An approach of dynamic sliding mode control for chemical processes

The purpose of this paper is to develop a Dynamic Sliding Mode Controller (DSMC) based on the Iinoya and Altpeter approach and the Sliding Mode Control (SMC) design procedure. The proposed approach is applied to chemical processes of high order with long dead time, and with inverse response. A simulation of a nonlinear mixing tank with variable delay, and an implementation on an Arduino Temperature Control Lab are used to test the controller. A comparison of the proposed approach (DSMC), and the SMC based on Internal Model Control (IMC) is presented to evaluate advantages and disadvantages of the proposal. The results show that the approach of the DSMC presented in this work reduces the chattering, compensates the effect of external disturbances, and of the parametric uncertainties. To measure the controller's performance, the Integral Square Error index (ISE) and Total Variation index (TV) are used.     

A fault tolerant tracking control for a quadrotor UAV subject to simultaneous actuator faults and exogenous disturbances

ABSTRACT

An observer-based robust adaptive Fault Tolerant Control approach is proposed in this paper to tackle the problem of trajectory tracking for a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) suffering simultaneous actuator faults, exogenous disturbances and actuator saturation limits. An adaptive fuzzy state observer is proposed to estimate the immeasurable states by using fuzzy logic systems to approximate the unknown nonlinear functions of the uncertain system model. Based on the estimates of the fuzzy observer, an Integral Terminal Sliding Mode Controller that guarantees finite time convergence of the states to a small neighbourhood of zero, even under impaired conditions, is developed. Stability analysis was carried over using the Lyapunov method. The proposed approach was implemented to a quadrotor UAV and its performance was assessed under nominal conditions, and by subjecting the quadrotor to disturbances, simultaneously occurring actuator faults and input saturation limits. Excellent tracking performance and robustness even under worst-case scenarios are among the positive features of the proposed approach.     

基于函数滑模控制器的机械手轨迹跟踪控制

提出一种基于函数滑模控制器(FSMC)的控制策略,用于不确定机械手的轨迹跟踪控制。首先,由动力学模型和滑模函数得到系统的不确定项;然后,利用RBF神经网络逼近系统不确定项,由于神经网络逼近存在误差,而且在初始阶段误差较大,设计函数滑模控制器和鲁棒补偿项对神经网络逼近误差进行补偿,以克服普通滑模控制器容易引起的抖振问题,同时提高系统的跟踪控制性能。基于李亚普诺夫理论证明了闭环系统的全局稳定性,仿真实验也验证了方法的有效性。     

Tracking control via switched Integral Sliding Mode with application to robot manipulators

This paper presents a switching structure scheme for motion control of industrial robot manipulators. To overcome the issues deriving from choosing a priori a specific control scheme, which can result in limited performances when the operating condition of the system varies, the scheme implements both a decentralized approach, suited for lower performance requirements and high transmission ratios, and the inverse dynamics based centralized approach, suited for higher performances in terms of velocity and acceleration. In both cases, the Integral Sliding Mode algorithm is used to compensate matched disturbances and to estimate the unmodeled dynamics used for the switching decision mechanism.     

On interval goal programming switching surface robust design for Integral Sliding Mode Control

This paper presents a systematic technique for Integral Sliding Mode Control design applied to linear time-invariant systems, subject to disturbances, whose uncertain parameters belong to closed intervals. This approach considers a computational optimization-based procedure for the switching surface design, formulated as an interval goal programming problem, equivalent to the interval Ackermann׳s equation for the robust eigenvalue placement problem. The design objective is the minimization of the overall deviation from the specified performance for the transient response of the controlled system, which is represented by a polytope of characteristic polynomials. The controllability of interval systems is also numerically treated within an interval analysis framework. An experimental implementation of this switching surface design technique was compared with a classic robust LMI-based design procedure of the switching surface in the position control of a DC motor, coupled to different loads, to illustrate its main features and efficiency.     

Nonlinear observer based control for travelling wave nuclear reactors based on the Lyapunov approach during load following operation

Power control of the nuclear reactor is one of the most important subjects in each nuclear power plant. In this paper, a nonlinear controller using sliding mode method which is a robust nonlinear controller is designed to control a Traveling Wave Nuclear Reactor (TWR) power. The reactor core is simulated based on the point kinetics equations and six delayed neutron groups. Considering the limitations of the delayed neutron precursors densities measurement, a sliding mode observer is designed to estimate their values and finally a sliding mode control based on the sliding mode observer is presented to control the reactor core power. The stability analysis is given by means Lyapunov approach, thus the control system is guaranteed to be stable within a large range. Sliding Mode Control (SMC) is one of the robust and nonlinear methods which have several advantages such as robustness against matched external disturbances and parameter uncertainties. Since it has systematic design procedure, it is one of the most powerful solutions to design many practical control systems. The designed control system is evaluated in the presence of disturbances and uncertainties. The results show the robustness and performance of the used control system.     

基于观测器的水下机器人神经网络稳定自适应控制

给出了基于观测器的水下机器人神经网络自适应控制算法．控制算法由3部分组成：输出反馈控制、神经网络以及滑模项，其中输出反馈控制为了保证系统的初始稳定性；神经网络用于逼近系统的非线性动力学；滑模项用于补偿和抑制系统的外部扰动、神经网络逼近误差等．控制算法中所需要的速度量由状态观测器来提供．基于Lyapunov稳定理论给出了系统闭环稳定条件和稳定域．水池试验结果验证了算法的有效性．     

Piecewise Fuzzy Anti-Windup Dynamic Output Feedback Control of Nonlinear Processes With Amplitude and Rate Actuator Saturations

In this paper, a novel anti-windup dynamic output compensator is developed to deal with the robust H _infin output feedback control problem of nonlinear processes with amplitude and rate actuator saturations and external disturbances. Via fuzzy modeling of nonlinear systems, the proposed piecewise fuzzy anti-windup dynamic output feedback controller is designed based on piecewise quadratic Lyapunov functions. It is shown that with sector conditions, robust output feedback stabilization of an input-constrained nonlinear process can be formulated as a convex optimization problem subject to linear matrix inequalities. Simulation study on a strongly nonlinear continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) benchmark plant is given to show the performance of the proposed anti-windup dynamic compensator.     

Cycle-to-cycle modeling and sliding mode control of blended-fuel HCCI engine

Fast and robust control of combustion phasing is an important challenge for real-time model-based control of Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI). In this paper a new discrete Control Oriented Model (COM) for predicting HCCI combustion phasing on a cycle-to-cycle basis is outlined and validated against experimental data from a single cylinder Ricardo engine. The COM has sufficient accuracy for real-time HCCI control and can be implemented in real-time.A Discrete Sliding Mode Controller (DSMC) coupled with a Kalman filter is designed to control combustion phasing by adjusting the ratio of two Primary Reference Fuels (PRFs). The results indicate the DSMC maintains the stability of the engine operation in a wide range of loads and speeds. The DSMC is compared with an empirical Proportional Integral (PI) controller. The results show the SMC outperforms a PI controller particularly in rejecting disturbances while maintaining HCCI combustion phasing in its desired range.     

Quasi-sliding mode based repetitive control for nonlinear continuous-time systems with rejection of periodic disturbances

A Quasi-Sliding Mode (QSM) based tracking control method for tackling Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) nonlinear continuous-time systems with un-matching system uncertainties and exogenous disturbances is proposed. The presented Repetitive Control (RC) scheme ensures robust system stability when the system is subject to non-periodic uncertainties and exogenous disturbances. The complete rejection of periodic exogenous disturbances and a perfect tracking of non-periodic reference trajectories are achievable. In this paper, a practical application to a mass-spring-damper system is used to illustrate the validity of the proposed QSM based RC method.     

基于终端滑模机器人模糊自适应路径跟踪控制

对质心位置未知的移动机器人系统设计了基于快速终端滑模的模糊自适应路径跟踪控制方法。该方法采用模糊逻辑系统逼近控制器中的未知函数,基于李亚普诺夫稳定性分析方法对未知参数设计自适应律,并设计鲁棒控制器来补偿逼近误差。该方法不但可以保证闭环系统中的所有信号有界,而且可使跟踪误差在有限时间内收敛到原点的小邻域内。仿真结果验证了方法的有效性。     

滑模控制及其在柔性臂轨迹控制中的应用

变结构控制系统是一类特殊的非线性控制系统,滑模控制就是其中一种。滑模控制对系统参数及扰动的变化反应迟钝,具有很强的鲁棒性,该类控制方法特别适合于机械臂系统的控制。本文中采用奇异摄动方法将双连杆柔性机械臂系统分解为慢变和快变两个子系统,并对慢变子系统采用滑模控制方法设计了控制器。采用MATLAB进行的数值仿真结果表明了所设计控制器的有效性;     

Quadrotor Control Via Robust Generalized Dynamic Inversion and Adaptive Non‐Singular Terminal Sliding Mode

A robust two‐loops structured control system design for quadrotor's position/attitude trajectory tracking is proposed. The aim of the outer loop is to provide the roll/pitch tilting commands to the inner loop, which in turns generates the tilting angles that control the quadrotor's center of gravity in the horizontal plane. The outer loop utilizes Robust Generalized Dynamic Inversion (RGDI) of a prescribed asymptotically stable differential equation in the deviation function of the horizontal position coordinates from their reference trajectories. The inner loop employs an Adaptive Non‐singular Terminal Sliding Mode (ANTSM) to control the tilting angles, in addition to controlling the yaw attitude angle and the vertical position coordinate. The proposed scheme solves the singularity avoidance problems of generalized inversion and terminal sliding mode control. The stability of outer and inner loop is ensured by utilizing positive definite Lyapunov energy function for stable tracking performance against parametric variations and bounded unknown external disturbances. Numerous simulations are conducted on a six Degrees of Freedom (DoF) quadrotor model in the presence of parametric variations, un modeled dynamics, and external disturbances.     

参数不确定统一混沌系统鲁棒最优控制

针对含有参数不确定性的统一混沌系统,基于鲁棒最优控制理论,提出了一种简单的线性状态反馈控制策略.该策略给出了系统渐进稳定的充分条件,并可以通过求解线性矩阵不等式(LMI),快速有效地求得系统反馈的控制增益,利用Lyapunov方法证明了闭环系统的稳定性.仿真结果验证了所提出的控制策略的有效性.     

Time‐varying input delay compensation for nonlinear systems with additive disturbance: An output feedback approach

This paper addresses the output feedback tracking control of a class of multiple‐input and multiple‐output nonlinear systems subject to time‐varying input delay and additive bounded disturbances. Based on the backstepping design approach, an output feedback robust controller is proposed by integrating an extended state observer and a novel robust controller, which uses a desired trajectory‐based feedforward term to achieve an improved model compensation and a robust delay compensation feedback term based on the finite integral of the past control values to compensate for the time‐varying input delay. The extended state observer can simultaneously estimate the unmeasurable system states and the additive disturbances only with the output measurement and delayed control input. The proposed controller theoretically guarantees prescribed transient performance and steady‐state tracking accuracy in spite of the presence of time‐varying input delay and additive bounded disturbances based on Lyapunov stability analysis by using a Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functional. A specific study on a 2‐link robot manipulator is performed; based on the system model and the proposed design procedure, a suitable controller is developed, and comparative simulation results are obtained to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed control scheme.     

Exponential tracking of feedback linearizable non-linear control systems with uncertainties

This paper studies the robust output tracking problem of feedback linearizable non-linear control systems with uncertainties. Utilizing the input-output feedback linearization technique and the Lyapunov method for non-linear state feedback synthesis, a robust globally exponential output tracking controller design methodology for a broad class of non-linear control systems with uncertainties is developed. The underlying theoretical approaches are the differential geometry approach and the composite Lyapunov approach. One utilizes the parametrized coordinate transformation to transform the original non-linear system with uncertainties into a singularly perturbed model with uncertainties and the composite Lyapunov approach is then applied for output tracking. To demonstrate the practical applicability, the paper has investigated a pendulum control system.     

An adaptive fuzzy sliding mode controller for remotely operated underwater vehicles

Sliding mode control is a very attractive control scheme because of its robustness against both structured and unstructured uncertainties as well as external disturbances. In this way, it has been widely employed for the dynamic positioning of remotely operated underwater vehicles. Nevertheless, in such situations the discontinuities in the control law must be smoothed out to avoid the undesirable chattering effects. The adoption of properly designed boundary layers has proven effective in completely eliminating chattering, however, leading to an inferior tracking performance. This work describes the development of a dynamic positioning system for remotely operated underwater vehicles. The adopted approach is primarily based on the sliding mode control strategy and enhanced by an adaptive fuzzy algorithm for uncertainty/disturbance compensation. Using the Lyapunov stability theory and Barbalat’s lemma, the boundedness and convergence properties of the closed-loop signals are analytically proven. The performance of the proposed control scheme is also evaluated by means of numerical simulations.     

永磁同步电机滑模变结构矢量控制

将滑模变结构控制策略引入永磁同步电机矢量控制中,以提高永磁同步电机矢量控制系统的响应速度,增强其鲁棒性.叙述了滑模变结构的基本原理,给出了永磁同步电动机滑模变结构模型,推导了滑模变结构控制律,并分析了抖动产生原因及相应对策.仿真结果表明,该控制策略极大地改善了系统的动、静态性能,对系统参数和外部干扰表现出较强的鲁棒性,是永磁同步电机矢量控制中一种新颖的改进控制方式.     

A second order sliding mode control design of a switched reluctance motor using super twisting algorithm

A novel robust technique for speed control application of variable reluctance motor is proposed. The suggested scheme is model based and uses a mathematical model of an SR motor, and Second Order Sliding Mode Control (SOSMC) with super-twisting algorithm. Sliding mode controllers for SR motor were reported before but super twisting SOSMC have an added advantage of reduced chattering which is one of the main focuses of this work. The proposed controller gives fast dynamic response with no overshoot and nearly zero steady state error. The effectiveness of the proposed controller and its robustness to parameter variations is also confirmed by simulation results.     

Linear active disturbance rejection control for a raceway photobioreactor

In this paper, the problem of pH regulation in photobioreactors has been addressed by using a robust Proportional–Integral controller in combination with a linear active disturbance rejection approach. This formulation is based on the Generalized Proportional–Integral (GPI) observers design to estimate online external disturbances and non-modeled dynamics. The methodology uses a model reference optimization procedure with tracking and regulatory target closed-loop transfer functions for first-order plus dead-time models. The proposed controller is validated on a full-scale Raceway photobioreactor, whose results show a significant improvement in the accuracy of pH regulation and, consequently, a positive influence on biomass production. Moreover, a classical feedforward approach has been used for comparison purposes. The performance of the robust technique is evaluated with different indexes, whose results confirm the good performance of the proposed active disturbance rejection control scheme.