     

井下信集闭系统监测模块的设计与应用

井下信集闭系统监测模块的设计与应用柴钰，杨世兴，王勉华（西安矿业学院）１引言井下轨道运输系统信集闭的实现对于保证运输安全，提高机车运输能力和提高经济效益具有十分重要的意义。目前以可编程序控制器（以下简称ＰＣ）作为主机的信集闭系统，因其可靠性高、编程容...     

基于模糊等价类的频繁项集精简表示方法

频繁项集挖掘是数据挖掘应用中的关键问题,而巨大的频繁项集数目成为了现实应用中的阻碍。为了解决这一问题,本文提出了一种基于格结构的频繁项集精简模型,并证明了该方法产生支持度误差的范围。此外,在模型的基础上提出了一种模糊等价类精简表示算法FEC。实验结果表明,该方法能够保证在频繁项集数量大幅降低的同时,不会引入过大的支持度错误,与Index-Meta算法相比,产生的支持度错误较小,有较高的应用价值。     

Effect of Count Estimation in Finding Frequent Itemsets over Online Transactional Data Streams

A data stream is a massive unbounded sequence of data elements continuously generated at a rapid rate. Due to this reason, most algorithms for data streams sacrifice the correctness of their results for fast processing time. The processing time is greatly influenced by the amount of information that should be maintained. This issue becomes more serious in finding frequent itemsets or frequency counting over an online transactional data stream since there can be a large number of itemsets to be monitored. We have proposed a method called the estDec method for finding frequent itemsets over an online data stream. In order to reduce the number of monitored itemsets in this method, monitoring the count of an itemset is delayed until its support is large enough to become a frequent itemset in the near future. For this purpose, the count of an itemset should be estimated. Consequently, how to estimate the count of an itemset is a critical issue in minimizing memory usage as well as processing time. In this paper, the effects of various count estimation methods for finding frequent itemsets are analyzed in terms of mining accuracy, memory usage and processing time.     

数据流中一种基于滑动窗口的前K个

数据流频繁项集挖掘是当今数据挖掘和知识学习领域重要的研究课题之一。数据流高速性、连续性、无界性、实时性对挖掘算法在时间和空间方面提出了更高的要求。传统的数据挖掘算法由于其存储结构需要频繁地维护,其挖掘方式的精度和速度较低,空间、时间效率不高。在基于粒计算和ECLAT算法的基础上提出一种挖掘数据流滑动窗口中topK频繁项集算法,采用二进制方式存储项,利用位移运算实现增量更新,实施与运算计算项集支持度,同时利用二分查找法插入到项目序表中,输出前K个频繁项。实验结果表明,该算法在K取值不太高时具有较好的时空高     

多段支持度数据挖掘算法研究

在基于相联规则的数据挖掘算法中,Apriori等算法最为著名。它分为两个主要步骤：（1）通过多趟扫描数据库求解出频繁项集;（2）利用频繁项集生成规则。随后的许多算法都沿用Apriori中“频繁项集的子集必为频繁项集”的思想,在频繁项集Lk-1上进行JOIN运算构成潜在k项集Ck。由于数据库和Ck的规模较大,需要相当大的计算量才能生成频繁项集。AprioriTid算法给每个事务增加了一个唯一标识Tid,其特点是只扫描一趟数据库,其余趟扫描（如第k趟扫描）均在相应的数据集Ck^-上进行。由于数据规模改变不大,各算法的效率差别并不明显。该文提出分段计算支持度的思想,是把一个项集的支持度分段计算,每一个段记录该项集在相应规模事务中出现的频度,从而构成一个支持度向量。由于有了项集的多段支持度,可以推测出该项集能否包含在更大规模的频率项集中,采用这种算法既提高了在扫描数据库中的信息获取度,又能及时剔除超集不是频繁项集的项集,进一步缩减了潜在项集的规模,在数据集扫描过程中,按文中定理1的思想调整数据集,达到提高频繁项集生成效率的目的。     

一种不确定性数据频繁模式的垂直挖掘算法

由于数据的不确定性,传统频繁模式挖掘方法难以适用到不确定性数据中.针对不确定性数据的特点,把挖掘确定性数据频繁模式的经典垂直挖掘算法Eclat算法扩展到不确定性数据中,提出了UP-Eclat算法.该算法分别对Tid集和项集搜索树进行扩展:把原来只有一个id域的Tid扩展成两个域,即id域和概率域;用扩展后的Tid集代替原来的Tid集,生成扩展后的项集搜索树.扩展后的Tid集可以表示不确定性数据,然后利用扩展后的项集搜索树进行频繁模式挖掘.通过实验与分析,UP-Eclat算法可行,高效.     

CFP-tree: A compact disk-based structure for storing and querying frequent itemsets

Frequent itemset mining is an important problem in the data mining area with a wide range of applications. Many decision support systems need to support online interactive frequent itemset mining, which is a challenging task because frequent itemset mining is a computation intensive repetitive process. One solution is to precompute frequent itemsets. In this paper, we propose a compact disk-based data structure—CFP-tree to store precomputed frequent itemsets on a disk to support online mining requests. The CFP-tree structure effectively utilizes the redundancy in frequent itemsets to save space. The compressing ratio of a CFP-tree can be as high as several thousands or even higher. Efficient algorithms for retrieving frequent itemsets from a CFP-tree, as well as efficient algorithms to construct and maintain a CFP-tree, are developed. Our performance study demonstrates that with a CFP-tree, frequent itemset mining requests can be responded to promptly.     

交集剪枝法挖掘最大频繁项集

发现最大频繁项目集是数据挖掘应用中的关键问题;为寻求避免生成大量的候选项集,或生成频繁模式树的挖掘算法,提出一种从事务项集对应的最大频繁项集求全部属性项集的最大频繁项集的新算法IPA（Intersection Pruning Algorithm）。该算法通过交集剪枝实现自顶向下和自底向上的搜索最大频繁项集,并使用属性项的分布数据和已生成的交集等多种信息来减少求交集的次数;该算法最多只用求（1-最小支持度）×|D|+1个事务项集和其他事务项集的交集,从而可有效降低算法的时间复杂度;实验表明该算法有效可行,并且该算法易于实现。     

Power-law relationship and self-similarity in the itemset support distribution: analysis and applications

In this paper, we identify and explore that the power-law relationship and the self-similar phenomenon appear in the itemset support distribution. The itemset support distribution refers to the distribution of the count of itemsets versus their supports. Exploring the characteristics of these natural phenomena is useful to many applications such as providing the direction of tuning the performance of the frequent-itemset mining. However, due to the explosive number of itemsets, it is prohibitively expensive to retrieve lots of itemsets before we identify the characteristics of the itemset support distribution in targeted data. As such, we also propose a valid and cost-effective algorithm, called algorithm PPL, to extract characteristics of the itemset support distribution. Furthermore, to fully explore the advantages of our discovery, we also propose novel mechanisms with the help of PPL to solve two important problems: (1) determining a subtle parameter for mining approximate frequent itemsets over data streams; and (2) determining the sufficient sample size for mining frequent patterns. As validated in our experimental results, PPL can efficiently and precisely identify the characteristics of the itemset support distribution in various real data. In addition, empirical studies also demonstrate that our mechanisms for those two challenging problems are in orders of magnitude better than previous works, showing the prominent advantage of PPL to be an important pre-processing means for mining applications.     

Actionable high-coherent-utility fuzzy itemset mining

Many fuzzy data mining approaches have been proposed for finding fuzzy association rules with the predefined minimum support from quantitative transaction databases. Since each item has its own utility, utility itemset mining has become increasingly important. However, common problems with existing approaches are that an appropriate minimum support is difficult to determine and that the derived rules usually expose common-sense knowledge, which may not be interesting from a business point of view. This study thus proposes an algorithm for mining high-coherent-utility fuzzy itemsets to overcome problems with the properties of propositional logic. Quantitative transactions are first transformed into fuzzy sets. Then, the utility of each fuzzy itemset is calculated according to the given external utility table. If the value is larger than or equal to the minimum utility ratio, the itemset is considered as a high-utility fuzzy itemset. Finally, contingency tables are calculated and used for checking whether a high-utility fuzzy itemset satisfies four criteria. If so, it is a high-coherent-utility fuzzy itemset. Experiments on the foodmart and simulated datasets are made to show that the derived itemsets by the proposed algorithm not only can reach better profit than selling them separately, but also can provide fewer but more useful utility itemsets for decision-makers.     

Free-Sets: A Condensed Representation of Boolean Data for the Approximation of Frequency Queries

Given a large collection of transactions containing items, a basic common data mining problem is to extract the so-called frequent itemsets (i.e., sets of items appearing in at least a given number of transactions). In this paper, we propose a structure called free-sets, from which we can approximate any itemset support (i.e., the number of transactions containing the itemset) and we formalize this notion in the framework of -adequate representations (H. Mannila and H. Toivonen, 1996. In Proc. of the Second International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD'96), pp. 189–194). We show that frequent free-sets can be efficiently extracted using pruning strategies developed for frequent itemset discovery, and that they can be used to approximate the support of any frequent itemset. Experiments on real dense data sets show a significant reduction of the size of the output when compared with standard frequent itemset extraction. Furthermore, the experiments show that the extraction of frequent free-sets is still possible when the extraction of frequent itemsets becomes intractable, and that the supports of the frequent free-sets can be used to approximate very closely the supports of the frequent itemsets. Finally, we consider the effect of this approximation on association rules (a popular kind of patterns that can be derived from frequent itemsets) and show that the corresponding errors remain very low in practice.