基于拓扑快速变化的OLSR改进路由协议研究

针对优化链路状态路由协议（OLSR）在网络拓扑结构快速变化时性能下降的问题,提出了一种新的结合鱼眼状态路由和能量感知的自适应改进路由协议,命名为AFE-OLSR。该改进协议通过监听节点链路集和多点中继选择集的变化情况,自动调整HELLO和拓扑控制消息的发送频率,实现移动感知。同时,它借鉴鱼眼状态路由的思想,节点自动调整拓扑控制消息的转发次数。通过这些机制,该协议能够记录接收消息的能量大小实现能量感知,以及根据能量感知和移动感知的结果来帮助节点选择更稳定和更可靠的路由。仿真结果表明,AFE-OLSR在网络拓扑变化时端到端时延减少8%,分组到达率提高11%,建立全网路由时间减少12%;在网络拓扑静止时HELLO发送量减少19%,TC转发量减少15%。     

一种支持高速移动自组织网络的路由协议

传统的AODV(Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector)路由协议只以路由跳数为度量,没有考虑到链路稳定情况,因此,无法更好地适应节点高速移动的网络环境。为此,提出了一种改进的AODV路由协议,即IMAODV(Improved AODV)路由协议。该协议主要从路由度量值、HELLO消息的发送频率、邻居节点的监听方式等几个方面对AODV进行改进,使之在移动网络中具有较好的扩展性和鲁棒性。仿真结果表明,IMAODV协议能够较好地适应高速移动的网络环境,并在一定程度上降低网络时延和增加网络吞吐量。     

基于ASSFR的DTN弹性质量自适应模型

针对DTN中支持时效性和资源敏感型服务的质量保证问题,引入INSIGNIA跨层思想和PBNM模式,设计出一种分布式服务质量保证系统——DTN弹性质量自适应原型系统,并针对原型系统,对以往路由协议进行改进,提出自适应种子喷射和焦点路由协议。最后运用ONE网络仿真软件对原型系统的性能进行分析和评估。实验结果表明:与MaxProp协议和Epidemic协议相比,运用弹性质量自适应原型系统,能够降低消息的丢包率、端到端时延和路由开销,提高消息发送的成功率。     

基于社会组的高投递率机会网络路由协议

针对现有的基于社会组的机会网络路由协议（SGBR）存在中继节点的选择和消息副本数量的分配不合理的问题,提出了基于社会组的高投递率机会网络路由协议（SGBRHDR）。SGBRHDR协议是一种采用分布式划分社会组的多副本路由协议。在社会组内,节点依据平均关系强度值决定相遇节点是否成为转发节点;在社会组间,节点依据相遇节点所在的社会组活跃性大小分配消息副本数量。采用ONE工具对SGBRHDR协议进行了仿真,仿真结果表明：与SGBR协议相比,SGBRHDR协议减小了消息平均端到端时延的同时,消息投递成功率提高了18%。     

基于链路状态的AODV路由协议改进

针对AODV协议运行时路由相对稳定的特点,提出一种AODV协议运行时优化方法。该方法通过Hello消息和邻居节点进行信息交换,根据路由跳数、节点电池电量和射频信号强度3个链路状态值动态选择最优路由,实现AODV协议的运行时优化。仿真实验结果证明,改进的路由协议能够有效增加数据包投递率,减少平均端到端延时。     

一种低功耗无线传感器网络多径路由优化协议

针对无线传感器网络多媒体传输应用中,单通道路由方案无法获得理想效果的问题,提出了一种低功耗多径路由优化协议(EEOR)。在这个协议中,通过邻居之间的消息交互建立最大化多路径,并引入了多路径选择机制来剔除无意义的路径。在多路径建立过程中,首先考虑降低端到端延迟,其次维护网络的能量平衡。仿真结果显示,提出的方案与其他两种路由协议相比网络生命更长、可靠性更高、端到端的延迟和控制开销更低。     

基于稳定路径的MAODV协议改进

移动Ad Hoc网络组播路由协议MAODV中,组播树在节点移动速度较快的情况下会频繁重构,使得路由开销、传输时延显著增大。针对基于邻居节点变化率的稳定路径选择方法,提出一种新的节点邻居变化率的检测机制,不需要周期性地发送Hello消息,并在此基础上设计和仿真实现了基于稳定路径的MAODV协议SP-MAODV,新协议选择的路径稳定性好且跳数小。最后从数据分组传输成功率、路由开销、平均端到端时延和时延抖动四个方面对两个协议进行了仿真比较,结果表明SP-MAODV协议减少了路径中断概率,提高了协议性能。     

基于历史相遇间隔的机会网络路由协议

针对大多数机会网络路由协议在寻找端到端通信链路时不能很好地抓住节点社会性质的问题,提出一种基于历史相遇间隔(HICR) 协议的路由算法。HICR协议利用社会关系的特点,根据节点之间的历史相遇间隔判断它们的亲密程度,转发消息给离目的节点更亲近的节点,使得消息朝更靠近目的节点方向发送。仿真结果表明,该HICR协议在网络资源有限的的情况下,与Epidemic协议和Prophet协议相比,能获得更高的消息交付率。     

基于路由长度的多径路由协议

针对单径路由协议在高速Ad hoc网络中平均端到端时延和丢包率高的问题,在动态源路由协议的基础上,提出基于邻居节点变化率与路由长度的多径路由协议DSR_HD。利用HELLO消息获得一跳范围内可用邻居数,根据邻居数求得节点的邻居节点变化率。在路由发现过程中,采用路由距离与路由跳数相结合的方法计算路由长度,并选择邻居节点变化率和路由长度低的节点加入路由,从而提高路由的稳定性。仿真实验结果显示,DSR_HD协议可以有效减少数据分组传输的端到端时延及路由开销,提高分组成功投递率。     

带协作式监视节点的安全VANETs路由算法

车载网VANETs(vehicular ad hoc networks)的路由协议中总是存在VANETs恶意节点试图破坏消息的正常传递。为此,对车载网无信标路由算法BRAVE(beacon-less routing algorithm for vehicular environments)进行改进,提出一种带协作式监视节点的安全路由算法S-BRAVE。在公钥基础设施PKI(public key infrastructure)的基础上,引用证书交互策略,对消息加载证书并传递过程中进行验证;在路由协议中设置协作式监视节点监视消息的传递,如消息不能传递到目的节点,该节点将担任传递消息的任务,同时调整BRAVE内消息格式使得S-BARVE能防御选择性转发攻击;将S-BRAVE与BRAVE协议在分组投递率、开销和端到端时延等性能方面进行对比。实验结果表明,S-BRAVE的分组投递率提升50%,考虑到开销和时延等方面,S-BARVE适用于大范围节点密集环境。     

An anonymous distributed routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks

This paper proposes an efficient anonymous routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). This protocol considers symmetric and asymmetric links during the wireless communication of MANETs. A MANET is one type of self-organized wireless network that can be formed by several wireless devices such as laptops, tablet PCs, and smartphones. Different wireless transmission ranges of different mobile devices lead to a special communication condition called an asymmetric link. Most research on this topic focuses on providing security and anonymity for the symmetric link without considering the asymmetric link. This paper proposes a novel distributed routing protocol beyond the symmetric and asymmetric links. This protocol guarantees the security, anonymity, and high reliability of an established route by avoiding unreliable intermediate nodes. The routes generated by the proposed protocol are shorter than previous research. The proposed protocol enhances MANET performance in assuring security and anonymity.     

MANETs环境下的模糊信任模型*

详细剖析了MANETs 路由协议中存在的节点自私问题, 提出了一种综合、有效的解决方案。     

Cryptographic Versus Trust-based Methods for MANET Routing Security

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) allow wireless nodes to form a network without requiring a fixed infrastructure. Early routing protocols for MANETs failed to take security issues into account. Subsequent proposals used strong cryptographic methods to secure the routing information. In the process, however, these protocols created new avenues for denial of service (DoS). Consequently, the trade-off between security strength and DoS vulnerability has emerged as an area requiring further investigation. It is believed that different trust methods can be used to develop protocols at various levels in this trade-off. To gain a handle on this exchange, real world testing that evaluates the cost of existing proposals is necessary. Without this, future protocol design is mere speculation. In this paper, we give the first comparison of SAODV and TAODV, two MANET routing protocols, which address routing security through cryptographic and trust-based means respectively. We provide performance comparisons on actual resource-limited hardware. Finally, we discuss design decisions for future routing protocols.     

一种典型MANET匿名路由协议的分析与改进

鉴于现有MANET匿名路由协议中不明确的敌手模型、未知安全性的密码学原语以及非严格的分析方法不能提供协议匿名性的信任,因此,对其中一种有代表性的匿名DSR进行了分析与改进,先从定义敌手攻击能力的角度明确敌手模型,并以数据分组与端节点不可关联性为目标定义协议的理想过程.然后,在路由发现阶段获得由UC安全的会话密钥组成的路径,在数据传输阶段用该密钥构造可验证的轻型路由洋葱.最后,在UC框架中基于理想过程证明协议的匿名性.     

Robust and secure routing scheme for wireless multihop network

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an appealing technology that has attracted lots of research efforts. On-demand routing protocol such as AODV may suffer from frequent topological changes. Due to frequent communication failures, multipath MANET is preferred than single-path MANET in many applications as former is used for achieving robustness and load balancing and improving reliability. Although multipath MANET is attractive solution, there are still some major flaws that prevent commercial growth. Security is one of these main barriers; MANETs are known to be particularly vulnerable to security attack. The paper presents a design of robust and secure framework for multipath MANET. In this paper, we propose not only a robust multipath routing protocol but also an extended security scheme. We discuss security analysis for proposed security scheme. And we also conduct simulation to evaluate such a framework through different performance metrics. Results show that the proposed routing protocol achieves better performance in terms of various metrics than other protocols.     

QoS routing with traffic distribution in mobile ad hoc networks

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) follow a unique organizational and behavioral logic. MANETs’ characteristics such as their dynamic topology coupled with the characteristics of the wireless communication medium make Quality of Service provisioning a difficult challenge. This paper presents a new approach based on a mobile routing backbone for supporting Quality of Service (QoS) in MANETs. In real-life MANETs, nodes will possess different communication capabilities and processing characteristics. Hence, we aim to identify those nodes whose capabilities and characteristics will enable them to take part in the mobile routing backbone and efficiently participate in the routing process. Moreover, the route discovery mechanism we developed for the mobile routing backbone dynamically distributes traffic within the network according to current network traffic levels and nodes’ processing loads. Simulation results show that our solution improves network throughput and packet delivery ratio by directing traffic through lowly congested regions of the network that are rich in resources. Moreover, our protocol incurs lower communication overheads than AODV (ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocol) when searching for routes in the network.     

基于OPNET的MAODV协议仿真实现及分析

移动Ad Hoc网络(MANET)的路由协议对网络的性能有较大影响,尤其在多播的场景下,好的多播路由协议可以节省大量无线传输带宽。MAODV路由协议是在AODV路由协议的基础上进行的多播扩展,也是目前MANET网络多播路由协议的研究热点。通过使用OPNET网络仿真软件,对MAODV协议进行仿真建模,使OPNET在MANET场景下支持多播路由协议的仿真,为其它需要MANET网络多播路由协议的场景提供支持。对仿真建模的结果进行了多方面的验证,以保证建模的正确性和有效性。     

基于移动Agent的按需路由协议

提出一种新的移动AdHoc网络路由协议——DSR-Ant按需路由协议。该路由协议结合DSR协议与蚁群路由协议的优点,克服其缺点,加入新的路由更新机制。仿真结果显示,DSR-Ant能降低端到端延迟和整个系统的路由发现次数,保持较高的连通性,更适合实时通信。     

The performance impact of traffic patterns on routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks

As mobile ad hoc network (MANET) systems research has matured and several testbeds have been built to study MANETs, research has focused on developing new MANET applications such as collaborative games, collaborative computing, messaging systems, distributed security schemes, MANET middleware, peer-to-peer file sharing systems, voting systems, resource management and discovery, vehicular computing and collaborative education systems. The growing set of diverse applications developed for MANETs pose far more complex traffic patterns than the simple one-to-one traffic pattern, and hence the one-to-one traffic pattern widely used in previous protocol studies has become inadequate in reflecting the relative performance of these protocols when deployed to support these emerging applications.As a first step towards effectively supporting newly developed and future diverse MANET applications, this paper studies the performance impact of diverse traffic patterns on routing protocols in MANETs. Specifically, we propose a new communication model that extends the previous communication model to include a more general traffic pattern that varies the number of connections per source node. We study the performance impact of traffic patterns on various routing protocols via detailed simulations of an ad hoc network of 112 mobile nodes. Our simulation results show that many of the conclusions drawn in previous protocol comparison studies no longer hold under the new traffic patterns. These results motivate the need for performance evaluation of ad hoc networks to not only include rich and diverse mobility models as has been done in the past but also include diverse traffic patterns that stress a wide set of protocol design issues.     

Black Hole Attack Detection and Performance Improvement in Mobile Ad-Hoc Network

ABSTRACT

Security is an essential service for mobile network communications. Routing plays an important role in the security of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). A wide variety of attacks targets the weakness of MANETs. By attacking the routing protocols, attackers can absorb network traffic, injecting themselves into the path between the source and destination. The black hole attack is one of the routing attacks where a malicious node advertise itself as having the shortest path to all nodes in the network by sending fake route reply. In this paper, a defense scheme for detecting black hole node is proposed. The detection is based on the timing information and destination sequence numbers maintained in the Neighborhood Route Monitoring Table. The table maintains the record of time of Reply. A black hole node will send a route reply message without checking the routing table as the legitimate node normally does. This reduced reply time is used to detect the black hole node. To improve the security further, the destination sequence number is checked with the threshold value, which is dynamically updated. The simulation results demonstrate that the protocol not only detects black hole attack but also improves the overall performance.